NSTP: Historical and Legal Bases PDF

**Lesson 1 - Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP** **BAYANIHAN** - shows community participation, democracy and Cooperation. **Polos y servicios --** During the Spanish period, these policy or practice were used to compel the Filipinos to work in public works. **The Constitutional Mandate** all c...

**Lesson 1 - Historical and Legal Bases of NSTP** **BAYANIHAN** - shows community participation, democracy and Cooperation. **Polos y servicios --** During the Spanish period, these policy or practice were used to compel the Filipinos to work in public works. **The Constitutional Mandate** all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law**, to render personal military or civil service.** (1987 Constitution, Article 2, Section 4 The **State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building** and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs. (1987 Constitution, Article 2, Section 13) **National Service Training Program (NSTP**)- is a civic education and defense preparedness program students by virtue of Republic Act9163, otherwise known as the \"National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001.\" Under the NSTP Program, both male and female college students of any baccalaureate degree course or technical vocational coursein public or private educational institutions are obliged to undergo one of three program components for an academic period of two semesters. ** Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS)-** is designed to provide students with activities contributory to the general welfare and betterment of life of the members of the community especially those developed to improve social welfare services. ** Literacy Training Service(LTS) -** is designed to train students in teaching literacy and numeracy skills to schoolchildren and out-of-school youths. ** Reserve Officers\' Training Corps(ROTC)** - is designed to provide military education and training for students to mobilize them for national defense preparedness. ** Commonwealth Act No. 1 -** known as the \"National Defense Act of 1935\", It provided for obligatorymilitary servicefor all male citizens of ages between 18 and 30. ** Presidential Decree No. 1706-** known as the \"National Service Law\". It made national service obligatory for all Filipino citizens and specified three categories of national service: civic welfare service, law enforcement service and military service. ** Republic Act 7077**-known as the \"Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act\", The Reservist Act provided for organization, training and utilization of reservists, referred to in the Act as \"Citizen Soldiers\". **Lesson 2 - Philippine Constitution, Preamble and Bill of Rights** Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution "We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure ourselves and posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this constitution". **Duties and Responsibilities of Filipino citizens** 1\. **To be loyal to the Republic**. 2\. **To defend the state.** 3\. **To contribute to the development and welfare of the State.** 4\. **To uphold the constitution and obey laws.** 5\. **To cooperate with duly constituted authorities.** 6\. **To exercise rights responsible and with due regard for the rights of others**. 7\. **To engage in gainful work**. 8\. **To register and vote**. **Duties and Rights of the Filipino People** **1. Duties of the People** a\. to vote honestly and wisely b\. to obey the laws of the land c\. to respect public authority d\. to be loyal to the Republic e\. to defend the Motherland f\. to pay taxes to the government g\. to take active interest in local, national and international affairs **2. Rights of the People** a\. Natural rights -- rights conferred upon human beings by God which cannot be taken away *Example: right to life, right to love, right to marry* b\. Civil rights -- rights granted by the State for the promotion of common welfare of individual citizens *Example: right to own property, right to seek justice in the courts* c\. Political rights -- rights conferred by the state to the people so that they may participate in government *Example: right to citizenship, right to suffrage, freedom of speech* d\. Constitutional rights -- rights recognized and protected by the constitution and part of the fundamental law of the land *Example: freedom from slavery, freedom to choose one's residence* e\. Statutory rights -- rights conferred by statutes or law promulgated by a lawmaking body and can be abolished by the same body *Example: right to inherit property, right to minimum wage, right to go to* *strike for higher wages* **Lesson 3 - United Nations Principles on Human Rights** **Universal Declaration of Human Rights** ***Universal Declaration of Human Rights -***defined as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. ***Article 1** **-*** All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. ***Article 2*** - Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in the Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. ***Article 3*** - Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. ***Article 4*** - No one shall be held in slavery or servitude ***Article 5*** - No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. ***Article 6*** - Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. **Article 7** - All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. ***Article 8*** - Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. ***Article 9*** - No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. ***Article 10*** -- Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, ***Article 11***- ( ***Article 12*** - No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. ***Article 13*** -- (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State. (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. ***Article 14** --* (1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. (2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non- political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. ***Article 15** --* (1) Everyone has the right to a nationality. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality. ***Article 16** --* (1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. (2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State. ***Article 17** --* (1) Everyone has the right to own property (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. ***Article 18** --* Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. ***Article 19** --* Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression. ***Article 20** --* (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association. ***Article 21** --* (1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. (2) Everyone has the right to equal access to public service in his country. (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. ***Article 22** --* Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international cooperation ***Article 23** --* (1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. ***Article 24** --* Everyone has the right to rest and leisure. ***Article 25** --* (1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and wellbeing of himself and of his family,(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. ***Article 26** --* (1) Everyone has the right to education. ***Article 27** --* (1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. ***Article 28** --* Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. ***Article 29** --* (1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. ***Article 30** -* Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein. **Issues of Human Rights in the Philippines** **1. Philippine War** -- Drug Campaign - human rights groups and activists are accusing the Duterte government of extra-judicial killings. **2. Death Penalty** -- many representatives filed bills seeking to reinstate the Death Penalty which were strongly opposed by the Catholic Church **3. Lowering the Age of Criminal Liability** -- the constitution provides that children are 18 years below. Lowering the criminal liability is a violation of children's rights. **4. Freedom of Expression** -- the closure of ABS-CBN and veteran journalist Maria Ressa were categorized by their supporters as violation of human rights. **5. Rights of the members of the LGBTI Community** -- the controversial SOGIE Bill divided the opinions of Filipinos about human rights. **Lesson 4 - Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines** **Salient Feature of RA No. 8491 of 2002 (Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines)** **Philippine Flag -**Our national flag is the symbol of our country. It shows our unity as a people. It stands for our high ideals and noble heritage. Therefore, when you show respect for the flag, you also show respect for our country and people. One way to show respect is to handle the flag properly. **Flag-** is a sacred and respected feature of the nation which it represents. The Philippine national flag is said to be the primary symbol of the nation's camaraderie, sovereignty, solidarity and unity. **Flag History** The national flag of the Philippine is a horizontal bicolor with equal bands of blue and red, and white equilateral triangle based at the hoist side, at the center of the triangle is a golden yellow sun with eight primary rays (which signifies eight provinces) each containing three individual rays; and at each corner of the triangle is a five-pointed golden yellow stat. The sun with eight rays in the Philippine flag represents the first eight provinces The flag was conceptualized by -**Emilio Aguinaldo**. The first flag was sewn in Hongkong by -**Marcela Agoncillo, her daughter Lorenza, and Dona DelfinaHerbosa de Natividad, niece of Jose Rizal**. The flag is displayed with the blue field on the top in times of peace, and with red field on top in times of war. **Flag Protocol -**The flag should be displayed in all government buildings, official residence, public plazas, and schools every day throughout the year. **Lesson 5 - Good Citizenship Values** **Citizenship** -is a term denoting membership of a citizen in a political society, which membership implies, reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part member and duty of protection on the part of the State. **Citizen** -is a person having the title of citizenship. Article IV, Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution identifies the following as citizens of the Philippines: 1\. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of said Constitution; 2\. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines; those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine Citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and 3\. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. **Acquiring Citizenship** 1.There are two principles of citizenship in the world, "jus solis" (by blood) and "jus sanguinis" (by birth). 2\. A baby who was born within the air space or within 12 nautical miles from the boarder of the United States will automatically have US citizenship regardless of the parent's nationality. 3\. Commonwealth Act No. 473 provides the qualifications and processes for acquiring Filipino citizenship. **Lesson 6 -- Voter Citizenship Education** **Election -**is the means by which the people choose their officials for definite and fixed Periods. **two (2) types of electoral exercises** a\) regular elections (national, local, barangay, ARMM, SK) b\) special elections (plebiscite, referendum, initiative, recall) **Suffrage -**is the human right to vote to which, in the Philippines, is embodied in three documents: a\) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) b\) The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and c\) The 1987 Philippine Constitution. **qualified to vote in Philippine elections** a\) Citizens of the Philippines; b\) Those who are 18 years old and above on the day of elections; c\) A resident of the Philippines for one year and in the city or municipality wherein he/she proposes to vote for at least six months before the elections. **qualified to vote under the Overseas Absentee Voting Law** a\) Filipino citizen abroad b\) Those who are 18 years old and above on the day of elections c\) Immigrants with affidavit to resume residence in the Philippines d\) Permanent residents with affidavit of intent to resume residence in the Philippines. **disqualified by law to vote in Philippine elections** a\) Persons sentenced to be imprisoned for not less than one year b\) Persons who committed rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-subversion and firearms law, or any crime against national security or disloyalty to the government c\) Insane or incompetent persons **elections held** a\) Every 2nd Monday of May for national and local election National and local elections are held on the second Monday of May every third year starting 1992. The presidential and vice presidential elections are held every six years. Election Days in which the president and vice president and barangay officials are not elected are called \"midterm elections\"; Election Days in which the president and vice president are elected are called \"presidential elections\". Barangay-level officials, although are currently elected in the same year as the other officials, are elected separately the succeeding months. b\) Every last Monday of October, every 3 years for barangay and SK officials Barangay-level elections, starting from 2007, are to be held every three years during the last Monday of October, although these elections are frequently postponed (and incumbents\' terms are extended) as a cost-saving measure. c\) Every 3 years from March 1993 -- ARRM elections Elections for the positions in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), starting from 2011, are to be held every three years during the second Monday of May. **a) Before elections** Prepare to exercise the right of suffrage and the right to an informed and free choice.  Register during the period allowed for voter registration.  Be informed of the issues, platforms, and personalities of the political candidates.  Set specific guidelines in choosing government leaders in terms of the candidate's social affiliations and interests, competence, lifestyle, and performance records.  Conduct/participate in public debates that would inform citizens and gain the commitment of the candidates to integrate, foremost, the interests and welfare of the citizen in their program of government. **b) During elections** Exercise vigilance and the right to vote.  Vote according to your conscience  Protect the integrity of your own vote from any other undue influence  Volunteer in organizations that work for clean and peaceful elections  Watch out for instance of cheating in the elections and inform authorities and the rest of the electorate of such activities. **c) After elections** Practice continued vigilance and participate in governance.  Be vigilant in the counting and canvassing of votes  Attend consultations and public hearings, and participate in local special bodies.  Legislate advocacy -- s process where citizens talk with lawmakers and other implementers in the government to ensure that the concerns and welfare of the general public are included in the discussion and making of laws. **Lesson 7 - Drug Education** **Drug** - It is a substance that affects the function of living cells, used in medicine to diagnose, cure, prevent the occurrence of diseases and disorders and prolong the life of patients with incurable conditions. **Drug abuse-** is the overuse of a drug without due regard to accepted medical practice. **Drug dependence-** is a compulsive behavior brought about by drug abuse. **Drug user-** is another term for "drug addict" which refers to an individual who is dependent on a certain drug or drugs. **Classifications of drugs and their Effects** 1\. **Alcohol liquor-** is extracted from chemical compound as ethyl and hydrocarbon, is a dangerous chemical substance that triggers the central nervous system and may damage vital human organs. 2\. **Marijuana** (Cannabis *Sativa*)- is annual plant that grows wild in many temperate parts of the world. 3\. **Stimulants-** are drugs used to increase mental activity, relieve fatigue, increase alertness and offset drowsiness. a\) Amphetamines b) Cocaine c) Shabu (methamphetamine, HCL) 4\. **Cough syrups-** are also called over the counter colds/cough preparations. a\) Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine and phenylproppanolamine for nasal decongestion b\) Clorophenamine maleate for allergic asthma, nocturnal cough c\) Dextromethorphan is cough suppressant; codeine has an anti-tussive effect 5\. **Depressants-** are usually known as "downers". These drugs act on the nervous system, promoting relaxation and sleep. a\) Barbiturates b) Mathaqualone 6\. **Barbiturates-** are used to reduce the frequency of convulsions in epileptics. 7\. **Hallucinogens** (Psychedelics)- are drugs that can produce changes in mood and behavior. They can produce delusions and hallucinations. a\) Mescaline b) LSD c) Psilocybin d) Phencyclidine 8\. **Tranquilizer-** is a drug used to treat nervous disorders, calm psychotic patients. a\) Meprobamate b) Diazepam **9. Narcotics-** in medicine, refer to opium, morphine, codeine, heroin and hydromorphone. 9\. **Inhalants-** are volatile substances derived from ether or chloroform. **Roles of school, the community, youth and parents in preventing drug abuse** ***School -*** must formulate a "drug policy "designed to help students and all school personnel fight drug abuse. ***Community-*** must work toward eradicating the drug menace by: conducting an anti-drug campaign, cooperating with authorities in the arrest of the drug pushers; ***Youth*** -problem solvers, have positive influence in other young people and the nation, and are extremely ambitious. They have the ability to create and identify themselves and move the nation forward positively. ***Parents*** - must serve as a model to their children **Lesson 8 - Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Sy** **Republic Act 10121-** or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 is entitled as, "An Act Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework and Institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes". **1. Section 5** provides for the creation of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) The NDRRMC is headed by the Secretary of the Department of National Defense (DND) as Chairperson **2. Section 8** of the law stipulates that the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) **3. Section 10** of RA 10121 provides for the creation of the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (RDRRMC), formerly known as Regional Disaster Coordinating Council (RDCC). The civil defense officers of the OCD who are or may be designated as Regional Directors of OCD serves as chairpersons of the RDRRMC **4. Section 11** provides for the organization at the Local Government Level. **5. Section 12** provides for the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (LDRRMO). **6. Section 15** provides for the coordination during emergencies. **7. Section 21** provides for the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) **8. Section 22** of RA 10121 provides for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund. **9. Section 23** of the law also specifies funding of the OCD **Lesson 9 - Geographic Profile of the Philippines** **Luzon -**is the biggest island group while **Visayas-** is a melting pot of Spanish, Chinese, and Indo-Malayan cultures; and **Mindanao** where Chinese and Muslims are predominant. **Manila-** is the capital city but outside Manila there are also diverse centers of commerce and industry, culture, the arts, and education. Meanwhile, **Quezon City-** is the largest and mostpopulous city. Based on the average of all weather stations in the Philippines, excluding Baguio, the mean annual temperature is **26.6o C**. The coolest months fall in January with a mean temperature of **25.5o C** while the warmest month occurs in May with a mean temperature of **28.3o C.** **Lesson 11 -- Four Thematic Areas of Philippine Disaster Management System** **1) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation**  Early warning systems  Flood forecasting and monitoring  Hazard and risk mappings  Structural and non-structural interventions **2) Disaster Preparedness**  Contingency planning  Prepositioning and stock-piling  Capacitating and organizing responders  Training, drills and exercises  Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment **3) Disaster Response**  Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis (RDANA)  Issuance of advisories and situation reports  Activation of Response Clusters and Incident Command System (ICS)  Mobilization of responders  Humanitarian assistance (e.g. relief distribution)  Provision of financial assistance  Management of evacuation centers **4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery**  Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA)  Enhancement of policies and plans  Reconstruction using "build back better" approach  Resettlement  Provision of new sources of livelihood **Lesson 12 - Role of Youth in Disaster Preparedness and Management (DPR)** 1\. **spread awareness** 2\. **developing early warning measures**. 3\. **Keep other students or youth informed**. **Lesson 13 - Basic First Aid and Basic Life Support** **Basic Life Support (BLS)** is an emergency procedure consists of recognizing respiratory or cardiac arrest or both and the proper application of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to maintain life until a victim recovers or advanced life support is available. **Advanced Cardiac Life Support** -is the use of special equipment to maintain breathing and circulation for the victim of a cardiac emergency **Chain of Survival** 1\. The **First Link** (Early Access) - It is the event initiated after the patient's collapse until the arrival of emergency medical services (EMS) personnel prepared to provide care. 2\. The **Second Link** (Early CPR) -- It is started immediately after the victim collapse. The probability of survival approximately doubles when it is initiated before the arrival of EMS personnel. 3\. The **Third Link** (Early Defibrillator) -- It is most likely to improve survival. It is the key intervention to increase the chances of survival of patient with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. 4\. The **Fourth Link** (Advance Care) -- It is provided by highly trained personnel like paramedics providing the advance care outside the hospital. **Adult Choking-** occurs when the upper airway becomes blocked and the victim cannot breathe. **First Aid for Conscious Choking Adult:**  *Give abdominal thrusts*: Stand behind victim; wrap your arms around victim's waist. Make fist with one (1) hand and place it just above the victim's navel and well below the tip of the breastbone with the knuckles up. Grasp fist with your other hand. Press fist into victim's abdomen with quick, upward thrusts. Each thrust should be a separate and distinct effort to dislodge object.  *Repeat abdominal thrusts* until victim coughs up object, start to breathe or coughs forcefully, you are relieved by EMS or other trained person, or victim becomes unconscious (then use methods for unconscious victim) For a late-stage pregnant woman or obese person, stand behind the victim, place your arms under the victim's armpits, and encircle the chest. Place a fist on the middle of the victim's breastbone with your knuckles up. Grasp your fist with your other hand and press backward with quick thrusts. **First Aid for Unconscious Choking Adult** If a person is unconscious and your two (2) breaths have not gone in, and after retilting the head two (2) more breathes have not gone in...  *Begin CPR*. Each time you open the airway to give a breath, look for an object in the throat. If seen, remove it. **Child Basic Life Support -** for a child aged one (1) to eight (8) is the same as for an adult with these exceptions: **First Aid -** immediate care given to an injured or suddenly ill person. First aid does not take place of proper medical treatment. **Scene Survey** -first step in any emergency situation is to do a scene survey. **Victim Assessment -**After sizing up an emergency situation initially and deciding if it safe to provide first aid for the victim there, the first aider can then find out what is wrong and how serious it is by following a systematic approach known as *victim assessment*. Victim assessment of an injured or an ill person consist of:  Initial assessment  Physical exam and history  ***Initial assessment** --* the initial assessment covers these areas in this order: A -- Airway open? B -- Breathing normal? C -- Circulation normal? **Lesson 14 - Environmental Education, Protection and Management** **Pollution** is defined as the alteration of our surroundings, wholly or largely as a product of man's actions, through direct or indirect effects of changes in every patter of chemical and physical constituents of organisms. ***Air pollution*** is defined as physical and chemical alteration of the properties of air, which is harmful to human health, vegetation and animals. 1\. ***Outdoor Pollution*** is a type of pollution derived from the mixture or collection of additional loads of chemical produced by natural events and human activities which react with the natural components of the atmosphere thereby producing harmful effects to living system 2\. ***Indoor Air pollution*** -- a type of pollution derived from the accumulation or build up of chemical, SPM, VOC's inside the office, buildings, houses, school, commercial store that are harmful top health. **Water pollution** is defined as the physical or chemical changes in the surface and ground water caused by pollutants that can adversely affect living organisms. 1\. ***Point Source*** -- a source of pollution that discharges pollutants or any affluent, such as waste water, through pipes, ditches and sewers into bodies of water to specific location. 2\. ***Non-point Source*** -- sources of pollution that are widely scattered and discharges pollutants over a large area. **Solid Waste and its Disposal** There are only three places for wastes to end up:  in the ground  in the air  some of our waste end up in each place  ***Landfills*** -- sanitary landfills are designed to reduce the amount of waste that leaks out into the environment. Water dissolves pollutants out of the garbage forming a solution known as **leachate.**  ***Incineration*** **--** reducing solid waste by burning it first and this causes fly ash, gases and particulate matter to the air.  ***Ocean dumping*** **--** about 50 million tons of waste a year are discharge into the ocean; 300 kilometers offshore. Disease-causing organisms and heavy metals have destroyed numerous fisheries. **R.A. 9003 -- Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000** In partnership with stakeholders, the law aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and environment. The law ensures proper segregation, collection, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adaptation of best eco-waste products. **R.A. 9275 -- Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004** The law aims to protect the country\'s water bodies from pollution from land-based sources (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities). It provides for comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders. **R.A. 6969 -- Toxic Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 -**The law aims to protect the country\'s water bodies from pollution from land-based sources (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities). It provides for comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders. **R.A. 8435 -- Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997 -**It establishes that the Department of Agriculture, together with other appropriate agencies, should take into account climate change, weather disturbances and annual productivity cycles in forecasting and formulating appropriate agricultural and fisheries programs. **R.A. 8749 -- Clean Air Act of 1999 -**This moves for an effective air quality management program that will mitigate the worsening problem of air pollution in the country. **R.A. 9512 -- National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008 -**This promotes national awareness on the role of natural resources in economic growth and the importance of environmental conservation and ecological balance towards sustained national development. **R.A. 9513 -- Renewable Energy Act of 2008 -**It promotes the development, utilization and commercialization of renewable energy resources. **Lesson 17 - Water Resource Management, Sanitation and Conservation** Increasing pressures from population and economic activities continued to take their toll on the country's coastal waters. While there have been noted improvements in some areas which have been the subject of intense rehabilitation efforts by both government and the private sectors alike. Safe water supply and environmental sanitation are two important factors in the prevention of diseases, improvement of living conditions and enhancement of the environment. Without these, people, particularly the poor and disadvantaged,are more prone to infectious diseases such as diarrhea, hepatitis, typhoid, schistosomiasis and other ailments brought about by contaminated drinking water, poor personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. Human settlements, industry and agriculture have considerable polluted both inland and coastal waters. Domestic sewage still contributes approximately 52% of the pollution loads while the industry contributes the remaining 48%. This continuing pollution could seriously compromise the country's water resources' potential for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. The role of the state and the Filipino people to mitigate water pollution is equally important as our adherence to the cause of improving out air quality or the resolve to implement an ecologically-sound solid waste management. Thus, a concrete action plan, especially from the academe, is being called for. The role of the academe in this endeavor is essential in effecting the paradigm shift and the further promotion of environmental literacy among the generation that will eventually inherit the earth. **Fresh water-** is one of those very-important-but-often-taken-for-granted things that we can't live without. **Issues in Water Resources Management** **1. Water problems....** As it is, due primarily to geographical and climatic factors, water scarcity now affects some 450 million people in 29 countries. **2. Groundwater extraction rising -** The percent production of groundwater in the Philippines is estimated at about 2,518 MCM/year. **3. Watershed management -** Watersheds comprise about 70 percent of the country's total land area --covering 421 river basins, of which 18 are considered major. **4. Coastal and Marine Resources -** The Philippines marine territorial waters cover about 2.2 million square kilometers -- including the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 1.9 million square kilometers (88 percent) of ocean waters and 267,000 square kilometers (12percent) of coastal waters. **5. Coral reefs in poor conditions -** The Philippines has one of the largest coral reef areas in the world-covering about 27,000 square kilometers. **6. Water demand growing rapidly -** Water demand nationwide is expected to grow from 43.000 MCM/year in 2000 to 88, 400 MCM/year by 2025. **7. Agricultures use dominates -** Agriculture accounts for 86 percent of water use, while industrial and domestic usage are limited to 7 percent each. **8. Access to water supply varies -** One study reported that as of 1995, 72 percent of all Filipino were served by a public water system, with 68 percent in Urban areas and 75 percent in rural areas. However, service levels vary greatly. **Lesson 18 - National Security Concerns** The Philippines' national security according to National Security Council (NSC) is "a state or condition where our most cherished values and beliefs, our democratic way of life, our institutions of governance and our unity, welfare and well-being as a nation and people are permanently protected and continuously enhanced" (Banloi, 2010). The National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA) defines national security as "the state or condition wherein the people's way of life and being are protected and/or advanced". It is the primary concern of the state to ensure the welfare and well-being of every Filipino. **Functions of National Security Council** The NSC's function is to advise the President with respect to the integration of domestic, foreign and military policies relating to national security. The NSC also serves as the President's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government departments and agencies in matters involving national security. **Internal and External Threats** ***Internal Threats*** 1\. The main internal threat arises from the **Moro Islamic Liberation Front** (MILF), **Abu Sayaf Group** (ASG) which, in open rebellion against the government, has the avowed objective of establishing an independent Islamic state in the Southern Philippines. 2\. The **Communist Part of the Philippines/New People Army/ National Democratic Front** (CCP/NPA/NDF) continue to pose a serious threat to national security, although presently weakened in comparison with their peak strength in the last two decades. 3\. **Organized crime** is a national security concern. The challenge of illegal drugs, in particular, has grown into major threat to the national community. 4\. **Grave incidence of poverty** is also a serious threat to national security which breeds and abets rebellion, crime, and dissidence. Poverty incidence affects about one-third of Filipino families nationwide. 5\. **Economic sabotage** undermines the market economy, the financial system, and the nation's resources. 6\. **Graft and corruption** has become another threat to our national security by virtue of the huge scale by which it saps public resources, undermines the morale of the civil service and affects the delivery of quality basic services. 7\. **Severe calamities** cause serious food shortages and hoarding and profiteering resulting in hunger, disease and deprivation. 8\. **Persistent environment degradation** poses a long-term security threat. ***External Threats*** 1\. The multilateral dispute over Spratly Islands and other islands in the West Philippine Seais a source of intermittent tensions, owing to the building of structures, believed to be military-oriented by some claimant countries in the area. 2\. The smuggling of firearms and contraband, illegal migration, and the occasional movement of foreign terrorists through the porous borders of our southwestern frontier have elicited transnational concern. 3\. The serious economic disparity between rich and the poor nations keeps the world in a state of instability and virtually on the brink of war in many places. 4\. Ethnics, religious and cultural conflicts pervade many regions and nations, including in the country. 5\. The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) is a threat to global security. Nuclear materials and technologies are more accessible now than before. 6\. Transnational organized crime has proliferated in the era of globalization. 7\. Natural disaster and environment issues will continue to pervade the global security agenda. 8\. Cybernetic crime is a growing global threat, as experienced with computer viruses such as Melissa and Chernobyl, which have attacked isolated or networked information systems through the internet or through software carriers and devices. **Types of Security Threats** (Labuguen, et al., 2010) The following are types of security threats that could be minimized by having good citizenship values and commitment to support and act on issues related to national security concern. 1\. Rebellion or insurrection is an open, armed and organized resistance against a constituted authority. 2\. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. 3\. Crime applies to a measurable degree of damage or destruction up to and including a state beyond use or repair, or it may indicate a state wherein such damage is occurring and continuing. 4\. Murder is defined in most countries as the unlawful killing of another human being with intent (or malice), and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of homicide. 5\. Hijacking/Highway robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take something of value by force or threat of force and/or by putting the victim in fear. 6\. Kidnapping or serious illegal detention is the taking away or transportation of a person against the person's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment, a confinement without legal authority. **Role of schools in promoting peace for national security** 1\. Peaceful pedagogies or strategies in teaching 2\. Disarmament education, discourage parent from buying war toys. 3\. Avoid sexist education, language curriculum 4\. Encourage students' cooperative and collaborative activities rather than competitiveness. 5\. Encourage students to discuss the roots of conflict so they can prepare alternative ways of solving them peacefully. 6\. Encourage students to undertake activities that promote intercultural dialogue to develop intercultural understanding and tolerance. **National Security Policy 2017-2022** The NSP 2017-2022 is a declaration of the Government's commitment to continuously develop a national security system that is rules-based, able to effectively respond not only to security threats but also to opportunities beneficial to the national interest. Enhancing the process, scope and organizational cohesiveness of the national security system is imperative toward the implementation of the 12 -- point national security agenda which includes the following: Human and Political Security Health Security Economic and Financial Security Food and Water Security Military and Border Security Socio-Cultural Security Environment and Disaster Security Energy Security Maritime and Airspace Security International Security Information and Cyber Security Transportation and Port Security The concept of national security has eventually changed overtime. No longer does it exclusively refer to the traditional notions of internal and external defense but to the economic development and social well -- beingfor progress and nation building.