Seminar-Recent-Trends.pdf

List of technical terms by animal species Cattle (Bovines) - Reproductive Terms: Bos taurus - Gestation: ~340 days - Male: Bull...

List of technical terms by animal species Cattle (Bovines) - Reproductive Terms: Bos taurus - Gestation: ~340 days - Male: Bull - Lactation: ~6 months - Female: Cow - Parturition: Foaling - Offspring: Calf - Castrated Male: Steer Chickens (Phasianidae) - Group: Herd Gallus gallus domesticus - Reproductive Terms: - Male: Cock/Rooster - Gestation: ~283 days - Female: Hen - Lactation: Typically 10 months - Offspring: Chick - Parturition: Calving - Group: Flock - Reproductive Terms: Pigs (Swine) - Gestation: N/A (Egg incubation: ~21 days) Sus scrofa domesticus - Parturition: Laying - Male: Boar - Female: Sow Muscovy Ducks (Anatidae) - Offspring: Piglet Cairina moschata - Castrated Male: Barrow - Male: Drake - Group: Drove - Female: Duck (or Hen) - Reproductive Terms: - Offspring: Duckling - Gestation: ~114 days - Group: Flock - Lactation: ~21 days - Reproductive Terms: - Parturition: Farrowing - Gestation: N/A (Egg incubation: ~35 days) - Parturition: Laying Sheep (Bovidae) Ovis aries Mallard Ducks (Anatidae) - Male: Ram Anas platyrhynchos - Female: Ewe - Male: Drake - Offspring: Lamb - Female: Duck (or Hen) - Castrated Male: Wether - Offspring: Duckling - Group: Flock - Group: Flock - Reproductive Terms: - Reproductive Terms: - Gestation: ~152 days - Gestation: N/A (Egg incubation: ~28 days) - Lactation: ~3 to 6 months - Parturition: Laying - Parturition: Lambing Quails (Phasianidae) Goats (Bovidae) Coturnix coturnix (Common Quail) or Coturnix Capra aegagrus hircus japonica (Japanese Quail) - Male: Buck - Male: Cock - Female: Doe - Female: Hen - Offspring: Kid - Offspring: Chick - Castrated Male: Wether - Group: Covey or Flock - Group: Herd - Reproductive Terms: - Reproductive Terms: - Gestation: N/A (Egg incubation: ~16-18 days) - Gestation: ~150 days - Parturition: Laying - Lactation: ~10 months - Parturition: Kidding Rabbits (Leporidae) Oryctolagus cuniculus Horses (Equidae) - Male: Buck Equus ferus caballus - Female: Doe - Male: Stallion - Offspring: Kit - Female: Mare - Group: Colony - Offspring: Foal - Reproductive Terms: - Castrated Male: Gelding - Gestation: ~31 days - Group: Herd - Parturition: Kindling Commonly grown vegetables and root crops in the Philippines, along with their scientific names: 1. Tomato - Solanum lycopersicum 2. Eggplant - Solanum melongena 3. Squash - Cucurbita maxima 4. Bottle Gourd - Lagenaria siceraria 5. Mung Bean - Vigna radiata 6. Okra - Abelmoschus esculentus 7. Sweet Potato - Ipomoea batatas 8. Cassava - Manihot esculenta 9. Taro - Colocasia esculenta 10. Kangkong (Water Spinach) - Ipomoea aquatica 11. Ampalaya (Bitter Gourd) - Momordica charantia 12. Patola (Sponge Gourd) - Luffa aegyptiaca 13. Sayote (Chayote) - Sechium edule 14. Pechay (Bok Choy) - Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis 15. Mustasa (Mustard Greens) - Brassica juncea 16. Kale - Brassica oleracea var. sabellica 17. Malunggay (Moringa) - Moringa oleifera 18. Sitaw (String Beans) - Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis 19. Sigarilyas (Winged Bean) - Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 20. Squash - Cucurbita maxima 21. Baguio Beans - Phaseolus vulgaris 22. Radish - Raphanus sativus 23. Cabbage - Brassica oleracea var. capitata 24. Carrot - Daucus carota 25. Bell Pepper - Capsicum annuum 26. Onion - Allium cepa 27. Garlic - Allium sativum 28. Leek - Allium ampeloprasum 29. Spring Onion - Allium fistulosum 30. Ginger - Zingiber officinale 31. Turmeric - Curcuma longa 32. Peanut - Arachis hypogaea 33. Cucumber - Cucumis sativus 34. Radish - Raphanus sativus 35. Lettuce - Lactuca sativa 36. Spinach - Spinacia oleracea 37. Pechay (Chinese Cabbage) - Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis 38. Upo (Bottle Gourd) - Lagenaria siceraria 39. Siling Labuyo (Bird's Eye Chili) - Capsicum frutescens 40. Kamote (Sweet Potato) - Ipomoea batatas 41. Alugbati (Malabar Spinach) - Basella alba 42. Saluyot (Jute) - Corchorus olitorius 43. Kamoteng Kahoy (Cassava) - Manihot esculenta  The 12 Soil Orders (USDA Soil Taxonomy) Soil orders are categorized based on their unique characteristics, which are influenced by factors such as climate, vegetation, and soil formation processes. 1. Alfisols - Soils with weakly developed horizons, more developed -Etymology: From Latin alf (aluminum and iron) and solum than Entisols but still young. (soil). This order represents soils rich in aluminum and iron, - Found in a variety of environments. typically found in temperate regions. - Moderately fertile. - Moderately leached soils with high fertility. - Found in temperate forests. 8. Mollisols: - Characterized by a clay-enriched subsoil. -Etymology: From Latin mollis (soft) and solum (soil). These soils have a thick, dark, soft surface horizon rich in organic 2. Andisols: material, typical of grasslands. -From Japanese an (dark) and do (soil), referencing soils - Rich, fertile soils with thick, dark surface horizons. developed from volcanic ash, which are often dark-colored. - Typically found in grasslands. - Formed from volcanic ash and other volcanic materials. - High in organic matter and nutrients. - High in organic matter, often very fertile. - Common in areas with active or recent volcanic activity. 9. Oxisols: -Etymology: From French oxide and Latin solum (soil). 3. Aridisols: These soils are highly weathered, rich in iron and aluminum -Etymology: From Latin aridus (dry) and solum (soil). These oxides, and found in tropical regions. soils are found in arid regions with little organic matter. - Highly weathered soils, rich in iron and aluminum oxides. - Found in arid regions. - Found in tropical and subtropical regions. - Low in organic matter, often with salt or carbonate - Low natural fertility due to extensive leaching. accumulations. - Limited leaching due to low precipitation. 10. Spodosols: -Etymology: From Greek spodos (wood ash) and solum 4. Entisols: (soil). These soils have a characteristic subsurface horizon -Etymology: From Latin ente (recent or young) and solum with an accumulation of organic matter and iron/aluminum (soil). These soils are minimally developed and often found oxides, often found under coniferous forests. in areas of recent deposition or erosion. - Acidic soils with a subsurface horizon rich in organic - Soils with little profile development, often found on steep matter, aluminum, and iron. slopes or in floodplains. - Common in coniferous forest regions. - Young soils, often associated with recent deposits or - Often found in cool, moist climates. disturbances. 11. Ultisols: 5. Gelisols: -Etymology: From Latin ultimus (last) and solum (soil). -Etymology: From Latin gelare (to freeze) and solum (soil). These are old, highly weathered soils with significant These soils contain permafrost or evidence of frost activity. leaching found in humid temperate and tropical regions. - Soils with permafrost within two meters of the surface. - Common in polar regions. - Highly leached, acidic soils with a subsurface clay - Often rich in organic material due to slow decomposition. horizon. - Typically found in humid temperate and tropical regions. 6. Histosols: - Low fertility, often requiring lime and fertilizer for -Etymology: From Greek histos (tissue) and solum (soil). agriculture. These are organic soils composed mostly of decomposed plant material, often found in wetlands. 12. Vertisols: - Organic-rich soils, primarily composed of decomposed -Etymology: From Latin vertere (to turn) and solum (soil). plant material. These soils have high clay content, causing them to swell - Often found in wetlands, bogs, or swamps. when wet and shrink upon drying, leading to significant - Very high in organic content, sometimes called peat cracking and movement. soils. - Clay-rich soils that expand and contract with moisture changes, leading to deep cracks. 7. Inceptisols: - Found in regions with distinct wet and dry seasons. Etymology: From Latin incipere (to begin) and solum (soil). - Often challenging for construction due to their shrinking These soils are young and have more development than and swelling behavior. Entisols but still lack the features of mature soils. Philippine Native Ducks (Itik PINAS) History of Itik PINAS In 2008, the Bureau of Animal Industry through the National Swine and Poultry Research and Development Center (BAI-NSPRDC) in collaboration with the Livestock Development Council (LDC), Institute of Animal Science (IAS) - University of the Philippines Los Banos and Duck Industry Association of the Philippines Incorporated (DIAPI), initiated the selection and breeding of the egg type Philippine Mallard duck. A total of 2,000 hatching eggs of the Philippine Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus L.) were obtained from three duck farms in the provinces of Batangas, Pampanga, and Quezon and set for incubation to produce the foundation stocks. In 2012, the “Development of Sustainable Breeder Philippine Mallard Duck (PMD) Itik Production System Project” was proposed to improve the genetics and development of the signature Philippine duck breed. The Philippine Council on Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD) funded the project. It implemented by BAI-NSPRDC at Tiaong, Quezon. The Itik PINAS is a breeding of true-to-type Philippine Mallard duck selected for high egg production, predictable performance, and consistent product quality. The selection criteria include the replacement stock from the top 50% egg-producing family at 40 weeks of age, with an egg weight between 65-70 grams. At 18 weeks, body weight is approximately 1.0 - 1.3 kg, and plumage color and pattern should be black or khaki. The Itik PINAS (IP) Itim and IP Khaki lines were developed due to the high preference of stakeholders for the plumage black and brown color. Both males and females are black with white ‘bib’ on their necks. IP Khaki has a brown plumage color and uniform body weight at 18 weeks of age, producing the egg size suited for the processing of balut and with increased egg production. The project adopted the pyramidal structure of the breeding program to distribute the Itik PINAS to the stakeholders. In this structure, a relatively small number of nucleus breeders produce purebred stocks of IP Itim and IP Khaki for a larger number of multiplier farms, producing these animals for commercial or small-scale duck raisers. Physical Characteristics The two Itik PINAS (IP) lines have distinct plumage, neck, bill, skin color, and shanks from each other. IP Itim has a black plumage color with a white bib and black bean color. On the other hand, the IP Khaki has brown plumage, a plain neck, and a black bean color. IP Khaki drakes have green bills, while ducks have black bills. Both IP lines have brown eye color, dark orange or dark brown shanks, and are slightly upright. IP Itim tends to be slightly heavier and longer with a wider wingspan than IP Khaki. On the other hand, IP Khaki has a broader chest circumference and longer shanks than IP Itim. Neck lengths are comparable between IP Itim and IP Khaki. Production Performance Egg production per duck per year is 257 eggs, with an average weight of approximately 65 grams. IP ducks start to lay eggs at about 22-23 weeks of age. Both IP Itim and IP Khaki have white ovoid eggs. Comparison of microorganisms used in biotechnology 1. Bacteria - Size: Small, single-celled organisms. - Structure: Have a cell wall and no nucleus; DNA floats freely in the cell. - Role in Biotechnology: Used in producing antibiotics and enzymes and in genetic engineering (e.g., E. coli for insulin production). - Growth: Reproduce quickly through binary fission*. 2. Viruses - Size: Smaller than bacteria. - Structure: Consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat; no cellular structure. - Role in Biotechnology: Used as vectors to deliver genetic material into cells (e.g., gene therapy). - Growth: They cannot grow or reproduce independently; they need a host cell to replicate. 3. Fungi - Size: Larger than bacteria and viruses; can be single-celled (like yeast) or multicellular (like molds). - Structure: Have a nucleus, cell wall, and various organelles. - Role in Biotechnology: Used in producing antibiotics (e.g., penicillin), alcohol, and food products (e.g., bread, cheese). - Growth: Reproduce through spores or budding. 4. Algae - Size: Range from microscopic (microalgae) to large (seaweed). - Structure: Have a nucleus, chloroplasts (for photosynthesis), and a cell wall. - Role in Biotechnology: Used in biofuel production, food supplements (e.g., spirulina), and as a source of omega-3 fatty acids. - Growth: Grow through photosynthesis; require sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. 5. Protozoa - Size: Single-celled organisms, generally more prominent than bacteria. - Structure: It has a nucleus and other organelles; no cell wall exists. - Role in Biotechnology: Used in wastewater treatment and as model organisms in research. - Growth: Reproduce through binary fission, budding, or sexual reproduction. Key Differences: - Structure: Viruses lack cellular structure, while others (bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa) have cells with different complexities. - Reproduction: Viruses require a host, while bacteria, fungi, and algae can reproduce independently. - Use in Biotechnology: Each microorganism has unique applications based on its characteristics, such as bacteria for enzyme production and viruses for gene therapy. Key Similarities: - Biological Tools: All these microorganisms are valuable tools in biotechnology, contributing to medicine, industry, and research. - Microscopic: Except for some algae and fungi, most are too small to see without a microscope. *Binary fission is how some single-celled organisms, like bacteria, reproduce. The cell simply splits into two identical cells. It's like the cell making a copy of itself and then dividing into two. Monocotyledons (monocots) and dicotyledons (dicots) are two main types of flowering plants that differ in several key ways: 1. Seed Structure: - Monocots: Have one seed leaf (cotyledon). - Dicots: Have two seed leaves (cotyledons). 2. Leaf Veins: - Monocots: The veins in the leaves are usually parallel. - Dicots: The veins in the leaves form a branching pattern. 3. Flower Parts: - Monocots: Flower parts (like petals) usually come in multiples of three (e.g., 3 or 6 petals). - Dicots: Flower parts usually come in multiples of four or five (e.g., 4, 5, 10 petals). 4. Stem Structure: - Monocots: Vascular bundles (the tubes that carry water and nutrients) are scattered throughout the stem. - Dicots: Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring. 5. Root System: - Monocots: Usually have a fibrous root system with many small roots. - Dicots: Often have a taproot system with one main root that grows deep. In short, monocots are like grasses and lilies, while dicots include most trees and shrubs.