Skeletal System PDF

Skeletal System: first 4 lecture focus on individual studying, 'gross' lectures focus on group) \- Identify bony landmarks \- Differentiate between axial and appendicular skeleton \- Describe three main types of joints \- Identify examples of 6 synovial joints Skeleton made of cartilage and bon...

Skeletal System: first 4 lecture focus on individual studying, 'gross' lectures focus on group) \- Identify bony landmarks \- Differentiate between axial and appendicular skeleton \- Describe three main types of joints \- Identify examples of 6 synovial joints Skeleton made of cartilage and bone \- Cartilage connective tissue that gives flexibility \- Bone: hard form of connective tissue \- Bones covered in periosteum (nourish external portion of skeletal tissue, ptovide attachment site for ligaments and tendons; someone who runs a whole lot, their attachment site in the knee will be built up) \- Compact \- Spongy \- Bone types: \- Bone development \- Vasculatue and innervation \- Axial: head and spinal cord (sacrum part of axial, hip part of appendicular) \- Appendicular: everything else Two main sections of the skeleton \- Axial akeleton \- Appendicular: onesof your arms, legs, hips, and shoulders and total 126 bones. Half of bones in body are in hands and feet Axial skeleton: cranium, protects brain and helps to eat food, talk, facial expressions \- Frontal, cranium, (bones on head) \- Celetursica, soft bone \- Bottom of cranium: \- Mandable bottom portion of jaw, maxilla (top jaw \- Zitomatic bones (cheekbones) \- Holes in head are for nerves Axial skeleton ribs \- True ribs, 7 ribs with a direct bony connection to the sternum \- Next three ribs have a shared connection (cartilage) \- Last 2 are floating, not connected to sternum \- Xyphoid process: bottom of ribcage, can break off Axial sjeleton : vetebreal column \- C1-c7 cervical \- , c1-c12 is thoracic, \- lumbar 1-5, \- A baby only has thoracic curvature, not cervical or lumbar, until they start to lift their head (cervical) and start walking (lumbar) How the ribs are structured changes how they behave breathing \- Lower ribs, move up and down as breathing (not attached to sternum) \- Upper ribs: well pup, forwards and backwards Spinal solumn \- Individual bones vertebrae \- C1 atas: first cervical, right under cranium, forwards and backwards (nodding) \- C2 axis: sits around the dens, should stay flat up against c1 using cruciale ligament (cross, runs the length of the dens, ligament keeps the dens against c1. Dens inside c1? \- Artery travels r=directly through the bone in the cervical region Spinal curvature \- Fetal curval, concave From age 2, the vertebra N Appendicular skeleton: \- Clavical, scapula, all of arm, femur, all of leg \- Upper and lower extremities One large bone in humerus of arm, femus in leg The arms and legs are of similar contruction Both arms and legs are attacked o the axial skeleton via the.. Pelvic girdle is different for women and men \- Women have a greater public Pelvis: ilium, sit on ischium Shoulder: shoulder gurdle made of collar bone and scapula, axillary nerve may be sliced Humerusgives rise to ulna (cartilage at wrist) and radius (weight carrying portion) Hand: carpals (wrist), metacarpals (hand bones), phalanges (fingers Carpal (sltpttch) all bones Food: tarsal (ankle), meta tarsals, phalanges Bony landmarks picture in lecture ppt: remember for individual exam \- Clavical \- Xiphoid process \- Greater trochanter, ASIS \- Sternal angle \- Greater tubercle and deltoid tuberosity \- Occipital bone, scapular spine Cartilage and ligaments Cartilage: dense connective tissue Joing, articulation between bones Ligament: keep bones connected Picture of joint Joint types: \- Synovial joints: surrounded by a joint capsule and lined with synovial fluid \- Fibrous Joint: bones united by a fibrous tissue. Typically limited amount of movement \- Cartilaginious joints: shock absorption and flexibility Synovial joints: \- Plane joints: gliding or sliding: \- Hinge joints: flexion and extension (elbow) \- Saddle joints: allows movement in 2 planes: clavical \- Candyloid joints: flexion and extension, ADDuction and AB \- Pivot joints Joint \[;aces were 2 or more bones join together. Legaments permit joints to move. Tough whitish bands that bonnect bone to bone Joints classified byb function Joints classified by structure Cartilaginious joints Synovial joints :big joints Gliding joints: flat or slightly curved, plate like bones Hinge joints Saddle joints Ellipsoidal (condyloid) Pivot joints Exam: identify joints, classify (synovial, cattilogenous, ect) Synovial joints classified by: (movement classifications slides) \- Flexion, extension, plantiflextion, dorsiflexion, adduction, abduction, Think about joint types as what movements they allow when studying Planes of motion, which motions do they allow. Search for examples of movements in each plane 9/24/24 - Skeletal System - homeostasis, blood production Compare and contrast osteoblasts and psteocytes Identify major long, short, flat, and irregular bones Describe the process of Ca regulation (Ca deals with bones and muscle contraction/heart) Bones: provide shape, allow for motion, protect organs, cell production in bone marrow. Bone covered in periosteum (tough and fibrous connective tissue that covers bone) - - - Epiphysis: end of a long bone Diaphysis: region running between epiphysises - - Bone tissue: - - - - - - - - Bone cells: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bone Matrix - - - - - - - Bone types: - - - - - - - - - - Compact - - Spongy - - - Gross bone cavity model (in slides) - - - Periosteum (anchoring site) Bone marrow: red for blood cells, yellow is high in fat ( can be converted to red) Blood and Nerve Supply - - Calcium homeostasis - - - - - - - - - Coupling and remodeling - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Coupling mechanisms: in slides - Growth and repair (osteogenesis) - - - Wolff's Law - - - - Individual portion rkeletal system muscular 9/26/24 - - - - Movement is moving a lever back and forth. Muscles have many fibers and innervated by a spinal cord region. Peripheral nerve, drop at a muscle Muscular system also moves things inside the body (heart, intestines, movement of digestive cardiovascular and respiratory system) Skeletal - - Cardiac - - Smooth (intestines, no stripes) - - Muscle=any contractile tissue - - - - Skeletal muscle divided into layers of cylinders packed inside each other - - - Moement - - - Functional unit, smallest working unit of the muscle - - - - - Contraction overview - - - Contraction - - - Contraction - - Motor unit nerve from spinal cord (many nerve endings activate motor units) Contraction - - - - - - - - - Increased details: muscle contraction - - - - Increased details: sliding filament theory - - - Increased detail cross bridge cycling - - Power stroke Role of calcium - - Atp provides energy for the power stroke and release of myosin from actin Calcium is required to initiate contraction by unlocking the binding sites on actin Lack of atp causes rigor mortis Motor unit - - Muscular fuel is atp - - - - Need atp cycle for exam 2 Contraction types - - - - - - - - - - Function of muscle - - - - - - - - Movement od the body is result of contraction and relaxation of other muscles Contraction adn relaxation - - - Cardiac muscle - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1. 2. Skeletal system pt 2 - - Fascicle Orientation - - - - Fiber types - muscles not all one type - - - - - - - - - Myotome: group of muscles innervated by a single nerve route (writing in terms of myotome) - - - - Levers - - - - - Regional anatomy - head back and neck (group exam, Muscles of facial expression. All muscles in face innervated by cranial nerve \#7. Only controle movement, \#5 controls sensation - - - Muscles of mastication - - - - Cranium - - - - - Danger triangle of the face - - Bones of the neck - Cervical vertebrae - - - - - - - Regions and triangles - - - Sternocleifomastoid (SCM) - - - - Scalenes - - - - - Vertebral Column - - - - Back imaging - - - - SUPERFICIAL BACK MUSCLES\ \_ superficial extrinsic muscles of the back \_ connect the axial and appendicular skeleton \_ produce and control limb movement for upper extremities\ Trapezium - - - - - - - Rhomboids - major and minor - - Latissimus dorsi - - - - - Deep back muscles - - - - - - Erector spine: picture - Transcersospinalis group - - Studying: image without labels, identify where something is which could cause something, unlabeled things asking what movement it does. 10/3/24 Bones of the hand - - - - - Hand fractures - - - - - - Bones of forearms - - - - Cubital Tunnel - - - - - Distal FOREARM FRACTURES (wrist) - - - Muscles of forearm - - - - - Wrist flexors - - - - Muscles of Forearm (posterior) Posterior forearm - - - Wrist extensorr: all radil nerve - - - - - - - Bones of upper limb - - - - - - - - Elbow Flexors - - - - - - - - - - - Elbow Extensors - - - - - Deltoid - - - - - - Rotator cuff - - - - - Serratus anterior - - - Pec Major and Minor - - - - - - - - - - - - Know the nerve and bone and what injury Know whether something is anterio or posterior. General whereabouts of where things are Group portion of project