NURS 3000: Physiological Response to Unmet Needs

Norepinephrine decreases blood flow to the kidneys and increases the secretion of renin.

Angiotensin increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles, allowing the body to prepare for 'fight or flight'.

The stage of resistance is when the body attempts to cope with the stressor and limit its effects to a small area of the body.

The body's adaptation mechanisms fail, and the stress effects may spread to the entire body, potentially leading to death.

The body's response to stress decreases blood flow to the kidneys, and renin is released to increase blood pressure.

If the body cannot adapt to a stressor, the stress effects may spread to the entire body, and the outcome may be either rest and return to normal or death.

The local adaptation response, also known as the Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS), occurs when one organ or part of the body reacts alone to a stressor, whereas the global response involves the entire body.

The sympathetic nervous system is activated initially in response to stress, stimulating the hypothalamus, which then releases corticotropin-releasing hormone, leading to the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Epinephrine secretion increases myocardial contractility, cardiac output, and blood flow to active muscles, allowing the body to respond to stress by increasing oxygen intake and energy production.

The shock phase is the initial response to stress, where the body perceives the stressor, and the countershock phase is the reversal of the changes produced during the shock phase, as the body attempts to return to homeostasis.

The primary physiological mechanisms underlying the skin's pallid appearance in response to stress are the constriction of peripheral blood vessels, which is an effect of norepinephrine.

Stress increases blood sugar levels due to the release of glucocorticoids and the process of gluconeogenesis.

The primary cardiovascular changes that occur during the stress response are increased heart rate and cardiac output, which allow for more efficient transportation of nutrients and by-products of metabolism.

Stress decreases urinary output, but may also cause urinary frequency or urgency.

The primary respiratory changes that occur during the stress response are increased rate and depth of respirations, leading to hyperventilation, which is caused by the dilation of bronchioles.

Stress is a condition in which an individual experiences changes in the normal balanced state, and it is the opposite of homeostasis.

A stressor is any event or stimulus that causes an individual to experience stress, and it can lead to a positive or negative response.

Stress can be beneficial when it leads to preparation and problem-solving, and an example of positive stress is a student studying intensely for a major exam.

The sympathetic nervous system is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response to stress, and its effects include increased heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.

The body regulates hormone levels in response to stress through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and chronically elevated hormone levels can lead to negative physiological effects such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Positive stress is determined by the results or consequences, whereas other forms of stress are determined by the stressor itself. In Selye's theory, the stress response is characterized by the release of adaptive hormones and changes in the body's structure and chemical composition, regardless of whether the stress is positive or negative.

The sympathetic nervous system dominates the body's response to stress, triggering the release of adaptive hormones and physiological changes to help the body cope with the stressor.

During the alarm reaction stage, the body's cardiovascular response is characterized by increased heart rate and blood pressure, as the body prepares to respond to the stressor.

Hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, play a crucial role in the body's stress response, helping to trigger the physiological changes needed to cope with the stressor. During the resistance stage, the body's adaptation to the stressor involves the continued release of these hormones, as the body attempts to limit the stressor to the smallest area of the body that can deal with it.

Chronic stress can have a negative impact on the body's renal response, leading to changes in kidney function and blood pressure. During the exhaustion stage, the body's adaptation to the stressor cannot be maintained, and the negative effects of chronic stress on the renal response can become more pronounced.

Anxiety is related to an anticipated future event, whereas fear is related to the past, present, or future. Anxiety is vague, whereas fear is definite. As a result, anxiety can lead to a narrowed perceptual ability, focusing on a particular aspect of the situation, whereas fear can lead to a distorted perception of events.

Moderate anxiety narrows perceptual abilities, focusing attention on a particular aspect of a situation, rather than peripheral activities. This can lead to a decrease in overall perception, as the individual becomes more focused on the source of anxiety.

Severe anxiety consumes most of an individual's energy, leading to a further decrease in perception. The individual becomes unable to focus on the entire situation, instead focusing on a single detail, generating the anxiety. This can lead to a distorted perception of reality.

Mild anxiety produces a slight arousal that enhances perception, learning, and productive abilities. It prompts individuals to seek information and ask questions, leading to improved cognitive functioning.

Panic is an overpowering, frightening level of anxiety that causes the individual to lose control. It is less frequently experienced than other levels of anxiety, and can lead to a distorted perception of events. The primary distinction is the loss of control, which sets panic apart from other levels of anxiety.

Nurses encourage clients to take deep breaths, explain procedures, administer a massage, and offer support to clients and families.

Exercise and sleep can help reduce stress and anxiety by promoting relaxation and improving overall well-being.

Breathing techniques can help reduce stress and anxiety by promoting relaxation and slowing down the heart rate.

Holistic stress management techniques can be applied by incorporating relaxation techniques, exercise, and healthy sleep habits into daily routine.

Emotional support is important in managing stress and anxiety as it provides a sense of comfort and security.

Nurses can provide emotional support by offering a listening ear, providing reassurance, and being present for clients and families.

Stress and anxiety are closely linked, with stress often leading to feelings of anxiety and vice versa.

Relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing and massage, can help reduce stress and anxiety by promoting relaxation and calming the nervous system.

Self-care is essential in managing stress and anxiety by providing individuals with a sense of control and empowerment.

Individuals can incorporate stress management techniques by prioritizing self-care, exercising regularly, and practicing relaxation techniques.