SD/SW (Air) Specialised Subjects Precis PDF

CADET’S HAND BOOK (AIR FORCE) SPECIALISED SUBJECT  Preface 1. National Cadet Corps (NCC), came into existence, on 15 July 1948 under an Act of Parliament. Over the years, NCC has spread its activities and values, across the length and breadth o...

CADET’S HAND BOOK (AIR FORCE) SPECIALISED SUBJECT  Preface 1. National Cadet Corps (NCC), came into existence, on 15 July 1948 under an Act of Parliament. Over the years, NCC has spread its activities and values, across the length and breadth of the country; in schools and colleges, in almost all the districts of India. It has attracted millions of young boys and girls, to the very ethos espoused by its motto, “unity and discipline” and molded them into disciplined and responsible citizens of the country. NCC has attained an enviable brand value for itself, in the Young India’s mind space. 2. National Cadet Corps (NCC), aims at character building and leadership, in all walks of life and promotes the spirit of patriotism and National Integration amongst the youth of the country. Towards this end, it runs a multifaceted training; varied in content, style and processes, with added emphasis on practical training, outdoor training and training as a community. 3. With the dawn of Third Millennia, there have been rapid strides in technology, information, social and economic fields, bringing in a paradigm shift in learning field too; NCC being no exception. A need was felt to change with times. NCC has introduced its New Training Philosophy, catering to all the new changes and developments, taking place in the Indian Society. It has streamlined and completely overhauled its training philosophy, objectives, syllabus, methodology etc, thus making it in sync with times. Subjects like National Integration, Personality Development and Life Skills, Social Service and Community Development activities etc, have been given prominent thrust. 4. The new syllabus, has been crystallised after obtaining a detailed feedback, from all the Directorates and the same having been brainstormed at HQ DG NCC. The syllabus has been implemented with effect from 01 May 2019. 5. For the ease of Trainees, a summary has been given at the end of each chapter. The syllabus has been revised, to make it cadet friendly, by removing the commonalities in subjects, of the school/college syllabus and making it more relevant. It is hoped, that this will facilitate, better assimilation and increased interest among the cadets. 6. The book has been the outcome, of sincere devotion and relentless effort of the Study Team ordered by HQ DG NCC. Our sincere gratitude and compliments to them. Any suggestions are welcome for its improvement in the future editions 7. Contents of this hard work, must form the basis of Institutional Training, with explicit commitment. (Rajeev Chopra) Lieutenant General Director General National Cadet Corps  1 Acknowledgement ADVISORY PANEL Lieutenant General Rajeev Chopra, AVSM, DG NCC Major General Sanjay Gupta, VSM, ADG (B) HQ DG NCC STUDY TEAM Brigadier SP Sinha, Group Commander, Ghaziabad (UP) Colonel GS Dhillon , SM UP Dte Colonel Rahul Srivastava, SM TN&P Dte Captain (IN ) RK Saini, PHHP&C Dte Group Captain Neeraj Amba, UP Dte Lieutenant Colonel Narain Dass, UP Dte Major R S Shekhawat, OTA, Kamptee CONSULTATIVE SUPPORT TEAM Brigadier Ajay Kumar Mahajan, Brig Trg, HQ, DG NCC Colonel Manish Sinha, Trg Dte, HQ DG NCC Col Vijay Kumar Trg Dte, HQ DG NCC SECRETARIAL SUPPORT Mr Jai Prakash, Senior Assistant Mr Manoj Bisht, Senior Assistant  1 SD / SW (AIR) SPECIALISED SUBJECTS BLOCK SYLLABUS Periods S.No Subject First Second Third Total Year Year Year Periods 1 General Service Knowledge 03 06 03 12 2 Air Campaigns - 03 09 12 3 Principles of Flight 03 03 - 06 4 Airmanship 04 03 - 07 5 Navigation 03 03 - 06 6 Aero Engines 03 03 01 07 7 Basic Flight Instruments 03 - - 03 8 Aero Modelling 09 06 09 24 Total 31 31 28 90  1 SD/SW (AIR) SPECIALISED SUBJECTS INDEX Page Number S No Subject From To 1 General Service Knowledge 1 27 2 Air Campaigns 28 32 3 Principles of Flight 33 40 4 Airmanship 41 55 5 Navigation 56 64 6 Aero Engines & Air Frames 65 74 7 Basic Flight Instruments 75 79 8 Aero Modelling 80 85 9 Micro light Flying 86 86 10 Simulator Flying 87 87  1 DETAILED SYLLABUS Lesson Page Number Ser No Code Subject From To Armed Forces & IAF Capsule 1. GSK-1 01 13 2. GSK-2 Modes of Entry in IAF, Civil Aviation 14 16 3. GSK-3 17 23 Aircraft - Types, Capabilities & Role 4. GSK-4 Latest Trends & Acquisitions 24 27 Latest Trends & Acquisitions 5. AC-1 Air Campaigns 28 32 6. PF-1 Principle of Flight 33 35 7. PF-2 Forces acting on aircraft 36 40 8. A-1 Airmanship 41 52 10. A-2 Aviation Medicine 53 55 11. NM-1 Navigation 56 59 12. NM-2 Introduction to Met and Atmosphere 60 64 13. E-1 Introduction and types of Aero Engine 65 68 14. E-2 Aircraft controls 69 74 15. FI-1 Basic Flight Instruments 75 77 16. FI-2 Introduction to Radars 78 79 17. AM-1 Aero-modelling Capsule 80 82 18. AM-2 Flying/Building of Aero Models 83 85 19. F-1 Micro Light Flying 86 86 20. F-2 Simulator Flying 87 87  1 CHAPTER-I : ARMED FORCES & IAF CAPSULE BASIC ORGANISATION OF ARMED FORCES 1. As a Cadet of NCC, it is very important to understand the basic organisation of our Armed Forces. An overview of the command and control structure shows how finely it has been tuned to meet India’s security requirements, based on the major wars that it has fought and the present day relations between India and its neighbours. Army 2. The Indian Army is the land based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces. I t i s t h e s e c o n d l o n g e s t s t e a d i n g A r m y i n t h e w o r l d. The President of India serves as the Supreme Commander of the Indian Army, and it is commanded by Chief of Army staff (COAS),who is a four star general.. The Chief of Army Staff is the head of the Indian Army and is responsible for all army activities. Officers who assist him are:- (a) Vice Chief of Army Staff. (b) Two Deputy Chiefs of Army Staff. (c) Principle Staff Officers (PSOs). (d) Heads of Arms and Services. (e) Field Army (Commands). Command Headquarters 3. Command Headquarters is commanded by an officer of the rank of Lieutenant General who is called Army Commander or GOC – in - C. The whole country is divided into seven theatre Commands who have subordinate formations under them. These are:- Command Insignia Command Name Headquarters Headquarters New Delhi , Indian Army Central Command Lucknow  2 Eastern Command Kolkata Northern Command Udhampur Southern Command Pune South Western Command Jaipur Western Command Chandimandir Army Training Command Shimla Navy 4. Our country is covered almost from three sides with water with a coastline of approximately over 6000 Km. The sea around India has impact/effect on India’s freedom, trade, commerce, and culture. The Indian Navy (Bharatiya Nau Sena) is the naval branch of the Indian Armed Forces. The President of India serves as Supreme Commander of the Indian Navy. The Chief of Naval Staff, a four- star officer in the rank of Admiral, commands the navy. The Indian Navy is the fifth largest in the world. The primary objective of the navy is to secure the nation's maritime borders. Constituents of the Navy 5. As of 2017, the Indian Navy has a strength of 67,109 personnel and a large operational fleet consisting of one aircraft carrier, one amphibious transport dock, eight landing ship tanks, 11 destroyers, 14 frigates, one nuclear-powered attack submarine, one ballistic missile submarine, 13 conventionally- powered attack submarines, 23 corvettes, six mine countermeasure vessels, 29 patrol vessels, four fleet tankers and various other auxiliary vessels. Organisation and Administration 6. Chief of Naval Staff commands Indian Navy. Integrated Headquarters of the Ministry of Defence (Navy) is located in New Delhi. The Navy is divided into three commands: - Commands Headquarters Western Naval Command Mumbai Eastern Naval Command Vishakhapatnam Southern Naval Command Kochi  3 Air Force 7. Indian Air Force is the youngest of the three Services. It is the air arm of the Indian armed forces. It is the world's fourth largest air force in terms of both personnel and aircraft Its primary responsibility is to secure Indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during a conflict It came into existence in the year 1932. Indian Air Force comprises of fighter aircrafts, transporter aircrafts, bombers and helicopters. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the IAF. The Chief of Air Staff, an Air Chief Marshal, is a four-star officer and commands the Air Force. Air Headquarters 8. Indian Air Force is commanded by Chief of the Air Staff. The staff of Air Headquarters consists of three branches:- (a) Air Operations. (b) Administrative branch. (c) Maintenance branch. Commands 9. The Air Force is organized into seven commands which are controlled by Air HQ. Each Command is placed under the command of an Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief. The Commands are: - Commands Headquarters Operational commands Central Air Command (CAC) Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh Eastern Air Command (EAC) Shillong, Meghalaya Southern Air Command (SAC) Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala South Western Air Command (SWAC) Gandhinagar, Gujarat Western Air Command (WAC) New Delhi Functional Commands Training Command (TC) Bangalore, Karnataka Maintenance Command (MC) Nagpur, Maharashtra BADGES OF RANKS 10. The Indian Armed Forces consists of three professional uniformed services: the Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force. All the three services have distinct Badges of ranks which help in identifying soldiers and their commanders. The ranks of Badges are given as per professional competence and length of service in Armed Forces.  4 COMMON MILITARY RANKS Navy Army Air Force Admiral of the Fleet Marshal or Field Marshal Marshal of the Air Force Admiral General Air Chief Marshal Vice Admiral Lieutenant General Air Marshal Rear Admiral Major General Air Vice Marshal Commodore Brigadier Air Commodore Captain Colonel Group Captain Commander Lieutenant Colonel Wing Commander Lieutenant Commander Major Squadron Leader Lieutenant Captain Flight Lieutenant Sub Lieutenant Lieutenant Flying Officer 11. Commissioned Officers: Army. Commissioned Officers of Indian Army are those who command their troops from Platoon or equivalent up to Corps and higher and hold Presidents commission. Field Marshal is an honorary rank and is given to a General for his valuable services. K.M Cariappa was awarded the rank of Field Marshal in the year 1986 for his valuable services to Indian Army.S.H.F.J Manekshaw was Army Chief in 1971 war against Pakistan which liberated Bangladesh. He was awarded the Rank of Field Marshal for his exemplary leadership during the war. A Field Marshal is a Five Star Rank. The badges of rank worn by commissioned officers are as given under:- 12. Junior Commissioned Officer (JCO) Army. The second set of officers in the Army is Junior Commissioned Officers. The soldiers who become JCOs join the Army as sepoys and come up through the NCO ranks. The ranks of Subedar Major, Subedar and Naib Subedar are used in the Infantry and other Arms and Services. While the ranks of Risaldar Major, Risaldar and Naib Risaldar are used in the Armed Corps. The badges of rank worn  5 by the JCOs are :- Non Commissioned Officer (NCO) Army 13. The third set of officers is the Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs). These ranks are given to jawans according to their merit and seniority. The badges of ranks for NCOs are :- Badges of Rank- Navy 14. Commissioned Officers : Navy. Admiral of the Fleet is an honorary rank given to an Admiral for his invaluable service and will continue to serve the rest of his term with the honorary rank. This rank has not been used in the Indian Navy. The badges of rank worn by Naval Officers are:- 15. Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs) Navy. The badges of rank worn by these Officers are:- Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs) Army 16. The badges of rank worn by the NCOs are:- PETTY OFFICER LEADING LEADING Badges of Rank- Air Force SEAMAN SEAMAN-II 17. Commissioned Officers : Air Force. Marshal of the Air Force is an honorary rank given to an Air Chief Marshal for his invaluable service. In recognition of his services the Government of India gave the rank of Marshal of the Air Force to Arjan Singh in January 2002 making him the first and the only “Five Star” rank officer in the Indian Air Force. The badges of rank worn by  6 18. Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs) Air Force. The badges of rank worn by these Officers are:- 19. Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs) Air Force. The badges of rank worn by these NCOs are:- HONOURS AND AWARDS 20. The Armed Forces of India are awarded many military decorations, honours and awards. The awards and honours are awarded for extraordinary bravery and courage, as well as for distinguished service during times of war and peace. For the purpose of classification, Indian Armed Forces honours and awards can be divided into two categories: (a) Gallantry Awards (b) Non-Gallantry wards / Distinguished Service Awards  7 GALLANTRY AWARDS 21. Gallantry awards are divided into two categories: (a) Gallantry in the Face of Enemy (War Time). S. No Name of the Award Image (i) Param Vir Chakra (ii) Maha Vir Chakra (iii) Vir Chakra (iv) Sena Medal (v) Nao Sena Medal  8 (vi) Vayu Sena Medal (vii) Mention in Despatches (viii) Chiefs of Staff Commendation Card  9 (b) Gallantry Other than in the Face of Enemy (Peace Time). S. Name of the Award Image No (i) Ashoka Chakra (ii) Kirti Chakra (iii) Shaurya Chakra PART III –NON-GALLANTRY /DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS S. No Name of the Award Image (a) Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal (b) Param Vishisht Seva Medal  10 (c) Uttam Yudh Seva Medal (d) Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (e) Yuddh Seva Medal (f) Vishisht Seva Medal NOTE Award like Sena Medal is given for all three catagories i.e. during War, Peace and also as a Distinguished Award. ORGANISATION OF IAF 22. The President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Indian Republic. The primary role of the Air Force is the air defence of the country, means Guarding of our air space from enemy intrusion and giving support to the Army and the Navy. Its secondary role is to aid the civil power in maintaining law and order and in providing relief during natural calamities. AIM 23. To teach the NCC cadets about the organization of IAF  11 PRESIDENT DEFENCE MINISTER ARMY AIRFORCE NAVY VCAS DCAS AOA AOP AOM IG AIR HQ COMMAND WING/STATION SQUADRON/UNIT STATION/WING 24. Station/Wing is always what is called a self-accounting unit, i.e it is fully capable and independently responsible for its administration. A Sqn/lodger unit is essentially a non-self-accounting unit and it is a lodger to a Wing/Station and depends fully on that Wing/Station for its administration. A Wing/Station exercises its functional and administrative control over its lodger units. AOC / STN CDR FLYING COO C ADMO C ENG O SQUADRO N ATC MET ACCOUNT EDUCATIO SIGNAL ARMAMENT S N FLIGHT NAV CATERING SECURITY LOGISTICS MT SAFETY WORKS MEDICAL MCC REFUELLING G ADM TECH SQN  12 ORGANISATION CHART – OPERATIONAL COMMAND AIR OFFICER COMMANDING IN CHIEF AOC in C SASO SOA SMSO COMMANDS 25. The Western, Central, Eastern, South Western, Southern Air Commands control all operational units. Operational Commands execute the operational roles of the Air Force in war. They also handle the training of paratroopers for airborne operation. Training Command is responsible for training of Officers and Airmen in all flying and ground training at various academy/training institution/colleges under it. Maintenance Command is responsible for the maintenance, repair and storage of aircraft, MT, Signal equipment, Armament, Ammunition and explosives etc, and exercise functional and administrative control over Base Repair Depot (BRDs) and Equipment Depot (EDs). 26. Following are the Air Command with their Head Quarters:- Southern Air Command - Trivandrum Training Command - Bangalore Eastern Air Command - Shillong Maintenance Command - Nagpur Western Air Command - New Delhi S o u t h West Air Command - Gandhi Nagar Central Air Command - Allahabad HISTORY OF IAF 27. The Indian Air Force is the youngest amongst the three services. Even though young it has a bright history. The bravery, valour achievement of the officers and airmen of the IAF are integral Part of its proud heritage. 28. The Government passed the IAF bill on 4 April 1932. The Indian Air Force came into being with the promulgation of the IAF bill on 8 Oct 1932. The governor general –in- council at that time consequently ordered the establishment of Indian Air Force with effect from 8 Oct 1932. The Indian Air force anniversary is celebrated on 8 Oct every year. GROWTH AND EXPANSION  13 29. In its early years expansion of IAF was rather slow, In Sep, 1939 it consisted of only one squadron with a complement of 16 officers and 144 airmen. During World War II the increasing commitments of the RAF in Europe and the impact of Japanese invasion in south-east Asia accelerated the pace of progress. 30. The Indian Air Force today is a modern, technology-intensive force distinguished by its commitment to excellence and professionalism. Keeping pace with the demands of contemporary advancement, the IAF continues to modernize in a phased manner and today it stands as a credible air power counted amongst the fore-most professional services in the world. The primacy of Air Power will be a decisive factor in shaping the outcome of future conflicts. In line with this dictum the IAF has developed into a major ‘Component of National Power’, which can be applied quickly and decisively. The IAF has reoriented itself to a multi-role capability of platforms and equipment, along with multi-skill capability of personnel. The rapid economic growth of the country dictates the need to protect our security interests extending from the Persian Gulf to the Straits of Malacca. Over the years the IAF has grown from a tactical force to one with transoceanic reach. The strategic reach emerges from induction of Force Multipliers like Flight Refueling Aircraft (FRA), Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) and credible strategic lift capabilities. There is emphasis on acquiring best of technology through acquisitions or upgradation, be it aircraft, systems, precision missiles or net centricity. 31. The five operational commands through administrative wings, control some 45 Fixed Wing Squadrons, 20 Helicopters Units and numerous surface to air missile squadrons with unit establishments varying from 12 to 18 aircrafts. This represents a total aircraft strength of 1700 including training and support types, manned by some 170000 personnel. BRANCHES OF IAF 32. For smooth functioning of an organization different branches amongst staff is essential. Vast organization like Indian Air Force requires various branches to make the organization successful and flawless. 33. Following are the different Branches in the IAF:- (a) Flying Branch (b) Navigation Branch (c) Education Branch (d) Medical Branch (e) Administration Branch (f) Logistic Branch (g) Meteorology Branch (h) Engineering Branch SUMMARY 34. From the raising of Air Force, it has seen various changes and is marching towards the modernization. Since it is the youngest force it has the responsibility of defending the Air territory of our Country. It is the eye in the sky and has the nature of devastating the enemy of the country. From the organization of the Air Force and having a few personnel now it has more than lakh personnel. The true character and strength of IAF was aptly demonstrated in the Balakot Strike and its aftermath.  14 CHAPTER –II MODES OF ENTRY IN THE IAF & CIVIL AVIATION 1. Officer Entry. An officer is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority. To be able to lead and control, requires the ability to motivate yourself, inspire others and make tough decisions efficiently. Lessons in team work, developing communication skills and confidence, honing strategic and dynamic thinking are grilled into an Officer during his training. The Air Force teaches all, not only making men and women of young boys and girls but making them leaders in life. An officer’s strength of character and strong moral compass make him/her stand out from the crowd at all times. 2. As an Officer in the Indian Air Force, you will inherit a glorious heritage and timeless traditions of the IAF, blended perfectly with the latest technology. 3. As an officer in the Indian Air Force you will strategise, lead and manage. Depending on your qualifications, you could join one of the various branches in the IAF. Broadly the Air Force has three branches with further sub-streams : 4. Followings are the essential requirements for entry in the IAF to become Commissioned Officer:- Branch/Type of Entry Educational Age Limit Advertisement Qualification Schedule (A) FLYING BRANCH 1.National Defence 10+2 With Physics & 16 1/2 –19 Mar/Oct Academy (NDA) For Math Men only 2. Combined Defence Any Grad. With 19-23 Apr/Sep Service (CDSE) For Physics & Math at Men only 10+2 or BE 3. NCC Special Entry Any Grad. with 19-23 Jun/Dec Physics & Math at 10+2 or BE&NCC Air Wing Sr Div. “C’ Certificate 4. Short Service Any Grad. With 19-23 Mar/Sep Commission (For Physics Maths at10+2 or Women only) BE (B) TECHNICAL BRANCH (PC For Men/ SCC For Women) 1. Aeronautical First class degree in 18-28 Feb/Aug Engineering Engineering or (Electronics) GATE score of 70% & above in Electronics / 2. Aeronautical Engineering Mechanical/ Allied (Mechanical) subjects as per advertisement (C) GROUND DUTY BRANCH (PC For Men / SCC For Women 1. Administration First Class 20-23 Mar/Sep Graduate or PG in  15 2. Logistics subjects as per 20-25 advertisement 3. Accounts 4. Education PG in subjects as 20-25 Mar/Sep per advertisement 5. Meteorology 5. Airman Entry. The initial period of engagement in the IAF is 20 years, which can be extended up to the age of 57 years. Promotion prospects up to the rank of Master Warrant Officer exist to the deserving airmen. Opportunities to become a Commissioned Officer also exist for those airmen who qualify the prescribed examination, later in their service career. (a) Service Entry Commission. Airmen of the rank of Sergeant & above with 10 years of minimum service and within the age limit of 34 to 42 years get the opportunity to become a Commissioned Officer in the IAF. (b) Honorary Commission. Selected M W O s /WOs are granted Honorary Commission in the last year of their service before superannuating on Republic Day and Independence Day each year. On grant of Honorary Commission, they are eligible for higher scales of pay and allowances. Job Contents: Trade Wise 6. On the basis of the performance in the Joint Basic Phase Training (JBPT) at Basic Training Institute, Belgaum specific trades are allotted to the successful candidates. Basic combatant training is imparted to all the recruits, which includes basic discipline and manners, educational training, weapon training etc. After successful completion of basic training, you will be trained in specific trades. PT, Parade and games are integral part of the training and service life. Succeeding paragraphs give an idea of the nature of job an airman is expected to perform in different trades. However, depending on service requirement, an airman may be assigned other jobs as required by his superior authorities and exigencies of service. 7. Group ‘X’ (Technical) Trades. In this trade you are responsible for maintenance and repair of all types of light and heavy duty mechanical vehicles, cranes and loading equipment etc. (a) Electronics Fitter (b) Electrical Fitter (c) Mechanical System Fitter (d) Structures Fitter (e) Propulsion Fitter (f) Workshop Fitter (Smith) (g) Workshop Fitter (Mechanical) (h) Weapon Fitter 8. Group ‘X’ (Non – Technical )Trades. (a) Education Instructor 9. Group ‘Y” (Non –Technical ) Trades. (a) Adm Assistant (b) Accts Assistant (c) Medical Assistant (d) Logistics Assistant (e) Environment Support Services Assistant (ESSA) (f) Ops Assistant  16 (g) Meteorological Assistant (h) Ground Training Instructor (j) Indian Air Force (Police) (k) Indian Air Force (Security) (l) Musician 10. Group ‘Y’ (Technical ) Trades. (a) Communication Technician (b) Automobile Technician 11. Followings are the essential requirements for entry in the IAF to become Airman:- GROUP “AGE (As on EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION date olf Enrolment Group ‘X’ (Technical) 17-22 Years Passed Internediate / 10+12 / equivalent examination with Trades Mathematics, Physics and English with a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate. Three years Diploma course in Engineering (Mechanical /Instrumentation Technology/Automobile/Computer Science/Instrumentation Technology/Information Technology)with at least 50% marks in overall aggregate from a Government recognized Polytechnic Institute Group ‘X’ (Education 20-25 Years Graduate in Arts, Commerce or Science with B.Ed Instructor)Trade degree/two years teaching experience in a Government recognized School/College. Candidate should have scored a minimum of 50% marks in aggregate in Graduation as well as B.Ed. 20-28 Years Passed MA English/M Sc in Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science/MCA with B Ed degree/2 Years teaching experience in a Government recognized School/College. Group ‘Y’ Trades (Except 17-22 Years Passed Intermediate /10+2 equivalent with Science, Arts Med Asst and Musician or Commerce subjects or equivalent vocational course Trade) with minimum 50% marks in aggregate. Vocational courses should be recognized by Association of Indian Universities. Group ‘Y’ (Med 17-22 Years Passed Intermediate/10+2/Intermediate /equivalent exam Asst)Trade with Physics, Chemistry , Boilogy and English with a minimum of 50% marks in aggregagte. Group ‘Y’ (Musician 17-25 years Passed Matriculation /10th class or equivalent with Trade) minimum pass marks from any Government recognized School/Boards and should be proficient in playing at least one of the following musical instrument Trumpet/Bass/Violin/Saxophone/Clarinet/Euphonium /Jazz-Drum /Piccolo/Bass Trombone/Key Board/Guitar/ Sarod/Viola/ Cello/Contra Bass(String Bass). SUMMARY 12. During the lecture different types of entry have been discussed for entry in the IAF which include the qualifications and advertisement schedule. For more details log on to www.careerairforce.nic.in.  17 CHAPTER GSK-III-AIRCRAFTS TYPES CAPABILITIES & ROLE AIRCRAFT RECOGNITION 1. Aircraft Recognition is essential to identify the aircraft during both in peace and war. Identification of Aircraft 2. During Peace Time. Aircraft recognition helps to identify the different types of aircraft possessed by the enemy and assess the strength of the country and prepare for own self-defense. 3. During War Time. Aircraft recognition helps the MOP (mobile observation post) to identify the Aircraft as friend or foe. It also helps to know the capability of the aircraft by identifying its type. 4. There are various methods used to identify the aircrafts:- (a) Wing position (b) Shape of canopy (c) Wing shape (d) Shape of fins and tail plane(c) Shape of wing tips (e) Markings 5. Recognition by the Wing Position. (a) High wing (b) Low mid wing (c) Shoulder wing (d) Low wing (e) Mid wing (f) Parasol wing 6. Shape of Canopy. (a) Inline (b) Submerged (c) Teardrop (d) Glasshouse (e) Bubble  18 7. Shape of Fin and Tail Plane. (a) High tail plane (b) Low mid tail plane (c) High mid tail plane (d) Mid tail plane (e) Low tail plane 8. Markings. GREEN WHITE SAFFRON FIGHTER AIRCRAFT 9. SU-30 MKI : Twin seater twin engine multirole fighter of Russian origin which carries 30mm GSH gun along with 8000 kg armament. It is capable of carrying a variety of medium-range guided air to air missiles with active or semi-active radar or Infra red homing close range missiles including nuclear weapons. It has a max speed of 2500 km/hr (Mach 2.35). 10. MIRAGE-2000: A single seater air defence and multi- role fighter of French origin powered by a single engine can attain max speed of 2495 km/hr(Mach 2.3). It carries two 30 mm integral cannons and two Matra super 530D medium-range and two R-550 Magic II close combat missiles on external stations. 11. MiG-29 : Twin engine, single seater air superiority fighter aircraft of Russian origin capable of attaining max. speed of 2445 km per hour (Mach-2.3). It carries a 30 mm cannon along with four R-60 close combat and two R-27 R medium range radar guided missiles. 12. MiG-27 : Single engine, single seater tactical strike fighter aircraft of Russian origin having a max. speed of 1700 km/hr (Mach 1.6). It carries one 23 mm six-barrel rotary integral cannon and can carry upto 4000 kg of other armament externally.  19 13. MiG-21 BISON : Single engine, single seater multirole fighter/ground attack aircraft of Russian origin which forms the back- bone of the IAF. It attained instant fame when Wg Cdr Varthaman shot down a superior F-16 aircraft of Pakistan after the Balakot strike. It has a max speed of 2230 km/hr (Mach 2.1) and carries one 23mm twin barrel cannon with four R-60 close combat missiles. 14. JAGUAR : A twin-engine, single seater deep penetration strike aircraft of Anglo-French origin which has a max. speed of 1350 km /hr (Mach 1.3). It has two 30mm guns and can carry two R-350 Magic CCMs (overwing) alongwith 4750 kg of external stores (bombs/fuel). TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT C-130J : The aircraft is capable of performing paradrop, heavy drop, casuality evacuation and can also operate from short and semi prepared surfaces. C-130J is the heaviest aircraft to land at DBO a forward high altitude airfield at Indo China border in Aug 2013. 15. C-17 : A Strategic Lift aircraft is capable of carrying a payload of 40-70 tons up to a distance of 4200- 9000 km in a single hop 16. IL-76 : A four engine heavy duty/long haul military transport aircraft of Russian origin with a max speed of 850 km/hr. It has a twin 23 mm cannon in tail turret and capacity to carry 225 paratroopers or 40 tonnes freight, wheeled or tracked armoured vehicles. 17. AN-32 : Twin engine turboprop, medium tactical transport aircraft of Russian origin with a crew of four and capacity to carry 39 paratroopers or max load of 6.7 tonnes. 18. EMBRAER : The main role of employment of this executive Jet Air craft is to convey VVIPs/VIPs to destinations within India and abroad. Air HQ Communication Squadron operates this aircraft and it has maintained a flawless incident/accident free track record till date. 19. AVRO : Twin engine turboprop, military transport and freighter of British origin having a capacity of 48 paratroopers or 6 tonnes freight  20 DORNIER : Twin engine turboprop, logistic air support staff transport aircraft of German origin capable of carrying 19 passengers or 2057 kg freight. 20. BOEING 737-200 : Twin engine turbofan, VIP passenger aircraft of American origin with total seating capacity of upto 60 passengers. HELICOPTERS 21. MI-25/MI-35 : Twin engine turboshaft, assault and anti armour helicopter capable of carrying 8 men assault squad with four barrel 12.7 mm rotary gun in nose and upto 1500 Kg of external ordnance including Scorpion anti- tank missiles. It has a max cruise speed of 310 km/hr. 22. MI-26 : Twin engine turboshaft, military heavy lift helicopter of Russian origin with carrying capacity of 70 combat equipped troops or 20,000 kg payload. 23. MI-17 V5 : The Mi-17 V5 is a potent helicopter platform, equipped with modern avionics and glass cockpit instrumentation. They are equipped with state-of-art navigational equipment, avionics, weather radar and are NVG-compatible. 24. CHETAK : Single engine turboshaft, light utility French helicopter with capacity of 6 passengers or 500 kg load  21 25. CHEETAH : Single engine turboshaft, helicopter of French origin having capacity to carry 3 passengers or 1000 kg external sling loads. Cheetah is the life line of the Siachen Glacier dropping load and evacuating soldiers from the highest battlefield in the world. TRAINING AIRCRAFT 26. KIRAN (a) Role. Basic Jet and Armament Trainer (b) Armament. 2 x 250 kg Bombs or Rocket Pods, 2 x 7.62 mm guns. (c) Special Features. Indigenous design of HAL. 27. HAWK (a) Role Advanced Jet Trainer (b) Armament ADEN cannon, in centerline pod, Bombs, Missiles 28. PILATUS PC-7 (a) Role The Pilatus PC-7 Turbo Trainer is a low-wing tandem- seat training aircraft, manufactured by Pilatus Aircraft of Switzerland. The aircraft is capable of all basic training functions including aerobatics, instrument, tactical and night flying. MADE IN INDIA 29. LIGHT COMBAT AIRCRAFT (LCA) (a) Role. Single Seater Multi Role Combat. (b) Armament. 4000 Kgs (Beyond- Visual-Range missiles, Reconnaissance / Electronic Warfare pods and 23 mm GSH gun. (c) Performance. (i) Single engine aircraft expected to be supersonic at all altitude. (ii) Small size will reduce its chances of detection by enemy radars.  22 (iii) Capable of Take-off and landing from very short runways. (iv) Inertial navigation system for accurate navigation and guidance. (v) Inflight refueling probe for extended range. (d) Special Features (i) World’s smallest light weight and highly manoeuverable combat aircraft with seven hard-points. (ii) Developed by aeronautical development agency with contribution from more than 100 government/private agencies. 30. HAL LIGHT COMBAT HELICOPTER (LCH) (a) Role The HAL Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) is a multirole combat helicopter being developed in India by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for use by the Indian Air Force and the Indian Army. (b) Armament Guns, Hard points: 4 (two under each wing) and provisions to carry combinations of: Rockets, Missiles and Bombs 31. HAL Dhruv (a) Role The HAL Dhruv is a utility helicopter developed and manufactured by India's Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). (b) Armament Missiles: Anti-tank guided missiles, Air-to-air missiles Rocket Pods (Air-Force & Army) Torpedoes, Depth charges or Anti-ship missiles FOREIGN AIRCRAFT PAKISTAN 32. F-16 (a) Role Single engine Air Superiority Fighter both for ground attack and Air Defence. (b) Armament 30 mm cannon, laser guided bombs, Air to ground missile, Advanced Medium Range Air to Air missile. (c) Special Features. Highly agile Fighter manufactured by USA.  23 33. MIRAGE – 5 (a) Role.Single Seater Ground Attack fighter aircraft. (b) Armament - Two 30 mm cannon and wide variety of air to ground and air to air missiles on seven external stations. (c) Special Features. □ Manufactured by Dasault Aviation France 34. C - 130 HERCULES (a) Role.Heavy duty transport aircraft. - It can carry upto 92 troops or cargo 45000 lbs 35. SIKORSKY S – 61 (SEA-KING) (a) Role. Medium Range Lift Helicopter. The Aircraft can Accommodate 26 troops. It can also carry 840 lbs of weapons. (b) Special Features. Used in anti-submarine role this helicopter is manufactured by USA. SUMMARY 36. The individual has to learn to recognize aircraft. In this lesson we have learnt about how to recognize the various fighter aircrafts of IAF. Many factors are involved in making an identification of an aircraft and the distance at which it can be positively identified. Some of these are size, viewing angel, visibility, aircraft finish, visual characteristics, colour and external markings. India has a vast inventory of Aircraft. Cadets should be able to recognize and identify the various Fighter/Transport aircraft and Helicopters.  24 CHAPTER –IV- LATEST TRENDS & ACQUISTIONS INTRODUCTION 1. Use of science and technology in every field always improves the work efficiency , reduces the work load and increases the production rate. Lot of technological improvements have taken place in the field of aviation also. Since the mid-1960s, computer technology has been continuously developed to the point at which aircraft and engine designs can be made. Ability and efficiency of see how the use of technology changes the capabilities of a pilot either civil or military. This also shows the superiority of machine over human being i n t h e s e n s e that work beyond the limit where a human being can only imagine. a machine2. Here is the list of modern inventions or equipment that changes the field of aviation. Autopilot, Fly by Wire, UAV, Glass cockpit Technology etc are the gift of modern technology. AUTOPILOT 2. In the early days of aviation, aircraft required continuous attention of a pilot in order to fly safely. As aircraft range increased allowing flights of many hours, the constant attention led to serious fatigue. An autopilot is designed to perform some of the tasks of the pilot. A single-axis autopilot controls an aircraft in the roll axis only. A two axis autopilot controls an aircraft in the pitch and roll axis. A three axis autopilots controls aircraft in all three axis. Modern autopilots use computer software to control the aircraft. The software reads the aircraft’s current position, and then controls a Flight Control System to guide the aircraft. FLY BY WIRE 3. Fly-by-wire (FBW) is a system that replaces the conventional manual flight controls of an aircraft with an electronic interface. The movements of flight controls are converted as electronic signals transmitted through wires (hence the fly-by-wire term), and flight control computers determine how to move the actuators at each control surface to provide the ordered response. The fly-by-wire system also allows automatic signals sent by the aircraft's computers to perform functions without the pilot's input, as in systems that automatically help stabilize the aircraft FURTHER DEVELOPMENT Fly-by-optics 4. Fly-by-optics is sometimes used instead of fly-by-wire because it can transfer data at higher speeds the cables are just changed from electrical to fiber cables. Power-by-wire 5. The power circuits power electrical or self-contained electro hydraulic actuators that are controlled by the digital flight control computers. All benefits of digital fly-by-wire are retained along with elimination of bulky and heavy hydraulic circuits. Fly-by-wireless 6. Fly-by-wireless systems are very similar to fly-by-wire systems; however, instead of using a wired protocol for the physical layer a wireless protocol is employed.  25 UAV 7. The UAV is an acronym for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, which is an aircraft with no pilot on board. UAVs can be remote controlled aircraft (e.g. flown by a pilot at a ground control station) or can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic automation systems. UAVs are currently used for a number of missions, including reconnaissance and attack roles. There are a wide variety of drone shapes, sizes, configurations, and characteristics. They are predominantly deployed for military applications, but also used in a small but growing number of civil applications, such as firefighting and nonmilitary security work, such as surveillance of pipelines. UAVs are often preferred for missions that are too 'dull, dirty, or dangerous' for manned aircraft. TYPES 8. Target and Decoy. Providing ground and aerial gunnery a target an enemy aircraft or missile that simulates aircraft. 9. Reconnaissance. Providing battlefield intelligence. 10. Combat. Providing attack capability for high-risk missions. 11. Research and Development - used to further develop UAV technologies to be integrated into field deployed UAV aircraft. 12. Endurance Because UAVs are not burdened with the physiological limitations of human pilots, they can be designed for maximized on-station times. The maximum flight duration of unmanned, aerial vehicles varies widely. Internal-combustion-engine aircraft endurance depends strongly on the percentage of fuel burned as a fraction of total weight and so is largely independent of aircraft size. GLASS COCKPIT 13. Before 1970’s aircraft were not considered sufficiently demanding to require advance equipment like electronics flight displays. Also computer technology was not at a level where sufficient light and powerful circuit were available. The increasing complexity of transport aircraft, the advent of digital systems and growing air traffic congestion around airports began to change that. 14. The average transport aircraft in the mid- 1970 had more than one hundred cockpit instrument and controls, and the primary flight instrument were already crowded with indicators, crossbars and symbols and the growing number of cockpit elements were competing for Cockpit space and pilot attention. As a result NASA conducted research on displays that could process the raw aircraft system and flight data into an integrated, easily understood picture of the flight situation, culminating in a series of flight demonstrating a full glass cockpit system. 15. A glass cockpit is an aircraft cockpit that features electronics instrument displays rather than mechanical gauge.It is as simple as that. A glass cockpit uses displays driven by flight management system that can be adjusted to displays flight information as needed. This simplifies aircraft operation and navigation and allows pilot to focus only on the most pertinent information. They are also popular with airlines companies as they usually eliminate the need for a flight engineer.  26 Safety 16. As aircraft operation becomes more dependent on glass cockpit systems, flight crews must be trained to deal with possible failure. In one glass cockpit the Airbus A320, fifty incidents of glass cockpit blackout have occurred.In Jan 2008 US Airline flight 731 experienced a serious glass cockpit blackout, losing half of the displays as well as all radios, transponder, and attitude indicator. Glass cockpit blackouts are the main reasons flight training students need to know how to fly with and without electronics instrument displays. ACQUISITIONS Rafale 17. Extremely powerful, superbly agile this is a Vth generation combat aircraft from Dassault Aviation, France. Thanks to its versatility, its adaptability and its ability to meet all air mission requirements, the Rafale is the “poster child” transformational fighter which provides a way forward to air forces confronted to the requirement of doing “more less” in an ever changing strategic environment. Rafale encompasses largest and most modern range of sensors and multiplies their efficiency with technological breakthrough. It will prove to be a game changer for Indian Air Force in the years to come. It fully complies with the requirement to carry widest range of roles with the smallest number of aircraft. Chinook 18. Indian Air Force formally inducted 4 US made Chinook Heavy Lift Helicopters at Chandigarh. Chinook is tandem rotor Heavy Lift Helicopters serving 19 countries. Chinook is expected to greatly enhance India’s capabilities across a range of Military Missions. Our country faces a multitude of security challenges and we require vertical airlift capabilities for a very diversified terrain. This aircraft was procured with India specific enhancements to increase their flexibility. This is an all weather aircraft with state of the art NVG to permit operations in all conditions. This aircraft will redefine heli lift in wide variety of terrain of India. It is the battle proven machine which has flown mission in war zones from Vietnam to Afghanistan & Iraq. Chinook is highly manoeuverable and specially suited for narrow valleys. S-400 19. India and Russia signed an inter-governmental agreement for purchase of Russian made S-400 Triumf advanced Air Defence System. India is only the second country after China to receive these state of the art AD system. S-400 is capable of engaging stand off jammer Aircraft, Ballistic & Cruise missiles in a dense electronic warfare environment. One S-400 regiment is divided into two battalions. Each battalion consists of 8 launchers and 32 missiles. In addition it has an extremely accurate target acquisition and engagement radar system integrated to command force. It has operational range of 400 km and an altitude of upto 185 km. The missile is capable of exo-atmospheric interception of intermediate range ballistic missile. This system is claimed by Russia to be a full proof Air Defence system and is highly respected by NATO.  27 SUMMARY 20. Auto Pilot, Fly by wire, Glass Cockpit and UAVs are the few modern equipment we discussed here that overcome the stress level of pilot to a certain extent and increase the efficiency of man and machines up to the next level. 21. Rafale- Extremely powerful, superbly agile this is a Vth generation combat aircraft from Dassault Aviation, France. 22. Chinook- A tandem rotor Heavy Lift Helicopters serving 19 countries, Chinook is expected to greatly enhance India’s capabilities across a range of Military Missions. 23. S-400- India and Russia signed an inter-governmental agreement for purchase of Russian made S- 400 Triumf advanced Air Defence System. It has an extremely accurate target acquisition and engagement radar system integrated to command force. It has operational range of 400 kms and an altitude of upto 185 kms.  28 CHAPTER -V- AIR CAMPAIGNS INDO PAK WAR- 1971 1. India’s commitment to peace has always been total and irrevocable. This does not, however, mean submission before force or violence. Gandhiji always made the subtle but significant distinction between nonviolence and cowardice. Hence, when the Pakistan Air Force rd launched operational against us on the evening of 3 December, we were left with no option but to give a fitting reply. This is what precisely our defence forces did. In the process the enemy’s war machinery was given crippling blows. 2. What is more, our armed forces in conjunction with the Mukti Bahini ended the dark night of oppression and brutality in East Bengal and ushered in the new state of Bangladesh. All this was achieved in a remarkably short period of fourteen days. In fact the unconditional surrender by the enemy’s one lakh armed forces is unprecedented. AGGRESSION BY PAKISTAN rd 3. Darkness had just fallen on the evening of 3 December 1971 when air raid alert was sounded at 6 PM in most of the cities in India. With the sounding of siren all lights went off. Everyone including the President, the Cabinet Ministers, the Members of Parliament, the newsmen was taken unaware. The briefing officer told newsmen that the raid alert was a genuine one. Soon people realised the seriousness of the situation. The street lights were never switched ON. The cities were plunged into darkness. The AIR then revealed the unfortunate incident of unprovoked aggression by Pakistan. 4. The military junta of Pakistan seem to have chosen the hour of attack with some deliberation and care. The Prime Minister Smt Indira Gandhi was away from New Delhi on days visit to Calcutta, where she had just finished speaking to a large gathering on the Pakistani threat to India’s security and the liberation struggle in the Bangladesh. The Defence Minister, Shri Jagjivan Ram was at Patna. 5. The Pakistani Air Force and ground troops following the Israeli type pre-emptive strike had launched a massive attack on the Western front stretching from Jammu & Kashmir to Rajasthan. Pakistani Radio went on the air alleging an Indian attack, when the Pakistani planes were bombing our air fields in sneak raids. Pakistan’s friend, philosopher and guide Peking’s New China News Agency also broadcasted similar allegations. 6. In addition to air raids by the Pakistani Air Force the ground forces also launched a massive attack on our border posts.  29 AGGRESSION ANTICIPATED 7. The professional standards, capability and flexibility of the much expanded Service were soon to be put to the acid test. Though the aggression by Pakistan was sudden the Indian Govt and IAF had anticipated it. All the aircraft had been dispersed and pre-emptive strike by Pakistan resulted in damage to some of the airfields. Air Defence Guns and Knats went blazing and ensured 03 of Pakistanis Sabre jets were shot down.Throughout the conflict, in which Indian strategy was to maintain basically defensive postures on the western and northern fronts whilst placing emphasis on a lightning campaign in the east. Mission emphasis throughout was on interdiction. In the West the IAF's primary tasks were disruption of enemy communications, the destruction of fuel and ammunition reserves, and the prevention of any ground force concentrations so that no major offensive could be mounted against India while Indian forces were primarily engaged in the East. On the Eastern front, the Indian forces launched a sophisticated campaign which included rapid-moving infantry and armour advancing from three directions, airborne and heliborne assaults, missile bombardments from ships and an amphibious landing, the IAF's task being primarily direct support of the ground forces. In a classic air action in the Western desert, four Hunters of the OCU, detachment at Jaisalmer destroyed an entire armoured regiment at Longewala, literally stopping the enemy offensive in its tracks. 8. The IAF had good reason for satisfaction with its showing during the December 1971 conflict. Although Pakistan had initiated the war with pre-emptive air strikes against major forward air bases, the IAF rapidly gained the initiative and had thereafter dominated the skies over both fronts. In aerial combat, the IAF proved its superiority in no uncertain manner. First round had gone to the Gnats, again, but its later compatriots, the MiG-21s, were to shortly demonstrate the superiority of this supersonic fighter, flown by professionals. Six squadrons of MiG- 21FLs were part of the IAF's order-of battle, participating in operations both in the Eastern and Western Sectors. The the MiG-21 was highly effective in short range, precision attacks was amply demonstrated during the attacks with 500 kg bombs on the PAF's air bases at Tezgaon and Kurmitola, while pin point 57 mm rocket attacks were carried out against key command centres in the capital Dacca itself. 9. It was in the Western theatre that the MiG-21 was employed in its primary task, that of air defence, escort and interception. Deployed at all the major air bases, the MiG-21FLs mounted hundreds of combat air patrol sorties over Vital Points (VP) and Vital Areas (VA), flew escort missions for bombers and were continuously scrambled to intercept hostile intruders. The MiG-21 finally met its original adversary, the F- 104 Starfighter, in air combat during this conflict and in all four recorded cases of classic dog fights, the MiG- 21s outclassed and out fought the F- 104s. The December 1971 war also meant the gaining of India's highest award for gallantry to the IAF. Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon, flying Gnat with No 18 Squadron from Srinagar, was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra. OPERATION SAFED SAGAR 10. Operation Safed Sagar was the code name assigned to the Indian Air Force's strike to support the Ground troops during Operation Vijay that was aimed to flush out Regular and Irregular troops of the Pakistani Army from Indian Positions in the Kargil sector along the Line of Control. It was the first large scale use of air power in the Jammu and Kashmir region since the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971.  30 Ground Operations 11. Initial infiltrations were noticed in Kargil in early May, 1999. Because of the extreme winter weather in Kashmir it was common practice for the Indian and Pakistani Army to abandon forward posts and reoccupy them in the spring. That particular spring, the Pakistan Army reoccupied the forward posts before the scheduled time not only theirs but also the posts which belonged to India, in a bid to capture Kashmir. 12. By the second week of May, an ambush on an Indian army patrol acting on a tip- off by a local shepherd in the Batalik sector led to the exposure of the infiltration. Initially with little knowledge of the nature or extent of the encroachment, the Indian troops in the area initially claimed that they would evict them within a few days. However, soon reports of infiltration elsewhere along the LoC made it clear that the entire plan of attack was on a much bigger scale. India responded with Operation Vijay, a mobilization of 200,000 Indian troops. However, because of the nature of the terrain, division and corps level operations could not be mounted; the scale of most fighting was at the regimental or battalion level. In effect, two divisions of the Indian Army numbering 20,000, along with several thousand from the Paramilitary forces of India and the Air force were deployed in the conflict zone. The Indian Army moved into the region in full force. Soon, the intruders were found to be well entrenched and while artillery attacks had produced results in certain areas, more remote ones needed the help of the Air force. Air Operations 13. The Indian Air Force (IAF) was first approached to Provide air support on 11 May with the use of helicopters. On 21 May a Canberra on a reconnaissance mission was hit by ground fire. The flight was however, recovered safely, and returned to base on one engine. On 25 May, the Cabinet Committee on Security authorized the IAF to mount attacks on the infiltrators without crossing the LoC. Initial indications from the government to the IAF was to operate only Attack helicopters. However, the Chief of Air Staff put forth the argument that in order to create a suitable environment for the helicopters, fighter action was required. On 26 May, the go-ahead was given and the IAF started its strike role tasks. Flying from the Indian airfields of Srinagar, Avantipur and Adampur, ground attack aircraft MiG-21s, MiG-23s, MiG-27s, Jaguars and the Mirage 2000 struck insurgent positions. 14. The first strikes were launched on the 26 May, when the Indian Air Force struck infiltrator positions with fighter aircraft and helicopter gunships. The initial strikes saw MiG-27s carrying out offensive sorties, with MiG-21s and (later) MiG-29s providing fighter cover. Mi-17 gunships were also deployed in the Tololing sector. 15. However, on 27 May, the first fatalities were suffered when a MiG-21 and a MiG-27 jets were shot down over Batalik Sector by Pakistan Army. The following day, a Mi-17 was lost- with the loss of all four of the crew, when it was hit by three Stinger missiles while on an offensive sortie. These losses forced the Indian Air Force to reassess its strategy. The helicopters were immediately withdrawn from offensive roles as a measure against the man-portable missiles in possession of the infiltrators. 16. On 30 May, the Indian Air Force called into operation the Mirage 2000 which was deemed the best aircraft capable of optimum performance under the conditions of high- altitude in the zone of conflict. Armed with Laser Guided Bombs (LGB) the Mirages repeatedly struck enemy positions, Destroying Logistics and resupply capability of the infiltrators. The LGBs ensured accuracy and extensive damage to the deeply  31 entrenched enemy position. The aircraft employed steepdive attacks ensuring safety. 17. The choppers used were Mi-8 and the Mi-17. The transport planes were Avro, An-32 and IL-76. According to IAF the "air strikes against the Pakistani infiltrators, supply camps and other targets yielded rich dividends. By July all the remaining intruders had withdrawn and the operation was declared a success by the IAF in having achieved its primary objectives. In the context of the war and in light of the poor information available on the infiltrations, the Indian Air Force was able to coordinate well with the Army and provide air support to the recapture of most the posts before Pakistan decided to withdraw its remaining troops. FAMOUS AIR HEROES ARJAN SINGH 18. Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan Singh, DFC was born on 15 April 1919. He is the only officer of the Indian Air Force to be promoted to five-star rank, equal to a Field Marshal, to w hich he was promoted in 2002. He was born in the Punjab town of Lyallpur, British India, into Aulakh family. 19. Early Life and Career. Marshal of the IAF, Arjan Singh was educated at Montgomery, India (now in Pakistan). He entered the RAF College Cranwell in 1938 and was commissioned as a Pilot Officer in December 1939. As a distinguished graduate of the RAF College, Singh's portrait is found on the walls of the College's west staircase. 20. Air Marshal Arjan Singh led No. 1 Squadron, Indian Air Force during the Arakan Campaign in 1944. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) in 1944, and commanded the Indian Air Force Exhibition Flight in 1945. Career and Commands Held 21. He was Chief of the Air Staff (CAS), from 1 August 1964 to 15 July 1969, and was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1965. He also became the first Air Chief Marshal of the Indian Air Force when, in recognition of the Air Force contribution in the 1965 war, the rank of the Chief of Air Staff was upgraded to that of Air Chief Marshal. After he retired in 1969 at the age of 50, he was appointed the Indian Ambassador to Switzerland in 1971. He concurrently served as the Ambassador to the Vatican. He was appointed High Commissioner to Kenya in 1974. He was member of the Minorities Commission, Government of India from 1975-1981. He was Lt Governor of Delhi from Dec 1989 - Dec 1990 and was made Marshal of the Air Force in January, 2002. He expired on 16th Sep 2017. RAKESH SHARMA 22. Wing Commander Rakesh Sharma, AC, Hero of Soviet Union, is a former Indian Air Force test pilot who flew aboard Soyuz T-11 as part of the Inter-cosmos program. He was the first Indian to travel in space. 23. Early Life. Rakesh Sharma was born on January 13, 1949 in Patiala, Punjab. He joined the Indian Air Force in 1970 as a pilot officer. In the 1971 War, Sharma flew missions in MiG aircraft with considerable success. He was a Squadron leader with the Indian Air Force, when he embarked on a historic space mission. Spaceflight 24. Sqn Leader Rakesh Sharma, joined two other Soviet cosmonauts aboard the Soyuz T-11 spacecraft  32 which blasted off on April 2, 1984 as part of a joint space program between the Indian Space Research Organisation and the Soviet Inter cosmos space program, and spent eight days in space aboard the Salyut 7 space station. He did life sciences and materials processing experiments. He is also reported to have experimented with practicing Yoga to deal with the effects of prolonged orbital spaceflight. 25. While in space, he was asked by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on a famous conversation, who asked him how does India look from space, Rakesh replied "Saare Jahan se Achcha Hindustan Hamara" meaning 'Our land of Hindustan, is the Best in the world'. 26. He was conferred with the honour of “ Hero of Soviet Union” upon his return from space. The Government of India conferred its highest gallantry award (during peace time), the Ashoka Chakra on him He retired with the rank of Wing Commander. He joined the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in 1987 and served as Chief Test Pilot in the HAL. SUMMARY 27. Time to time different heroes have sacrificed for our country, Marshal of Air Force Arjan Singh’s contribution during 1965 Indo-China war was recognized by the nation. Wing Commander Rakesh Sharma was the first Indian to travel in space and brought laurels to our country.  33 CHAPTER - VI- MOTIVATIONAL MOVIES 1. Motivational Movies are a great source of inspiration and motivations for the young minds of NCC Cadets who would then endeavor join the great Indian Air Force. A number of movies are pertaining to own ops of 1965 War, 1971 War and the Kargil ops. These can also include the airshows which are conducted every year at Banglore and Hindon. 2. Some movies pertaining to Air ops of World War II and the Gulf War (operation Desert Storm) could also be extremely interesting and number of good lessons can be learnt from these. 3. Besides the curriculum of Institutional Syllabus, some motivational movies should also be screened during the conduct of ATC / CATCs.  34 CHAPTER –VII- PRINCIPLE OF FLIGHT ELEMENTRY MECHANICS 1. "When once you have tested flight, you will forever walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been, and there you will always long to return." - Leonardo da Vinci 2. It is essential to have a basic knowledge of elementary mechanics to understand the various Principles of Flight, because both the aircraft and the atmosphere in which it flies are matter subjected to the laws of mechanics. Terms like Mass, Density, Motion, Speed, Velocity, Acceleration, Newton’s First Law of Motion, Momentum, Force, Pressure, Newton’s Third Law of Motion, Weight, Work, Power, Energy, Law of Conversation of Energy, Moment of a Force, Couple, and Equilibrium are to be studied. LAWS OF MOTION 3. Mass. Unit - Kilogram (kg) - ‘The quantity of matter in a body.’ The mass of a body is a measure of how difficult it is to start or stop, (“a body”, in this context, means a substance. Any substance a gas, a liquid or a solid). 4. Density. It is the mass per unit volume. 5. Motion. Motion is said to be there when a body changes its position in relation to its surroundings. 6. Speed. Speed is the rate of change of position. 7. Velocity. Velocity is speed in particular direction. Velocity is a vector quantity having both magnitude and direction. 8. Acceleration. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. The change may be in magnitude or direction or in both. Thus a body moving along a circular path at constant speed has acceleration. 9. Newton’s First Law of Motion. A body will continue to be in state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. This property of all bodies is called inertia and a body in such a state is said to be in Equilibrium. 10. Momentum. Unit – Mass x Velocity (kg-m/s) – The quantity of motion possessed by a body. The tendency of a body to continue in motion after being placed in motion. 11. Force. Unit - Newton (N) -‘A push or a pull’. That which causes or tends to cause a change in motion of a body. 12. Pressure. Pressure is force per unit area. 13. Newton’s Second Law of Motion. The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction of the application of the said force. 14. Newton’s Third Law of Motion. To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. 15. Weight. The earth exerts a certain force towards its centre on all objects on its surface. This force is called Weight of the body and is equal to the mass of the body multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity ‘g’.Unit - Newton (N) - ‘The force due to gravity’. (F = m x g)  35 16. Work. Unit - Joule (J) - A force is said to do work on a body when it moves the body in the direction in which the force is acting. The amount of work done on a body is the product of the force applied to the body and the distance moved by that force in the direction in which it is acting. If a force is exerted and no movement takes place, no work has been done. e.g. (a) Work = Force x Distance (through which the force is applied) 17. Power. Unit - Watt (W) - Power is simply the rate of doing work, (the time taken to do work) e.g. (a) Power (W) = Force (N) x Distance (m) --------------------------------- Time (s) 18. Energy. Unit - Joule (J) - Mass has energy if it has the ability to do work. The amount of energy a body possesses is measured by the amount of work it can do. The unit of energy will therefore be the same as those of work, joules. 19. Law of Conversation of Energy. The sum total of all energy in the universe remains constant. 20. Equilibrium. A body is said to be in equilibrium when:- (a) Algebraic sum of all the forces acting on the body is zero. (b) Clockwise moment is equal to the anti-clock wise moment about any point. 21. Centre of Gravity (CG). The point through which the weight of an aircraft acts. (a) An aircraft in flight is said to rotate around its CG. (b) The CG of an aircraft must remain within certain forward and aft limits, for reasons of both stability and control 22. Kinetic Energy. Unit - Joule (J) - ‘The energy possessed by mass because of its motion’. ‘A mass that is moving can do work in coming to rest’. 1 2 KE = /2 m V joules GLOSSARY OF TERMS 23. Aerofoil. A body designed to produce more lift than drag. A typical aerofoil section is cambered on top surface and is more or less straight at bottom. 24. Chord Line It is line joining the centres of curvature of leading and trailing edges of an aerofoil. 25. Chord Length. It is the length of chord line inctercepted between the leading and trailing edges. 26. Angle of Attack. It is the angle between the chord line and the relative air flow undisturbed by the presence of aerofoil. 27. Angle of Incidence. The angle between the chord line and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft.  36 28. Total Reaction. It is one single force representing all the pressures (force per unit area) over the surface of the aerofoil. It acts through the centre of pressure which is situated on the chord line. 29. Lift. The vertical component of Total Reaction, resolved at right angles to the relative airflow. 30. Drag. The horizontal component of the Total Reaction acting angles and in the same direction as the relative airflow. AEROFOIL 31. Aerofoil is the shape of a wing or blade (of a propeller, rotor or turbine) as seen in cross-section. An airfoil-shaped body moved through a fluid produces an aerodynamic force. The component of this force perpendicular to the direction of motion is called lift. The component parallel to the direction of motion is called drag 32. Subsonic flight airfoils have a characteristic shape with a rounded leading edge, followed by a sharp trailing edge. 33. Fixed-wing aircraft's wings, horizontal, and vertical stabilizers are built with aerofoil-shaped cross sections, as are helicopter rotor blades. propellers, fans, compressors and turbines.. Laminar flow airfoil for a RC park flyer Laminar flow airfoil for a RC pylon racer Laminar flow airfoil for a manned propeller aircraft Laminar flow at a jet airliner airfoil Stable airfoil used for flying wings Aft loaded airfoil Large allowing for a main spar and late stall Transonic supercritical airfoil Supersonic leading edge airfoil 34. Any object with an angle of attack in a moving fluid, such as a flat plate will generate an aerodynamic force (called lift) perpendicular to the flow. Aerofoils are more efficient lifting shapes, able to generate more lift with less drag. It is the basic structure of ac which supports ac in air. Aerofoil design is a major facet of Aerodynamics. Modern aircraft wings may have different airfoil sections along the wing span, each one optimized for the conditions in each section of the wing. Movable high-lift devices, flaps and sometimes slats, are fitted to aerofoils on almost every aircraft. SUMMARY 35. A flying object is a mechanical body in a three dimensional space. The knowledge of above definition is necessary for effective understanding of Principle of Flight.  37 CHAPTER –VIII -FORCES ACTING ON AIRCRAFT 1. An Aircraft is considered to be in straight and level flight when it is flying at a constant altitude and speed, maintaining lateral level and direction. Force acting on aircraft at any given movement are Lift, Drag, Thrust and Weight. 2. Lift is a positive force caused by the difference in air pressure under and above a wing. The higher air pressure beneath a wing creates lift, and is affected by the shape of the wing. Changing a wing's angle of attack affects the speed of the air flowing over the wing and the amount of lift that the wing creates. 3. Weight is the force that causes objects to fall downwards. In flight, the force of weight is countered by the forces of lift and thrust. 4. Thrust is the force that propels an object forward. An engine spinning a propeller or a jet engine expelling hot air out the tailpipe are examples of thrust. In bats, thrust is created by muscles making the wings flap. 5. Drag is the resistance of the air to anything moving through it. Different wing shapes greatly affect drag. Air divides smoothly around a wing's rounded leading edge, and flows neatly off its tapered trailing edge. This is called streamlining. 0 Lift and Drag are the most important components of aircraft in level flight. They act in 90 to each other. The Lift component of aircraft supports the aircraft in air whereas the drag resist the air craft movement in air.  38 FLAP & SLATS “Flaps are hinged surfaces mounted on the trailing edges of the wings of a fixed- wing aircraft to reduce the speed at which an aircraft can be safely flown and toincrease the angle of descent for landing. They shorten takeoff and landing distances. Flaps do this by lowering the stall speed and increasing the drag. 6. Slats are aerodynamic surfaces on the leading edge of the wings of fixed-wing aircraft which, when deployed, allow the wing to operate at a higher angle of attack. A higher coefficient of lift is produced as a result of angle ofattack and speed, so by deploying slats an aircraft can fly at slower speeds, or take off and land in usually shorter distances. They are used while landing or performing manoeuvers which take the aircraft close to the stall, but are usually retracted in normal flight to minimize drag. FLAPS 7. The general airplane lift equation: where: □ L is the amount of Lift produced, □ is the air density, □ V is the indicated airspeed of the airplane or the Velocity of the airplane, relative to the air □ S is the platform area or Surface area of the wing is the lift coefficient which is determined by the camber of the airfoil used, the chord of the wing and the angle at which the wing meets the air (or angle of attack)? 8. Here, it can be seen that increasing the area (S) and lift coefficient ( amount of lift to be generated at a lower airspeed (V). Flaps also increase the drag of Aircraft.) SLATS 9. Slats. Slats are like flaps only but extended over the leading edge of the wings.  39 10. Types of Slats. (a) Automatic. T he Slat lies flush with the wing leading edge until reduced aerodynamic forces allow it to extend by way of aerodynamics when needed (b) Fixed. The Slat is permanently extended. This is sometimes used on specialist low-speed aircraft (these are referred to as slots) or when simplicity takes precedence over speed. (c) Powered. The Slat extension can be controlled by the pilot. This is commonly used on airliners. STALL 11. A Stall is a reduction in the lift coefficient generated by foil as angle of attack increases. This occurs when the critical angle of attack of the foil is exceeded. The critical angle of attack is typically about 15 degrees, but it may vary significantly depending on the fluid, foil, and Reynolds number. Stalls in fixed- wing flight are often experiencedas a sudden reduction in lift as the pilot increases angle of attack and exceeds the critical angle of attack (which may be due to slowing down below stall speed in level flight). A stall does not mean that the engine(s) have stopped working,or that the aircraft has stopped moving. The effect is the same even in an unpowered glider aircraft. 12. A Stall is a condition in aerodynamics and aviation wherein the angle of attack increases beyond a certain point such that the lift begins to decrease. The angle at which this occurs is called the critical angle of attack. This critical angle is dependent upon the profile of the wing, its platform, its aspect ratio, and other factors but is typically in the range of 8 to 20 degrees relative to the incoming wind formost subsonic airfoils. The critical angle of attack is the angle of attack on the lift coefficient versus angle-of-attack curve at which the maximum lift coefficient occurs. 13. Flow separation begins to occur at small angles of attack with attached airflow over the wing still dominant. As angle of attack increases, the separated regions on the top of the wing increase in size and hinder the wing's ability to create lift. At the critical angle of attack, separated flow is so dominant that further increases in angle of attack produce less lift and vastly more drag. 14. A fixed-wing aircraft during a stall may experience buffeting or a change in attitude. Most aircraft are designed to have a gradual stall characteristics that will warn the pilot and give the pilot time to react. For example, an aircraft that does not buffet before the stall may have an audible alarm or a stick shaker installed to simulate the feel of a buffet by vibrating the stick fore and aft. The critical angle of attack in steady straight and level flight can be attained only at low airspeed.  40 15. Stalling Speed. Stalls depend only on angle of attack, not airspeed, however, because a correlation with airspeed exists, "Stall Speed" is usually used in practice. It is the speed below which the airplane cannot create enough lift to sustain its weight in flight. In steady, unaccelerated (1g) flight, the faster an airplane goes, the less angle of attack it needs to hold the airplane up (i.e., to produce lift equal to weight). As the airplane slows down, it must increase angle of attack to create the same lift (equal to weight). As the speed slows further, at some point the angle of attack will be equal to the critical (stall) angle of attack. This speed is called the "stall speed". The angle of attack cannot be increased to get more lift at this point and so slowing below the stall speed will result in a descent. Airspeed is often used as an indirect indicator of approaching stall conditions. The stall speed will vary depending on the airplane's weight, altitude, and configuration (flap setting, etc.) THRUST 16. Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton's second and third laws. When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction, the accelerated mass will cause a force of equal magnitude in opposite direction. Propeller A propeller converts shaft power from the engine into thrust. It does this by accelerating a mass of air rearwards. Thrust from the propeller is equal to the mass of air accelerated rearward multiplied by the acceleration given toit. A mass is accelerated rearwards and the equal and opposite reaction drives the aircraft forwards 17. Thrust is the force which moves an aircraft through the air. Thrust is used to overcome the drag of an airplane. Thrust is generated by the engines of the aircraft through some kind of propulsion system. 18. Thrust is a mechanical force, so the propulsion system must be in physical contact with a working fluid to produce thrust. Thrust is generated most often through the reaction of accelerating a mass of gas. Since thrust is a force, it is a vector quantity having both a magnitude and a direction. The engine does work on the gas and accelerates the gas to the rear of the engine; the thrust is generated in the opposite direction from the accelerated gas. The magnitude of the thrust depends on the amount of gas accelerated and on the difference in velocity of the gas through the engine. 19. Acceleration of Gas produces thrust propelling aircraft forward.  41 PROPELLER 20. The propeller blade is an aerofoil and the definitions for chord, camber, thickness/chord ratio and aspect ratio are the same as those given previously for the wing. The propeller accelerates a large mass of air rearwards thereby propelling the Aircraft forward. SUMMARY 24. The flight cadets should thoroughly be conversant with the above basic concepts of level flight for better understanding of aerodynamics.  42 AIRMANSHIP CHAPTER IX- VISIT TO AIRFIELD 1. Visit to Airfield- ATC , Met : Before commencing flying , the cadets need to be taken to ATC & Met Section. At the ATC the cadets are to be shown the Airfield Layout and RT procedures. The basics of meteorology need to be explained at the Met Section for better understanding and assimilation Airmanship is a study of rules and regulations which must be followed both on the ground and in air to ensure safety and proper discipline in flying. It, thus, includes all air traffic control procedures and other actions laid down to deal with any type of aircraft emergencies, and other contingencies 2. Importance of Airmanship. (a) Airmanship helps to inculcate the sense of discipline amongst pilots & other crew members. (b) It helps the pilot to know the standard procedures laid down for the airfield on which he is operating. It helps the pilot to know procedure to be followed in emergency situation. (c) Finally, airmanship when studied in correct sense promotes flight safety and prevents aircraft accidents. (d) Good airmanship ensures a pilot at his best, when the situation is at its worst. BASIC TERMINOLOGIES 3. Aerodrome. Defined area on land or water including any buildings, installations and equipment intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and movement of ac. 4. Aerodrome Reference Point (ARP).It is a designated geographical location of an aerodrome, normally taken as the geometrical centre of Runway 5. Air Report. It is a report passed during the course of a flight in conformity with requirements for position, operational, or meteorological reporting in the AIREP or POMAR forms. 6. Air Route. The navigable airspace between two points, identified to the extent necessary for the application of flight rules. 7. Air Traffic Control Centre. An organisation established to provide: (a) Air traffic control within a control area (where established). (b) Flight information service within a flight information region. (c) Alerting service for search and rescue within its flight information region. 8. Air Traffic Control Services. A service provided for the purpose of:Preventing collisions between ac in the air, and on the manoeuvering area between a/c and obstructions.(Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of traffic. Air Traffic Control Services are provided by licensed Air Traffic Controllers).  43 9. Heading. The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed usually expressed in degrees from North (magnetic). 10. Height. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum. 11. Load Classification Number (LCN). The bearing strength of a pavement or runway is defined by a number. This is associated with an indication of the characteristics and type of construction of the pavement 12. Prohibited Area. Airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas of territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited. 13. Restricted Area. An airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with specified conditions. 14. QFE. Aerodrome pressure corrected for temperature. When set on the altimeter on the ground, the Altimeter should read zero. 15. Transition Altitude (TA). The altitude in the vicinity of an aerodrome at or below which the Vertical position of an aircraft is controlled by reference to altitudes above mean sea level or height above the aerodrome depending on whether QNH or QFE is set on the altimeter. 16. Transition Layer. The airspace between the transition altitude and the transition level. The depth of the layer will normally be insignificant, and will in any case never exceed 500 ft. 17. Transition Level. The lowest flight level above the transition altitude. It will vary in accordance with the relationship between the QNE and the standard pressure datum. 18. Visibility. The ability, as determined by atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of distance, to see and identify prominent lighted objects by night. 19. QNH. Aerodrome pressure corrected for temperature and adjusted to Mean Sea Level, using the ICAO formula. When set on the altimeter on the ground, the altimeter should read aerodrome elevation. 20. Alerting Service. A service provided to notify appropriate organizations regarding ac in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required. 21. Alternate Aerodrome. An aerodrome specified in the flight plan to which a flight may proceed when it becomes inadvisable to land at planned aerodrome. 22. Altitude. The vertical distance of a level, a point or object considered as a point measured from mean sea level (MSL). 23. Distress M e s s a ge. Emergency message to be used when an aircraft is threatened by  44 serious or imminent danger and the crew is in need of immediate assistance. 24. Elevation. The vertical position of a point or a level, above, on or affixed to the surface of the earth, measured from mean sea level. 25. Estimated Ti m e of Arrival (ETA). For IFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the ac will arrive over a de