Anatomy Lecture 1.pdf

Medical Laboratory Techniques Department General Anatomy Lecture (1) Introduction To Human Anatomy Dr: Hassna Bade...

Medical Laboratory Techniques Department General Anatomy Lecture (1) Introduction To Human Anatomy Dr: Hassna Bader What is Anatomy? Is the science deals with the structures of all parts of the body ,their function, relation microscopical organization, and process by which they developed. The word anatomy is Greek ward (anatomē) Ana = up tome = cut OR dissect Anatomy can be divided into many branches: 1. Gross Anatomy: It is also called macroscopic anatomy. It is the branch that involves the study of the structures which can be seen on organism with the naked eye such as the external and internal bodily organs. 2. Microscopical Anatomy: It is the branch that involves the study of the small structures that only can be seen by using the microscope It is also called (Histology). 3. Neuroanatomy: The neuroanatomy involves the studying of central and peripheral nervous system both grossly and microscopically. 4. Pathological Anatomy The branch of anatomy that deals with the morphologic changes in the tissues, both grossly and microscopically. 5. Radiological Anatomy The study of body structures by radiography and other imaging methods as ultrasound, Computed tomography (CT scan,) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Levels Of Organization Of Human Body All living things have a structural and functional organization. Each level is more complex than the previous level. 1. Atom: It is basic and fundamental unit of matter. 2. Molecule and macromolecule: A chemical bonds between two or more atoms leads to the formation of a molecule and macromolecule. 3.Organelle: is a group of molecules. 4. Cell: is formed by group of organelles. 5. Tissue: A combination of different types of cells which perform specialized functions. 6. Organ: Is structure composed of two or more tissue types. 7. Organ System: is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions 8. Organism: The organism level is the highest level of organization. An organism is a living subject that has a cellular structure and that can perform all physiologic functions necessary for life. 1  Medical Laboratory Techniques Department General Anatomy Lecture (1) Introduction To Human Anatomy Dr: Hassna Bader Body Regions Entire human body is divided into regions. 1.Head and neck 2. Chest 3. Abdomen and pelvis 4. Upper extremities 5. Lower extremities Each main is divided into several smaller regions. Body Cavities A body cavity is any space or compartment. accommodate organs and contains fluid. There are two major body cavities. 1.Dorsal body cavities includes *cranial cavity contains the brain *vertebral cavity contains the spinal cord 2. Ventral body cavity include *Thoracic cavity contains pericardial and pleural cavities. *abdominal cavity contains esophagus ,stomach ,large intestine ,small intestine ,liver ,spleen ,pancreas and kidneys. * pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder and ureter. Anatomical Position: Standard anatomical position of the human body consists of the body standing upright and facing forward with the legs parallel to one another. The upper limbs, or arms, hang at either side and the palms face forward. 2  Medical Laboratory Techniques Department General Anatomy Lecture (1) Introduction To Human Anatomy Dr: Hassna Bader Anatomical planes: The anatomical planes are imaginary planes used to describe the location of structures in human anatomy. These planes are: 1. The sagittal plane is a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left section and a right section. 2. Median (mid sagittal) plane is a vertical plane which passes down the midline of the body, separating it into equal halves. 3. The coronal plane is a vertical plane which also passes through the body longitudinally and divides the body into a front (anterior) section and back (posterior) section. 4.The transverse plane (cross section) is a horizontal plane. It divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section.  Descriptive terms of Position Anterior - ventral To the front Posterior -dorsal Toward the back Medial Toward the midline of body Lateral Away from midline of the body Proximal Near the origin of the structure Distal Away from the origin of the structure External Toward the surface - superficial Internal Away from the surface -Deep Superior Up toward the head Inferior Down toward the foot Central At the midline Peripheral Away from midline  Descriptive terms of movement Flexion Bend the joint Extension Make the joint straight Abduction Move the structure away from midline Adduction Move the structure toward midline Pronation To move palm of hand upward Supination To move palm of hand downward Inversion To move sole of foot toward midline Eversion To move sole of the foot away from midline Dorsiflexion To stand on heel Plantar flexion To stand on toes Depression To move the part downward Elevation To move the part upward 3  Medical Laboratory Techniques Department General Anatomy Lecture (1) Introduction To Human Anatomy Dr: Hassna Bader Body Tissues Tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit. 1.Epithelial tissues form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands. 2. Connective tissues bind structures together, form a framework and support for organs and the body as a whole, store fat, transport substances, protect against disease, and help repair tissue damage. 3. Muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of body parts. 4.Nervous tissue is responsible for coordinating and controlling all body activities. Body membranes Body membranes are thin sheets of tissue that cover the body, line body cavities, and cover organs within the cavities in hollow organs. Two main categories of body membranes are: 1. Epithelial tissue membranes includes mucous, serous, and cutaneous membranes 2. Connective tissue membranes includes synovial membranes and meninges. 4