Physiological Response to Unmet Needs PDF

NURS 3000 -Professional Nursing Physiological Response to Unmet Needs Physiological Response to Unmet Needs Harding University - Active Learning Guide, Module 5 Instructions Complete the module active learning guide as you work through the module content. Take notes, answer the questions on the guid...

NURS 3000 -Professional Nursing Physiological Response to Unmet Needs Physiological Response to Unmet Needs Harding University - Active Learning Guide, Module 5 Instructions Complete the module active learning guide as you work through the module content. Take notes, answer the questions on the guide, and respond to any case studies and client scenarios. All of these activities will assist in your preparation for exams, help you plan and implement care in the clinical setting, and facilitate your development as a Christian nurse servant. You will submit your completed guide to the instructor at the end of the week. The completed learning guide will be worth a maximum of 10 points. If you have questions or are unsure about your answers you may email your instructor for clarification. Note: The Active Learning Guide provides a general outline of topics covered in this module; it is not all inclusive of all information needed for the exam. You are responsible for all content in readings and activities throughout the module. I. Stress and Coping: Chapter 42 1. Stress is: a condition in which an individual experiences changes in the normal balanced state. The opposite of homeostasis.  A Stressor is: any event or stimulus that causes an individual to experience stress. 2. How can stress be positive? Stress can be positive when it leads a person to become prepared. Stress can be overwhelming, but It can also lead to problem solving.  Describe an example of positive stress. An example of positive stress is a new job. Positive stress is determined by the results or consequences. The majority of my jobs have been centered in technology. To level up, I would need to improve my skill set and be able to answer technical questions during the interview. During the moments of the interview stress is indeed high. But the benefits that can be gained after are worth it. 3. Describe Selye’s theory of the stress response.  What are the three stages of the GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome)? A general arousal response of the body to a stressor characterized by certain physiologic events and dominated by the sympathetic nervous system. Stress occurs with the release of certain adaptive hormones and subsequent changes in the structure and chemical composition of the body. Parts of the body affected by stress are the gastrointestinal tract, the adrenal glands, and the lymphatic structures. The three stages of stress are: Alarm reaction, which alerts the body’s defenses. Resistance, is when the body’s adaptation takes place. In other words, the body attempts to cope with the stressor and to limit the stressor to the smallest area of the body that can deal with it. Exhaustion, the adaptation that the body made during the second stage cannot be maintained. This means that the ways used to cope with the stressor have been exhausted. NURS 3000 -Professional Nursing Physiological Response to Unmet Needs If adaptation has not overcome the stressor, the stress effects may spread to the entire body. At the end of this stage, the body may either rest and return to normal, or death may be the ultimate consequence.  What is the LAS (Local Adaptation Syndrome)? Besides adapting globally, the body can also react locally; that is, one organ or a part of the body reacts alone. 4. Describe what happens in the shock phase and in the countershock phase of the Alarm Reaction. Shock phase, the stressor may be perceived consciously or unconsciously by the individual. Countershock phase, during this time, the changes produced in the body during the shock phase are reversed.  Which body system is activated initially? Stressors stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, which stimulates the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases corticotropinreleasing hormone, which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone.  What happens in response to epinephrine secretion? Increased myocardial contractility, which increases cardiac output and blood flow to active muscles. Bronchial dilation, which allows increased oxygen intake Increased blood clotting Increased cellular metabolism Increased fat mobilization to provide energy and to synthesize other compounds needed by the body.  What happens in response to norepinephrine secretion? The principal effect of norepinephrine is decreased blood to the kidneys and increased secretion of renin. Renin is an enzyme that hydrolyzes one of the blood proteins to produce angiotensin. Angiotensin increases the blood pressure by constricting arterioles. All of these adrenal hormonal effects permit the individual to perform far more strenuous physical activity than would otherwise be possible. The individual is then ready for “fight or flight.” 5. Stage of Resistance: The second stage in the GAS and LAS syndromes, the stage of resistance, is when the body’s adaptation takes place. In other words, the body attempts to cope with the stressor and to limit the stressor to the smallest area of the body that can deal with it. NURS 3000 -Professional Nursing Physiological Response to Unmet Needs 6. Stage of Exhaustion: During the third stage, the stage of exhaustion, the adaptation that the body made during the second stage cannot be maintained. This means that the ways used to cope with the stressor have been exhausted. If adaptation has not overcome the stressor, the stress effects may spread to the entire body. At the end of this stage, the body may either rest and return to normal, or death may be the ultimate consequence.    Study Figure 42.1 Disorders that can be caused or aggravated by stress and list them: Box 42.1 Stress 1. Pupils dilate to increase visual perception when serious threats to the body arise. 2. Sweat production (diaphoresis) increases to control elevated body heat due to increased metabolism. 3. Heart rate and cardiac output increase to transport nutrients and by-products of metabolism more efficiently. 4. Skin is pallid because of constriction of peripheral blood vessels, an effect of norepinephrine. 5. Sodium and water retention increase due to release of mineralocorticoids, which increases blood volume. 6. Rate and depth of respirations increase because of dilation of the bronchioles, promoting hyperventilation. 7. Urinary output decreases but there may be urinary frequency or urgency. 8. Mouth may be dry. 9. Possible constipation and flatus or diarrhea may occur. 10. For serious threats, mental alertness improves. 11. Muscle tension increases to prepare for rapid motor activity or defense. 12. Blood sugar increases because of release of glucocorticoids and gluconeogenesis. Describe the information found in Box 42.1 Physiologic Indicators of Stress: These are the physical manifestations of stress. The presenting etiology of how the body is responding to secretion of epinephrine/norepenephrine. Describe the information found in Box 42.4 Examples of Negative Effects of Stress on Basic Human Needs: 7. What are some psychologic indicators of stress? Psychologic manifestations of stress include anxiety, fear, anger, depression, and unconscious ego defense mechanisms. 8. Describe the four types of Anxiety. Mild anxiety produces a slight arousal that enhances perception, learning, and productive abilities. Most healthy individuals experience mild anxiety, perhaps as a feeling of mild restlessness that prompts them to seek information and ask questions. Moderate anxiety increases the arousal to a point where the individual expresses feelings of tension, nervousness, or concern. Perceptual abilities are narrowed. Attention is focused more on a particular aspect of a situation than on peripheral activities. NURS 3000 -Professional Nursing Physiological Response to Unmet Needs Severe anxiety consumes most of the individual’s energies and requires intervention. Perception is further decreased. The individual, unable to focus on what is really happening, focuses on only one detail of the situation generating the anxiety. Panic is an overpowering, frightening level of anxiety causing the individual to lose control. It is less frequently experienced than other levels of anxiety. The perception of a panicked individual can be affected to the degree that the individual distorts events. 9. Fear: How do fear and anxiety differ? Anxiety and fear differ in four ways: The source of anxiety may not be identifiable; the source of fear is identifiable. Anxiety is related to the future, that is, to an anticipated event. Fear is related to the past, present, and future. Anxiety is vague, whereas fear is definite. Anxiety results from psychologic or emotional conflict; fear results from a specific physical or psychologic entity. 10. List and describe health promotion strategies to help clients deal holistically (physically, emotionally, mentally, and psychosocially) with stress: Exercise promotes both physical and emotional health. Physiologic benefits include improved muscle tone, increased cardiopulmonary function, and weight control. Psychologic benefits include relief of tension, a feeling of well-being, and relaxation. Federal guidelines recommend 150 minutes of moderate-intensity weekly exercise for adults. Optimal nutrition is essential for health and in increasing the body’s resistance to stress. To minimize the negative effects of stress (e.g., irritability, hyperactivity, anxiety), people need to avoid excesses of caffeine, salt, sugar, and fat, and deficiencies in vitamins and minerals. Sleep restores the body’s energy levels and is an essential aspect of stress management. To ensure adequate sleep, clients may need help to attain comfort (such as pain management) and to learn techniques that promote peace of mind and relaxation. Time Management, Individuals who manage their time effectively usually experience less stress because they feel more in control of their circumstances. Clients who feel overwhelmed often need help to prioritize tasks and to consider whether modifications can be made to decrease role demands. Minimizing Anxiety, Nurses carry out measures to minimize clients’ anxiety and stress. For example, nurses encourage clients to take deep breaths before an injection, explain procedures before they are implemented including sensations likely to be experienced during the procedure, administer a massage to help the client relax, and offer support to clients and families during times of illness. 11. What have you learned from this chapter that you can use to manage stressors in your own life? The holistic stress management techniques are things that I will try during stressful times. Minimizing anxiety with exercise and sleep are two of my favorite things that I will be able to immediately implement. Using a breathing technique to minimize stress is also interesting.