Skeletal System Anatomy & Physiology PDF

The Legazpi Thomasian Prayer Lord, in our weakness and vulnerability, bless us with your grace to soar beyond limits. Enlighten our vision and guide our mission that we may clearly see and fully realize our quest. Keep ou...

The Legazpi Thomasian Prayer Lord, in our weakness and vulnerability, bless us with your grace to soar beyond limits. Enlighten our vision and guide our mission that we may clearly see and fully realize our quest. Keep our passion for the truth burning and our compassion for humanity bright that we may live truly and lovingly. Keep us in harmony with the universe that we may be joyfully one with your creation. Yet above and before all, Lord, grant us the grace to love you with all our mind and soul and with all our heart and strength that we may praise, bless, and preach according to your will. Make us, Legazpi Thomasians, whole as a person, and as a community in your wondrous name, this we ask and pray with a happy and grateful  THE L ABORATORY NO. 3 SKELETA L Human Anatomy and Physiology OBJECTIVES: At the end of the session, students are expected to: name and locate the bones in the skeleton. identify the different parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton. Bones Cartilages Tendons Ligaments COMPONENTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM  Axial skeleton- Appendicular Axial Skeleton - Appendicular Skeleton TWO SUBDIVISIONSSkeleton OF THE SKELETON What are the functions of the Skeletal System? Muscle attached to bones!! 1. Support. 2. Movement. What are the functions of the Skeletal System? 3. Protection. 4. Blood cell formation. What are the functions of the Skeletal System? 5. Storage.  Minerals Triglyceride storage.  Bones of the Human Body · The skeleton has 206 bones · Two basic types of bone tissue · Compact bone · Dense and looks smooth · Homogeneous · Spongy bone · Small needle-like pieces of bone · Many open spaces Figure 5.1 Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone. Spongy bone Compact bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Shape Classificatio n of Bones  CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Flat bones Thin, flattened, and usually curved Two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone Example: Skull Ribs Sternum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Irregular bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae Hip bones © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Long bones Typically longer than they are wide Shaft with heads situated at both ends Contain mostly compact bone All of the bones of the limbs (except wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones) Example: Femur Humerus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Short bones Generally cube-shaped Contain mostly spongy bone Includes bones of the wrist and ankle Sesamoid bones are a type of short bone which form within tendons (patella) Example: Carpals Tarsals © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  BONE CLASSIFICATIO FEATURES FUNCTION(S) EXAMPLES N Cylinder-like shape, Leverage Femur, tibia, longer than it is wide fibula, metatarsals, LONG humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, phalanges Cube-like shape, Provide stability, Carpals, tarsals approximately equal support, while SHORT in length, width, and allowing for some thickness motion Thin and curved Points of attachment Sternum, ribs, for muscles; scapulae, cranial FLAT protectors of internal bones organs How Strong are  The structure of bones Bones? make it both strong and light weight.  20 % of an adults body weight is bone. Bone is made up of 2 minerals: Calcium  Articular cartilage Anatomy of a Long Bone Proximal epiphysis  Diaphysis (shaft) Spongy bone Epiphyseal  Makes up most of bone’s line length Periosteum Compact bone  Composed of compact Medullary cavity (lined bone by endosteum) Diaphysis  Epiphysis (ends)  Composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed by thin layer of compact bone Distal epiphysis Anatomy of a Long Bone  Articular cartilage  Covers the external surface of the epiphyses  Made of hyaline cartilage  Decreases friction at joint surfaces  Periosteum  Outside covering of the diaphysis  Fibrous connective tissue membrane  Articular cartilage Anatomy of a Long Bone Proximal  Epiphyseal line epiphysis Spongy bone  Remnant of the epiphyseal plate Epiphyseal line  Seen in adult bones Periosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined  Epiphyseal plate by endosteum) Diaphysis  Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone  Causes lengthwise growth of a long bone Distal epiphysis  Anatomy of a Long Bone  Endosteum  Lines the inner surface of the shaft  Made of connective tissue  Medullary cavity  Cavity inside the shaft  Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults  Contains red marrow for blood cell formation in infants until age 6 or 7 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Structure of Bone  Microscopic anatomy of spongy bone Trabeculae of spongy bone Osteon  Composed of small, (Haversian system) Perforating (Volkmann’s) needlelike pieces of canal Blood vessel continues bone called into medullary cavity containing marrow trabeculae and Blood vessel open spaces Lamellae Compact bone  Open spaces are Central (Haversian) canal Perforating (Sharpey’s) filled by marrow, fibers blood vessels, and Periosteum nerves Periosteal blood vessel (a © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. ) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.4a Microscopic structure of bone. Structure of Bone  Microscopic anatomy of compact bone  Lacunae  Cavities in bone matrix that house osteocytes  Osteocytes  Mature bone cells situated in bone matrix  Lamellae  Concentric circles of lacunae situated around the central (Haversian) canal Structure of Bone  Central (Haversian) canal  Opening in the center of an osteon (Haversian system)  Carries blood vessels and nerves  Osteon (Haversian system)  A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings  Structural and functional unit of compact bone  Structure of Bone  Canaliculi  Tiny canals  Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply  Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal  Canal perpendicular to the central canal  Carries blood vessels and nerves © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  –As an infant, most of your How Do Bones skeleton is cartilage. Develop? –Cartilage is a strong flexible tissue. –Over time the cartilage is lar replaced by solid bone, usually complete by the time you stop growing. –Not all cartilage is replaced in adults. Many joints contain cartilage, protecting the ends of bones (ears and  Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling  Bone formation and growth  Ossification is the process of bone formation  Occurs on hyaline cartilage models or fibrous membranes  Long bone growth involves two major phases  Osteogenic cell or osteoprogenitor cells, are mitotically active stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum.  Osteoblasts—bone- forming cells  Osteocytes—mature bone cells; monitor and maintain the bone matrix.  Osteoclasts—giant bone-destroying cells  Break down bone matrix for remodeling  Bone remodeling is performed by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts  Bone Fractures  Fracture: break in a bone  Types of bone fractures  Closed (simple) fracture is a break that does not penetrate the skin  Open (compound) fracture is a broken bone that penetrates through the skin © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Open Fractures © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Closed Fractures © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Bone Fractures  Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization  Closed reduction: bones are manually coaxed into position by physician’s hands  Open reduction: bones are secured with pins or wires during surgery  Healing time is 6–8 weeks Open reduction © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Closed Reduction © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Open Reduction © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Bone Fractures  Repair of bone fractures involves four major events 1. Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed 2. Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus 3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus 4. Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Hematoma External Bony callus callus of spongy bone New Internal blood callus vessels Healed (fibrous fracture tissue and Spongy cartilage) bone trabecula 1 Hematoma 2 Fibrocartilage 3 Bony callus 4 Bone remodeling forms. callus forms. forms. occurs. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.7  Hematoma 1 Hematoma forms. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.7, step 1  Hematoma External callus New Internal blood callus vessels (fibrous tissue and Spongy cartilage) bone trabecula 1 Hematoma 2 Fibrocartilage forms. callus forms. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.7, step 2  Hematoma External Bony callus callus of spongy bone New Internal blood callus vessels (fibrous tissue and Spongy cartilage) bone trabecula 1 Hematoma 2 Fibrocartilage 3 Bony callus forms. callus forms. forms. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.7, step 3  Hematoma External Bony callus callus of spongy bone New Internal blood callus vessels Healed (fibrous fracture tissue and Spongy cartilage) bone trabecula 1 Hematoma 2 Fibrocartilage 3 Bony callus 4 Bone remodeling forms. callus forms. forms. occurs. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.7, step 4 Table 5.2 Common Types of Fractures © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Axial Skeleton  Forms the longitudinal axis of the body  Divided into three parts 1. Skull 2. Vertebral column 3. Bony thorax © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Cranium Cranium Skull Facial bones Bones of pectoral Clavicle Clavicle girdle Thoracic cage Scapula Scapula (ribs and Sternum Sternum Upper sternum) Rib Rib limb Humerus Humerus Vertebra Vertebr Vertebra Radius R a adius Bones of l Ulna Ulna pelvic Sacrum column Carpals Carpals girdle Phalanges Phalanges Metacarpals Metacarpals Femur Femur Patella Lower Tibia Tibia limb Fibula Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges (a) Anterior (b) Posterior view view  Skull  Two sets of bones form the skull 1. Cranium bones enclose the brain 2. Facial bones  Hold eyes in anterior position  Allow facial muscles to express feelings  Bones are joined by sutures  Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Skull  8 cranial bones protect the brain 1 Frontal bone 2 Occipital bone 3 Ethmoid bone 4 Sphenoid bone 5, 6 Parietal bones (pair) 7, 8 Temporal bones (pair) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.9 Human skull, lateral view. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Skull  14 facial bones 1, 2 Maxillae (pair) 3, 4 Palatine bones (pair) 5, 6 Lacrimal bones (pair) 7, 8 Zygomatic bones (pair) 9, 10 Nasal bones (pair) 11 Vomer bone 12, 13 Inferior nasal conchae (pair) 14 Mandible © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.9 Human skull, lateral view. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.11 Human skull, inferior view (mandible removed). Maxilla Hard (palatine process) Incisive fossa palate Palatine bone Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone Temporal bone (greater wing) (zygomatic process) Foramen ovale Vomer Mandibular fossa Carotid canal Styloid process Mastoid process Jugular foramen Temporal bone Occipital condyle Parietal bone Foramen magnum Occipital bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.12 Human skull, anterior and posterior views. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Developmental Aspects of  Fetal skull the Skeleton  Fontanels are fibrous Anterior fontanel membranes connecting Sphenoidal the cranial bones Parietal bone fontanel Frontal  Known as “soft spots” Posterior bone  Allow skull compression fontanel during birth  Allow the brain to grow Occipital during later pregnancy bone and infancy Mastoid fontanel  Usually ossify by 2 years Temporal bone of age (b) Figure 5.32b The fetal skull. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Figure 5.32a The fetal skull. Anterior fontanel Frontal bone Parietal bone Posterior fontanel Occipital (a) bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton  Growth of cranium after birth is related to brain growth  Increase in size of the facial skeleton follows tooth development and enlargement of the respiratory passageways “The growth of the skull in harmony with the brain. As the brain grows, the skull must grow in response to accommodate extra volume while providing a tight fit.” © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton  Size of cranium in relationship to body  2 years old—skull is three-fourths the size of adult skull  8 or 9 years old—skull is near adult in size and proportion  Between ages 6 and 11, the face grows out from the skull © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton  Skeletal changes  At birth, the head and trunk are proportionately much longer than the lower limbs  During puberty:  Female pelvis broadens  Entire male skeleton becomes more robust © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  The Skull  Paranasal sinuses  Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity  Functions of paranasal sinuses  Lighten the skull  Amplify sounds made as we speak © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Skull  Hyoid bone  The only bone that does not articulate with another bone  Serves as a movable base for the tongue  Aids in swallowing and speech © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Vertebral Column (Spine)  Vertebral column provides axial support  Extends from skull to the pelvis  26 vertebral bones are separated by intervertebral discs  7 cervical vertebrae are in the neck  12 thoracic vertebrae are in the chest region  5 lumbar vertebrae are associated with the lower back  Sacrum (formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae)  Coccyx (formed by fusion of 3–5 vertebrae) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Figure 5.15 The vertebral column. Anterior Posterior 1st cervical vertebra (atlas) Cervical curvature 7 cervical vertebra 2nd cervical vertebra (axis) (concave) 7 vertebrae, C1 – C7 12 thoracic vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra 5 lumbar vertebra Transverse process 1 sacrum Spinous Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, process 1 coccyx Intervertebral T1 – T12 disc Atlas: Intervertebral 1st vertebra foramen 1st lumbar holds head vertebra Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, Axis: L1 – L5 2nd vertebra Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused rotates head vertebrae Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Vertebral Column (Spine)  Primary curvatures  Spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions  Present from birth  Form a C-shaped curvature in newborns  Secondary curvatures  Spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions  Develop after birth  Form an S-shaped curvature in adults  Vertebral Column (Spine)  Parts of a typical vertebra  Body (centrum)  Vertebral arch  Pedicle  Lamina  Vertebral foramen  Transverse processes  Spinous process  Superior and inferior articular processes © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Thoracic Cage  Bony thorax, or thoracic cage, protects organs of the thoracic cavity  Consists of three parts 1. Sternum 2. Ribs  True ribs (pairs 1–7)  False ribs (pairs 8–12)  Floating ribs (pairs 11–12) 3. Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.20a The bony thorax (thoracic cage). T1 vertebra Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphisternal Sternum True joint ribs Xiphoid (1–7) process False ribs (8–12) Intercostal spaces L1 Floating vertebra Costal cartilage ribs (11, 12) (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Appendicular Skeleton Skull Cranium Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage Scapula  Composed of 126 (ribs and sternum) Sternum Rib bones Humerus Vertebra Vertebra  Limbs (appendages) l Radius Ulna Sacrum column  Pectoral girdle Carpals  Pelvic girdle Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Anterior  Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Acromio- clavicular Clavicle joint  Also called pectoral girdle  Composed of two bones that attach the upper limb to the axial skeletal Scapula 1. Clavicle 2. Scapula (a) Articulated right shoulder (pectoral) girdle showing the relationship to © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. bones of the thorax and sternum  Bones of the Upper Limbs Humerus: upper limb Ulna: forearm Radius: forearm Carpals: wrist Metacarpals: hand © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Bones of the Upper Limbs  Hand  Carpals—wrist bones  8 bones arranged in two rows of 4 bones in each hand  Metacarpals—palm bones  5 per hand  Phalanges—fingers and thumb  14 phalanges in each hand  In each finger, there are 3 bones  In the thumb, there are only 2 bones  Bones of the Pelvic Girdle  Where lower limbs attach to the body  Composed of three pairs of fused bones 1. Ilium 2. Ischium 3. Pubis  Pelvic girdle = two coxal bones, sacrum  Pelvis = two coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx  Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Comparison of the Male Pelvis to the Female Pelvis Less than 90 degrees angle More than 90 degrees angle © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Bones of the Lower Limbs  Femur - thigh bone  The heaviest, strongest bone in the body  Patella:  knee cap  Tibia:  large lower leg  Fibula:  small lower leg © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the Lower Limbs  Foot Phalanges: Distal  Tarsals—7 bones Middle Proximal  Two largest tarsals are the: Tarsals: Medial Metatarsals  Calcaneus (heel bone) cuneiform Tarsals:  Talus Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform  Metatarsals—5 bones Navicular Cuboid form the sole of the foot  Phalanges—14 bones Talus form the toes Calcaneus © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Joints  Types of synovial joints based on shape  Plane joint  Hinge joint  Pivot joint  Condylar joint  Saddle joint  Ball-and-socket joint © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.30a Types of synovial joints. (f) (a) Plane joint (b) (c) (a) (e) (d) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  (f) (b) Humerus (c) Ulna (a) (e) (b) Hinge joint (d) on Education, Inc. Figure 5.30c Types of synovial joints. Ulna Radius (f) (c) Pivot joint (b) (c) (a) (e) (d) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Figure 5.30d Types of synovial joints. (f) Metacarpal (b) Phalanx (c) (d) Condylar joint (a) (e) (d) 018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Figure 5.30e Types of synovial joints. Carpal Metacarpal #1 (f) (e) Saddle joint (b) (c) (a) (e) (d) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.  Figure 5.30f Types of synovial joints. (f) Head of humerus (b) (c) Scapula (f) Ball-and-socket joint (a) (e) (d) 18 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements at Synovial Joints Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 86  Flexion—reduces the angle of the joint from resting position Extension—returns joint to resting position Hyperextension—increases joint angle beyond 180 degrees Lateral flexion—bending of neck or body toward left or right side Flexion and Extensio n  Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction Abduction—moves a limb, finger, toe or thumb away from midline of body Adduction—moves a limb, finger, toe, or thumb toward midline Circumduction—movement in a circular motion Combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction at a joint Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 88  Rotation Rotation—twisting movement Medial rotation—moves anterior of a limb toward midline Lateral rotation—moves anterior of a limb away from midline Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 89  Supination and Pronation Movements of the forearm Supination—moves palm toward facing posteriorly Pronation—moves palm toward facing anteriorly Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 90  Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion Movements of the ankle joint Dorsiflexion—moves top of foot toward anterior leg Plantar flexion—lifts heel away from ground or points toes toward ground Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 91  Inversion and Eversion Inversion—movement that turns bottom of foot toward midline Eversion—movement that turns bottom of foot away from midline Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 92  Protraction and Retraction Mandible Protraction—jaw is pushed forward Retraction—returns jaw to resting position Scapula Protraction—shoulder moves forward Retraction—scapula pulled posteriorly and medially Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 93  Depression and Elevation Mandible Depression—downward movement Elevation—upward movement Scapula Depression—downward movement Elevation—upward movement Think “shrugging shoulders” Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 94  Opposition and Reposition Opposition—moves tip of thumb in contact with a finger Reposition—returns thumb to its anatomical position Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 95