Self and The Generalized Other PDF

THE GENERALIZED OTHER (views held by society) Along with particular others (family/peers), society also influences our identities. -Culture—Every culture has values, norms, and social expectations that most members of that culture follow. We learn our culture’s values in 3 ways: -interacting w...

THE GENERALIZED OTHER (views held by society) Along with particular others (family/peers), society also influences our identities. -Culture—Every culture has values, norms, and social expectations that most members of that culture follow. We learn our culture’s values in 3 ways: -interacting with others who have internalized cultural values (ex. family members) -social institutions (school, government, marriage, religion, etc.) -media (newspapers, television, social media, etc.) *In addition to culture, Western societies tend to emphasize the following regarding identity/self: -Race (ethnicity; nationality)—Racism, discrimination, majority/minority status, ethnic and national identification, stereotypes, prejudice, etc. can all influence identity development. -Sex and gender—Sexism, misogyny, gender socialization, and gender expectations can play a significant role in the development of identity/self as well as in individual and group experiences and perceptions. -Sexual orientation and gender identity—Bigotry, gender socialization and expectations, “traditional beliefs” about romantic relationships and marriage, and legal challenges can influence identity/self development (including perception, experiences, and opportunities) regarding sexual orientation and gender identity. -Socioeconomic class—The socioeconomic class we belong to can affect how much money we have, schools we can attend, job opportunities, access to nutritious food, physical and mental health, family dynamics, housing and living conditions, transportation, need-fulfillment (Maslow’s Hierarchy), self- esteem, self-concept, etc. *Intersectionality, which is the interconnectedness and overlapping of these social categories, can present even greater challenges for people who possess multiple marginalized identities (for example, a Black woman or a gay man living in a poor community). *While marginalized groups continue to face unique challenges that result from prejudice and discrimination, it is important to recognize the growing self-empowerment that exists in the form of social movements, pride and commemorative events, and legal battles. These social changes are due, in many ways, to people choosing to embrace their identities and draw attention to the importance of self-development, self-concept, and self-esteem. When you consider all the above in addition to the ways social media can present even more situations involving things like direct definitions, reflected appraisals, cyberbullying, and social comparisons (including interactions or comments from strangers), you can see the kind of impact the generalized other (society) can have on a person’s development or sense of self. All of this impacts our communication, perception, and the many ways we relate to others.