Seeley's Essentials Of Anatomy & Physiology Tenth Edition PDF

Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF Anatomy &...

Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF Anatomy & Physiology Tenth Edition Cinnamon Vanputte Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior  2 Chapter 1 The Human Organism Lecture Outline © 2019 McGraw-Hill  3 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: investigates body structure the term means to dissect Physiology: investigates processes and functions Human Physiology: studies the human organism Systemic Physiology: studies body organ-systems Cellular Physiology: studies body cells © 2019 McGraw-Hill  4 Importance of Anatomy and Physiology Understand how the body: responds to stimuli environmental changes environmental cues diseases injury © 2019 McGraw-Hill  5 Types of Anatomy Systemic: studies body organ-systems Regional: studies body regions (medical schools) Surface: studies external features, for example, bone projections Anatomical imaging: using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI) © 2019 McGraw-Hill  6 Structural and Functional Organization 1 Six levels from chemical to organism: 1. Chemical: smallest level atoms, chemical bonds, molecules 2. Cellular: cells: basic units of life compartments and organelles Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.1  7 Structural and Functional Organization 2 3. Tissues: group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release four broad types: Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.1  8 Structural and Functional Organization 3 4. Organs: two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s) Examples: stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney Figure 1.1 © 2019 McGraw-Hill  9 Structural and Functional Organization 4 5. Organ-System: group of organs contributing to some function for example, digestive system, reproductive system Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.1  10 Structural and Functional Organization 5 6. Organism: all organ systems working together includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.1 ©Bart Harris/Getty Images  11 Structural and Functional Organization 6 Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.1 1.1(6) ©Bart Harris/Getty Images  12 Major Organs of the Body Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.2  13 Organ Systems of the Body 1 Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.3  14 Organ Systems of the Body 2 Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.3  15 Characteristics of Life 1 Organization: functional interrelationships between parts Metabolism: sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes Responsiveness: ability to sense and respond to environmental changes includes both internal and external © 2019 McGraw-Hill  16 Characteristics of Life 2 Growth: can increase in size size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials Development: changes in form and size changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized— differentiation Reproduction: formation of new cells or new organisms © 2019 McGraw-Hill  17 Homeostasis 1 Homeostasis: maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment Variables: measures of body properties that may change in value body temperature Examples of variables: heart rate blood pressure © 2019 McGraw-Hill  18 Homeostasis 2 Normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point Set point: normal, or average value of a variable Over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set point Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.4  19 Homeostasis 3 Set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted depending on body activities, as needed: Examples Common cause of change body temperature fever heart rate, blood exercise pressure respiratory rate © 2019 McGraw-Hill  20 Homeostasis 4 Negative feedback is the main mechanism used homeostatic regulation. A negative feedback response involves: detection: of deviation away from set point and correction: reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range © 2019 McGraw-Hill  21 Homeostasis 5 The components of feedback: 1. Receptor: detects changes in variable 2. Control center: receives receptor signal establishes set point sends signal to effector 3. Effector: directly causes change in variable © 2019 McGraw-Hill  22 Homeostasis 6 Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.5  23 Negative Feedback Control of Body Temperature Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.6  24 Homeostasis 7 Positive feedback mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response system response causes progressive deviation away from set point, outside of normal range not directly used for homeostasis some positive feedback occurs under normal conditions Example: childbirth generally associated with injury, disease © 2019 McGraw-Hill  25 Homeostasis 8 Comparison of negative feedback and positive feedback Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.7  26 Terminology and the Body Plan Anatomical position: person standing erect with face and palms forward all relational descriptions based on the anatomical position, regardless of body orientation Figure 1.8 © 2019 McGraw-Hill ©Eric Wise  27 Directional Terms 1 Superior: above Inferior: below Anterior: front (also: ventral) Posterior: back (also: dorsal) Note: In four-legged animals, the terms ventral (belly) and dorsal (back) correspond to anterior and Figure posterior 1.8 in humans © 2019 McGraw-Hill ©Eric Wise  28 Directional Terms 2 Medial: close to midline Lateral: away from midline Proximal: close to point of attachment Distal: far from point of attachment Superficial: structure close to the surface Deep: structure toward the interior of the body Figure 1.8 © 2019 McGraw-Hill ©Eric Wise  29 Directional Terms 3 Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.8 ©Eric Wise  30 Body Planes 1 Sagittal plane: separates the body into right and left parts Median plane: a sagittal plane along the midline that divides body into equal left and right halves Transverse plane: a horizontal plane that separates the body into superior and inferior parts. Frontal plane: a vertical Figure plane that separates the © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.11 ©Eric Wise  31 Body Planes 2 Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.11 (a) ©Eric Wise; (b,c,d) ©R. T. Hutchings  32 Planes of Section Through an Organ Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.12  33 Body Regions Upper limbs: upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand Lower limbs: thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot Central region: head, neck, trunk Figure 1.9 © 2019 McGraw-Hill ©Eric Wise  34 Body Parts and Regions 1 Figure 1.9 © 2019 McGraw-Hill ©Eric Wise  35 Body Parts and Regions 2 Figure 1.9 © 2019 McGraw-Hill ©Eric Wise  36 Subdivisions of the Abdomen Figure 1.10 © 2019 McGraw-Hill  37 Body Cavities 1 Thoracic cavity: space within chest wall and diaphragm contains heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea Mediastinum: space between lungs Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.13  38 Body Cavities 2 Abdominal cavity: space between diaphragm and pelvis contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys Pelvic cavity: space within pelvis Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.13  39 Serous Membranes 1 Line trunk cavities, cover organs Structure: visceral serous membrane covers organs parietal serous membrane is the outer membrane cavity - a fluid-filled space between the membranes Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.14  40 Serous Membranes 2 Three sets of serous membranes and cavities: Membrane Cavity Pericardium Pericardial around heart cavity Pleura Pleural cavity around lungs Peritoneum Peritoneal around abdominopelvic cavity cavity and its organs © 2019 McGraw-Hill  41 Pericardium and Pericardial Cavity Pericardium visceral pericardium covers heart parietal pericardium thick, fibrous pericardial cavity reduces friction Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.15a  42 Pleura and Pleural Cavity Pleura visceral pleura covers lungs parietal pleura lines inner wall of thorax pleural cavity reduces Figure © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.15b  43 Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity Peritoneum visceral peritoneum covers, anchors organs double layers called mesenteries parietal peritoneum lines inner wall of Figure abdominopelvic © 2019 McGraw-Hill 1.15c