Human Anatomy Quiz - Joints and Skeleton
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Questions and Answers

Which type of joint allows for flexion and extension, as seen in the elbow?

  • Hinge joint (correct)
  • Saddle joint
  • Plane joint
  • Pivot joint

    • What feature distinguishes the female pelvis from the male pelvis?

  • Greater pelvic angle (correct)
  • Smaller overall size
  • Thicker ilium bone
  • Narrow pelvic inlet

    • Which of the following bones is part of the appendicular skeleton?

  • Sternal angle
  • Occipital bone
  • Xiphoid process
  • Scapula (correct)

    • What type of tissue primarily composes ligaments?

    <p>Dense connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by a joint capsule and synovial fluid?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a classification of synovial joints based on movement?

    <p>Cartilaginous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects muscle to bone?

    <p>Tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements is NOT associated with synovial joints?

    <p>Shock absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the difference between axial and appendicular skeletons?

    <p>Axial skeleton comprises the skull and spine, while appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and pelvic girdle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue is primarily responsible for providing flexibility in the skeletal system?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the periosteum in bone structure?

    <p>It nourishes the external portion and serves as an attachment site for ligaments and tendons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of joints is characterized by a fluid-filled cavity and allows for a range of movement?

    <p>Synovial joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the true ribs classified in relation to the sternum?

    <p>They are directly connected to the sternum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the C1 vertebra from the others in the cervical region?

    <p>It is responsible for nodding motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bones primarily comprise the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Long and short bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the floating ribs?

    <p>They are not connected to the sternum at all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osteoblasts in the skeletal system?

    <p>Bone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is categorized as a flat bone?

    <p>Sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does periosteum play in the skeletal system?

    <p>Provides an anchoring site for tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Wolff's Law primarily concerned with?

    <p>Physical stress and bone adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the epiphysis of a long bone?

    <p>The end region of the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily responsible for the motion of elbow flexion?

    <p>Biceps brachii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is primarily responsible for wrist extension?

    <p>Radial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do the scalenes primarily serve?

    <p>Elevation of the first two ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group is classified as superficial extrinsic muscles of the back?

    <p>Trapezius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the cervical vertebrae?

    <p>Lumbar vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is characterized by the absence of stripes and is found in the intestines?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates muscle contraction by unlocking the binding sites on actin?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes rigor mortis in muscle cells?

    <p>Lack of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contractile tissue that makes up the muscular system called?

    <p>Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element provides energy for the power stroke during muscle contraction?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the superficial extrinsic muscles of the back?

    <p>Connecting the axial and appendicular skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group is primarily responsible for flexion at the elbow?

    <p>Elbow flexors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle play in the body?

    <p>Enables head rotation and flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is a key component of the rotator cuff?

    <p>Supraspinatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area is referred to as the 'danger triangle of the face'?

    <p>Region around the eyes and nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the roles of cartilage and bone in the skeletal system?

    <p>Bone is a hard connective tissue, and cartilage provides flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

    <p>The axial skeleton supports the body’s weight and protects vital organs, while the appendicular skeleton facilitates movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do true ribs differ from floating ribs?

    <p>True ribs are attached to the sternum directly, while floating ribs are not attached at all.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the periosteum serve in relation to bone structure?

    <p>It nourishes the external bone and provides attachment for ligaments and tendons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the vertebral column consists of the first seven vertebrae?

    <p>Cervical vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the xyphoid process in the ribcage?

    <p>It can break off and lead to respiratory issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulders, totaling 126 bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which way does the structure of the ribs affect breathing?

    <p>Lower ribs move up and down, while upper ribs facilitate lateral movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest functional unit of a muscle called?

    <p>Sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is characterized by the absence of stripes and is involved in involuntary movements?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does calcium play in muscle contraction?

    <p>Initiates contraction by unlocking binding sites on actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes rigor mortis in muscle cells?

    <p>Lack of ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the primary fuel for muscular contraction?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body?

    <p>Cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called in which myosin heads attach and pull on actin filaments during contraction?

    <p>Power stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural feature of skeletal muscle that allows for contraction?

    <p>Layered arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the sliding filament theory?

    <p>Muscle cells split into fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a group of muscles innervated by a single nerve route?

    <p>Myotome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of osteocytes in bone tissue?

    <p>Maintaining and monitoring the bone matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is categorized as irregular?

    <p>Vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the periosteum serve in the skeletal system?

    <p>It facilitates bone growth and repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the diaphysis of a long bone?

    <p>The central shaft region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes calcium regulation in the body?

    <p>It is regulated by hormone levels and bone activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the upper and lower extremities to the axial skeleton?

    <p>Shoulder girdle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Wolff's Law state about bones?

    <p>Bones will grow larger in response to increased stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint type allows for movement in two planes, as seen in the clavicle?

    <p>Saddle joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone marrow is primarily involved in blood cell production?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is correct about spongy bone?

    <p>It contains trabeculae and is lighter than compact bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ligaments in the skeletal system?

    <p>Connect bone to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does movement occur in relation to bones?

    <p>By muscles contracting and pulling on bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a characteristic of strong connective tissue typically found in joints?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synovial joint allows for rotational movement, such as that of the neck?

    <p>Pivot joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of bone matrix that provides strength?

    <p>Collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is primarily characterized by limited movement and connections via fibrous tissue?

    <p>Fibrous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is found in the wrist?

    <p>Carpals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the curvature of the fetal spine?

    <p>Concave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a role of the axillary nerve in the shoulder region?

    <p>Innervates deltoid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by a capsule filled with synovial fluid and allows for a range of movements?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion and movement in all planes?

    <p>Ball and Socket Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of joints is characterized primarily by immobility?

    <p>Fibrous Joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential role does synovial fluid play in joint function?

    <p>Reduces friction between bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint allows only flexion and extension movements?

    <p>Hinge Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the primary function of ligaments in the skeletal system?

    <p>Stabilize joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synovial joint allows for the greatest range of motion?

    <p>Ball-and-socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of synovial fluid in joints?

    <p>Lubricate the joints and reduce friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint exclusively allows for rotational movement?

    <p>Pivot Joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joints is classified as a pivot joint?

    <p>Atlantoaxial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement is allowed by saddle joints?

    <p>Movement in two planes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ligaments primarily function in relation to joints?

    <p>Stabilizing joints by connecting bone to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage serves as a cushion and provides shock absorption between bones?

    <p>Articular Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synovial joint is best characterized for allowing both flexion and extension along with additional movements?

    <p>Condyloid joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a hinge joint from other types of joints?

    <p>Permits both flexion and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of synovial joint would you expect to find a joint capsule and synovial membrane?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of saddle joints?

    <p>Allows for movement in two planes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint allows for rotational movement and is found in the neck?

    <p>Pivot joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of movement involves moving a limb away from the body's midline?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of synovial fluid within a joint?

    <p>To lubricate the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joints is characterized by a joint cavity and allows for a wide range of motion?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint allows for movement in two axes and is exemplified by the wrists?

    <p>Ellipsoidal (condyloid) joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fibrous joints from cartilaginous joints?

    <p>Fibrous joints are primarily found in the skull, whereas cartilaginous joints are found in the ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is found at the base of the thumb and allows for movement up, down, and side to side?

    <p>Saddle joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During flexion, what occurs at the joint?

    <p>The angle between bones decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Skeletal System

    • The skeletal system is composed of cartilage and bone.
    • Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue while bone is a hard form of connective tissue.
    • Bones are covered in periosteum, which nourishes the external portion of skeletal tissue and provides attachment sites for ligaments and tendons.
    • Bone has two main components: compact bone and spongy bone.
    • Compact bone is dense and strong, making up the outer layer of most bones.
    • Spongy bone is lighter and less dense, containing a network of trabeculae (thin beams of bone) that create spaces filled with bone marrow.

    Axial Skeleton

    • The axial skeleton includes the bones of the head, neck, and trunk.
    • The skull is part of the axial skeleton and protects the brain, aids in eating, talking, and facial expressions.
    • The skull is composed of fused bones: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid.
    • Ribcage:
      • True ribs (ribs 1-7): directly connect to the sternum (breastbone) via their costal cartilages
      • False ribs (ribs 8-10): connect to the 7th rib via their costal cartilages
      • Floating ribs (ribs 11 and 12): do not connect to the sternum.
    • Xiphoid process: the bottom of the ribcage. It can break off during CPR or other trauma.
    • Vertebral column:
      • Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7): Located in the neck, supporting the head and providing flexibility.
      • Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12): Located in the chest, attaching to the ribs.
      • Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5): Located in the lower back, supporting the weight of the upper body.
    • Spinal curvature:
      • Primary curves: Thoracic and sacral curves are present at birth.
      • Secondary curves: Cervical and lumbar curves develop after birth as infants begin to hold their heads up (cervical) and walk upright (lumbar).
    • Ribs structure and movement during breathing:
      • Lower ribs move up and down during breathing.
      • Upper ribs move forward and backward during breathing.

    Appendicular Skeleton

    • The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs (arms and legs) and their supporting girdles (pectoral and pelvic girdles).
    • Half of the bones in the body are found in the hands and feet.
    • Upper extremities include the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
    • Lower extremities include the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
    • Pelvic girdle is distinct between women and men, with women having a wider pelvic outlet.

    Bone Landmarks

    • Clavicle
    • Xiphoid Process
    • Greater Trochanter, ASIS
    • Sternal Angle
    • Greater Tubercle and Deltoid Tuberosity
    • Occipital Bone, Scapular Spine

    Cartilage and Ligaments

    • Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue that provides cushioning, support, and flexibility to joints.
    • Ligaments are strong, fibrous connective tissues that connect bones to each other, providing stability and limiting joint movement.

    Joint Types

    • Fibrous joints: Bones joined by fibrous connective tissue. Little to no movement allowed.
    • Cartilaginous joints: Bones joined by cartilage. Allow for a limited range of motion and shock absorption.
    • Synovial joints: Most common type of joint. Characterized by a joint capsule filled with synovial fluid.
      • Plane (gliding) joints: Allow for sliding or gliding movements.
      • Hinge joints: Allow for movement in one plane, like flexion and extension.
      • Saddle joints: Allow for movement in two planes.
      • Condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints: Allow for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction.
      • Pivot joints: Allow for rotation around a central axis.

    Joint Classification

    • Functional classification of joints: Based on the amount of movement.
    • Structural classification of joints: Based on the type of connective tissue joining the bones.

    Synovial Joints

    • Synovial joints are characterized by a joint capsule, synovial membrane, and synovial fluid.
    • Gliding (plane) joints: Allow for sliding and gliding movements.
    • Hinge joints: Allow for flexion and extension.
    • Saddle joints: Allow for movement in two planes.
    • Ellipsoidal (condyloid) joints: Allow for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction.
    • Pivot joints: Allow for rotation around a central axis.

    Skeletal System - Homeostasis and Blood Production

    • Bone cells:
      • Osteoblasts: Cells responsible for bone formation. Produce and secrete bone matrix.
      • Osteocytes: Mature bone cells, responsible for maintaining bone integrity.
      • Osteoclasts: Cells responsible for bone resorption (breakdown).
    • Bone matrix:
      • Organic components: Collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and other proteins that provide flexibility and tensile strength.
      • Inorganic components: Calcium phosphate and other mineral crystals that give bone hardness and rigidity.
    • Bone types:
      • Long bones: Longer than they are wide, function as levers for movement.
      • Short bones: Roughly cubical, provide stability and support.
      • Flat bones: Thin and flattened, provide protection and large surface areas for muscle attachment.
      • Irregular bones: Complex shapes, serve specialized functions.
    • Compact bone: Dense, outer layer of most bones.
    • Spongy bone: Less dense, inner layer of most bones, containing bone marrow.
    • Bone marrow:
      • Red marrow: Responsible for blood cell production (hematopoiesis).
      • Yellow marrow: Primarily composed of fat and can be converted to red marrow in times of need.
    • Blood and Nerve Supply: Bones are well vascularized with blood vessels supplying nutrients and removing waste products. Nerves provide sensory input to the bone.
    • Calcium homeostasis:
      • Calcium plays crucial roles in bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting.
      • Calcitonin: Hormone produced by thyroid gland, lowers blood calcium levels.
      • Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Hormone produced by parathyroid glands, raises blood calcium levels.
    • Bone remodeling:
      • Continual process of bone resorption and bone formation.
      • Coupling: Bone resorption and formation are tightly coupled, ensuring bone integrity.
      • Wolff's Law: States that bone adapts to its mechanical loading environment, becoming stronger in areas of high stress.

    Muscular System

    • Muscle types:
      • Skeletal muscle: Attached to bones, responsible for voluntary movement.
      • Cardiac muscle: Found only in the heart, responsible for involuntary heart contractions.
      • Smooth muscle: Found in the walls of internal organs, responsible for involuntary contractions.
    • Skeletal muscle structure:
      • Muscle fibers: Long, cylindrical cells that make up skeletal muscle.
      • Myofibrils: Bundles of protein filaments (actin and myosin) within each muscle fiber.
      • Sarcomeres: Repeating units of myofibrils that contain actin and myosin filaments.
    • Muscle contraction:
      • Neuromuscular junction: The synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
      • Motor unit: A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
      • Sliding filament theory: Explains how muscle contraction occurs. Actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, shortening the sarcomeres and the entire muscle fiber.
      • Role of calcium: Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a conformational change that exposes myosin-binding sites on actin, allowing for muscle contraction.
      • ATP: Provides energy for the power stroke of myosin and detachment of myosin from actin.
      • Rigor mortis: Condition that sets in after death, when muscles become stiff due to lack of ATP.
    • Muscle contraction types:
      • Isometric contraction: Muscle tension increases, but muscle length remains constant.
      • Isotonic contraction: Muscle tension remains constant, but muscle length changes.
        • Concentric contraction: Muscle shortens.
        • Eccentric contraction: Muscle lengthens.
    • Muscle functions:
      • Movement: Primarily responsible for movement of the body and its parts.
      • Posture and stability: Maintain posture and stabilize joints.
      • Heat production: Generate heat during contraction, contributing to body temperature regulation.
    • Muscle contraction and relaxation:
      • Excitation-contraction coupling: The process by which a nerve impulse triggers muscle contraction.
      • Relaxation: Occurs when calcium ions are removed from the sarcoplasm, allowing troponin to block myosin-binding sites on actin.

    Cardiac Muscle

    • Involuntary muscle: Under control of the autonomic nervous system.
    • Striated: Contains sarcomeres, responsible for striated appearance.
    • Intercalated discs: Specialized junctions between cardiac muscle cells, allowing for rapid communication and coordinated contractions.
    • Auto rhythmicity: Ability of cardiac muscle to contract rhythmically without external stimulation.

    Fascicle Orientation

    • Parallel: Muscle fibers run parallel to the long axis (e.g., biceps brachii).
    • Convergent: Muscle fibers converge to a single tendon (e.g., pectoralis major).
    • Pennate: Muscle fibers are arranged at an angle to the tendon (e.g., deltoid).
    • Circular: Muscle fibers are arranged in a circular pattern (e.g., orbicularis oculi).

    Muscle Fiber Types

    • Type I (Slow Oxidative): Slow-twitch fibers, used for endurance activities, rich in mitochondria and myoglobin, high in oxidative capacity, and fatigue resistant.
    • Type IIa (Fast Oxidative Glycolytic): Fast-twitch fibers, used for moderate-intensity activities, have a mix of oxidative and glycolytic capacity, moderately fatigue resistant.
    • Type IIb (Fast Glycolytic): Fast-twitch fibers, used for high-intensity activities, have a high glycolytic capacity, and are prone to fatigue.

    Myotome:

    • Myotome: A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve root.

    Levers

    • First-class lever: Fulcrum (pivot point) is between the effort (force) and the load.
    • Second-class lever: Load is between the fulcrum and the effort.
    • Third-class lever: Effort is between the fulcrum and the load.

    Regional Anatomy - Head, Back, and Neck

    Muscles of Facial Expression

    • All muscles of facial expression are innervated by cranial nerve VII (facial nerve).
    • Responsible for facial movements, expressions, and some aspects of speech.
    • Example muscles: orbicularis oculi (closes eyelids), orbicularis oris (controls mouth movements), zygomaticus (smiling muscle).

    Muscles of Mastication

    • Muscles involved in chewing and jaw movements.
    • Innervated by cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve).
    • Example muscles: masseter (closes jaw), temporalis (elevates and retracts mandible), medial and lateral pterygoids.

    Cranium

    • Frontal bone: forms the forehead.
    • Parietal bones (2): form the sides and top of the skull.
    • Temporal bones (2): form the sides and base of the skull, housing ears.
    • Occipital bone: forms the back of the skull and contains the foramen magnum (opening for the spinal cord).

    Danger Triangle of the Face

    • Area on the face between the bridge of the nose and the upper lip.
    • Infections in this area can spread to the brain via the cavernous sinus, a network of veins that drain blood from the brain.

    Bones of the Neck

    • Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7): Located in the neck, supporting the head and providing flexibility.
    • Hyoid bone: Small bone not directly connected to other bones, important for speech and swallowing.

    Neck Regions and Triangles

    • Anterior triangle: Bound by the sternocleidomastoid, midline of the neck, and mandible.
    • Posterior triangle: Bound by the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and clavicle.

    Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

    • Action: Rotates and flexes the head.
    • Innervation: Accessory nerve (XI) and cervical spinal nerves.

    Scalenes

    • Action: Elevate and rotate the ribs, assist in breathing.
    • Innervation: Cervical spinal nerves.

    Vertebral Column

    • Forms the central axis of the body, providing support and protection for the spinal cord.
    • Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7): Located in the neck.
    • Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12): Located in the chest, attach to ribs.
    • Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5): Located in the lower back.
    • Sacrum: Five fused vertebrae, forming the back of the pelvis.
    • Coccyx: Four fused vertebrae, forming the tailbone.

    Back Muscles

    • Superficial extrinsic muscles of the back: Connect the axial and appendicular skeletons, produce and control limb movements.
      • Trapezius: Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula.
      • Rhomboids: Retract and rotate the scapula.
      • Latissimus dorsi: Extends, adducts, and internally rotates the arm.
    • Deep intrinsic muscles of the back: Important for maintaining posture and control of vertebral movements.
      • Erector spinae: Group of muscles that extend and rotate the vertebral column.
      • Transversospinalis group: Deep muscles that connect transverse processes to spinous processes.

    Bones of the Hand

    • Carpals (8): Wrist bones (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate).
    • Metacarpals (5): Hand bones.
    • Phalanges (14): Finger bones, each finger has 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) except the thumb, which has only 2.

    Hand Fractures

    • Colles fracture: Fracture of the distal radius, common due to a fall on an outstretched hand.
    • Smith's fracture: Fracture of the distal radius, with the fragment displaced anteriorly.
    • Scaphoid fracture: Fracture of the scaphoid bone, often missed on initial x-rays.

    Bones of the Forearm

    • Radius: Lateral bone of the forearm, involved in forearm rotation.
    • Ulna: Medial bone of the forearm, involved in forearm rotation.

    Cubital Tunnel

    • Passage through the medial aspect of the elbow, containing the ulnar nerve.
    • Ulnar nerve compression: Can occur at the cubital tunnel, causing numbness, tingling, and weakness in the ulnar nerve distribution (little finger and medial side of the ring finger).

    Distal Forearm Fractures (Wrist)

    • Distal radius fractures: Common fracture, may involve the ulna.
    • Ulnar styloid fracture: Often occurs with distal radius fractures.

    Muscles of the Forearm

    • Anterior forearm muscles: Primarily flexors of the wrist and fingers.

    • Posterior forearm muscles: Primarily extensors of the wrist and fingers.

    • Wrist flexors:

      • Flexor carpi radialis: Flexes and abducts the wrist.
      • Flexor carpi ulnaris: Flexes and adducts the wrist.
      • Palmaris longus: Flexes the wrist.

    Muscles of the Forearm (Posterior)

    • Posterior forearm muscles: Primarily extensors of the wrist and fingers.
      • Extensor carpi radialis longus: Extends and abducts the wrist.
      • Extensor carpi radialis brevis: Extends and abducts the wrist.
      • Extensor carpi ulnaris: Extends and adducts the wrist.

    Bones of the Upper Limb

    • Humerus: Bone of the upper arm.
    • Radius: Lateral bone of the forearm.
    • Ulna: Medial bone of the forearm.
    • Carpals: Wrist bones.
    • Metacarpals: Hand bones.
    • Phalanges: Finger bones.

    Elbow Flexors

    • Biceps brachii: Flexes the elbow joint and supinates the forearm.
    • Brachialis: Flexes the elbow joint.
    • Coracobrachialis: Flexes and adducts the shoulder joint.

    Elbow Extensors

    • Triceps brachii: Extends the elbow joint.
    • Anconeus: Extends the elbow joint.

    Deltoid

    • Action: Abducts, flexes, and extends the shoulder joint.
    • Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5-C6).

    Rotator Cuff

    • Muscles: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis. Involved in stabilizing the shoulder joint.
    • Actions:
      • Supraspinatus: Abducts the shoulder joint.
      • Infraspinatus and Teres minor: Externally rotate the shoulder joint.
      • Subscapularis: Internally rotates the shoulder joint.

    Serratus Anterior

    • Action: Protracts the scapula, helps in pushing and throwing movements.
    • Innervation: Long thoracic nerve (C5-C7).

    Pectoralis Major and Minor

    • Pectoralis major: Adducts, flexes, and internally rotates the arm.
    • Pectoralis minor: Depresses and protracts the scapula.

    Nervous System & Bone Injuries

    • Nerve injury: Nerves in the upper limb can be damaged, leading to weakness or loss of sensation. Knowing which nerve innervates specific muscles is essential.
    • Bone injuries: Fractures of the upper limb bones are common occurrences. Knowing the bone's structure and location is crucial.

    Group Exam Portion Considerations

    • Recognize specific muscle and bone landmarks in diagrams or models.
    • Understand the actions and innervations of muscles
    • Identify the location of structures based on descriptions, images, or scenarios.
    • Be able to explain the relationship between anatomy and function.
    • Identify potential causes of injuries.

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    Related Documents

    Skeletal System PDF
    Unit 2 Skeletal System Part 1A (2) PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on human anatomy focusing on joints and the skeletal system. This quiz covers various aspects such as joint types, pelvic structure, and the composition of ligaments. Challenge yourself with questions about the axial and appendicular skeletons.

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