SCTS 1013 Science Technology and Society 2023-2024 PDF

UNIVERSITY OF SAINT LOUIS Tuguegarao City SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, ARTS, and SCIENCES First Semester A.Y. 2023-2024 CORRESPONDENCE LEARNING MODULE SCTS 1013 – Science, Technology and Society Prepared by: MARVIN C. BACCAY, MST...

UNIVERSITY OF SAINT LOUIS Tuguegarao City SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, ARTS, and SCIENCES First Semester A.Y. 2023-2024 CORRESPONDENCE LEARNING MODULE SCTS 1013 – Science, Technology and Society Prepared by: MARVIN C. BACCAY, MST Course Instructor Revised by: JHON CRIS P. ATTABAN, MST ARL OLIVER C. RICARDO Course Instructor Reviewed by: MIRELLE JEAN A. CARONAN, MST PE, ARTS, and SCTS Head Recommended by: HERBERT S. CORPUZ, Ed.D Academic Dean Approved by: EMMANUEL JAMES P. PATTAGUAN, Ph.D. Vice President for Academics SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 1  UNIVERSITY PRAYER O God, wellspring of goodness and blessings, we give you thanks and praise as one Louisian community. The graces You incessantly grant upon us and Your divine providence have sustained our beloved University throughout the years of mission and excellence. Having been founded by the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, we pray that You keep us committed and dedicated to our mission and identity to serve the Church and the society as we become living witnesses to the Gospel values proclaimed by Jesus. For if we are steadfast in our good and beautiful mission, our works will bring success not only to ourselves but also to those whom we are bound to love and serve. Inspired by St. Louis our Patron Saint, who was filled with a noble spirit that stirred him to love You above all things , may we also live believing that we are born for a greater purpose and mission as we dwell in Your presence all the days of our life. Grant all these supplications through the intercession of Mother Mary and through Christ our Lord. Amen. SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 2 THE VISION, MISSION, EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY, AND CORE VALUES OF THE UNIVERSITY VISION USL is a global learning community recognized for science and technology across all disciplines, strong research, and responsive community engagement grounded on the CICM mission and identity for a distinctive student experience. MISSION USL sustains a Catholic academic community that nurtures persons for community, church and society anchored on CICM’s Missio et Excellentia. EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND CORE VALUES The University of Saint Louis upholds the philosophy that education is for building of self and persons for the Church and the Society. Wisdom builds. To these ends, the following are University of Saint Louis’s core values integral in the formation of every member of the Louisian community. a. Christian Living. We are witnesses to the Gospel values as taught and lived by Christ thus making God’s love known and experienced by all. b. Excellence. We seek and maintain uncompromising standard of quality in teaching, learning, service, and stewardship of school resources. c. Professional Responsibility. We are committed to efficiently and responsibly apply the learned principles, values and skills in the chosen field of discipline, taking initiative and command responsibility in one’s professional advancement. d. Social Awareness and Involvement. We engage ourselves with society by listening to the prevailing issues and concerns in the society, thereby initiating and participating in constructive and relevant social activities for the promotion of justice, peace and integrity of creation and for people’s wellness and development consistent with the CICM charism. e. Innovation, Creativity and Agility. We keep ourselves relevant and responsive to the changing needs of our stakeholders by being flexible, solution oriented, and having cutting-edge decisions and practices School of Education, Arts and Sciences General Education Area SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 3  A.Y. 2023-2024 SCTS 1013 (Science, Technology and Society) DESCRIPTIVE TITLE: Science, Technology, and Society CREDIT UNITS: 3 (54 hours lecture) COURSE DESCRIPTION (as prescribed by CHED): The course deals with interactions between science and technology and social, cultural, political, and economic contexts that shape and are shaped by them. (CMO No. 20, series of 2013) This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in society. Such realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects of our living and are integral to human development. Scientific knowledge and technological development happen in the context of society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and philosophical underpinnings at play. This course seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the students that they are able to live the good life and display ethical decision making in the face of scientific and technological advancement. This course includes mandatory topics on climate change and environmental awareness. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES: CLO 1: Demonstrate an understanding of the meaning of Science, Technology and its significance to the society CLO 2: Develop the ability to distinguish between sound and unsound scientific information CLO 3: Exhibit knowledge of scientific and technological innovations and their impact to the modern society. COURSE OUTLINE: TOPIC WEEK Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science Week 1 and 2 and technology a. In the World: Ancient, Middle and Modern Ages b. In the Philippines c. The Scientific Attitude Intellectual revolutions that defined society Week 3 and 4 3. Science and Technology and Nation Building Week 5 and 6 a. The Philippine Government S&T Agenda b. Major development programs and personalities in S&T in the Philippines c. Science Education in the Philippines d. Selected indigenous science and technologies The Human Person flourishing in terms of science and technology Week 7 and 8 Technology as a Way of Revealing Human flourishing Week 9 The Good Life Week 10 When technology and humanity cross Week 11 Why does the future not need us? Week 12 The information Age (Gutenberg to social media) Week 13 and 14 Biodiversity and the Healthy Society Week 15 and 16 Genetically Modified Organisms: Science, Health, and Politics The Nano World Week 17 Gene Therapy (stem cells) Mandated Topics: Week 18 1. Climate Change and the Energy Crisis 2. Environmental Awareness Other Topics: Alternative Energy Resources (e.g. O-tech Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 4 GRADING SYSTEM: CRITERIA PRELIM MIDTERM FINALS Major Exam – Summative 50 50 50 Classroom Activities 15 15 15 Quiz /Assignment /Homework 25 25 25 Recitation 5 5 5 Attendance 5 5 5 TOTAL 100% 100% 100% REQUIRED READINGS AND OTHER MATERIALS Sr. Veronica Borbon et. al. Science Technology and Society, 2015. Robert E. McGinn et. al. Science Technology and Society, 2015. Janice Serafica et. al. Science Technology and Society, 2018. Kathryn Aldea et. al. Science Technology and Society, 2018. Article: “Reigning in the Weather Anderson, Philip W. “More is Different—One More Time,” in More is Different: Fifty Years of Condensed Matter Physics, ed. N. Phuan Ong and Ravin N. Bhatt, Princeton University Press, 2001. Balakrishnan, Janaki and B V Sreekantan, eds. Nature’s Longest Threads: New Frontiers in the Mathematics and Physics of Information in Biology, World Scientific, 2014. Caoli, Olivia. “A History of Science and Technology of the Philippines,” in Analysis of Conditions for National Scientific and Technological Self-Reliance: The philippine Situation, Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 1986. Dayrit, Fabian. “Sustainable Development: An Evolving Paradigm for the 21st Century,” in Stellar Origins, Human Ways: Readings in Science, Technology, and Society, ed. Ma. Assunta Cuyegkeng, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2011. Ecker, David J. Germ Catcher, Scientific American, 2014. Floridi, Luciano. The Fourth Revolution: How the Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality, Oxford University Press, 2014. Feynman, Richard. “The Pleasure of Finding Things Out: What Is and What should be the role of scientific culture in modern society” in The Best Short Works of Richard Feynman, pp. 97–115, Perseus Books,1999. Gripaldo, Rolando. “The Concepts of the Public Good: A View from the Filipino Philosopher” in The Making of a Filipino Philosopher and Other Essays, pp. 82-100, National Bookstore, 2009. Heidegger, Martin. The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays, HarperCollins, 1982. Hickel, Jason. “Forget ‘developing’ poor countries, it’s time to ‘de-develop’ rich countries,” The Guardian, Online: http://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/sep/23/developing-poor-coun tries-de-develop-richcountries-sdgs. Lehrer, Jonah. How We Decide, Mariner Books, 2010. Maboloc, Christopher Ryan. “Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing” in Ethics and Human Dignity, 15-23, Rex Bookstore, 2010. McNamara, Daniel J. in “A Return to the Beginning,” in Stellar Origins, Human Ways: Readings in Science, Technology, and Society, ed. Ma. Assunta Cuyegkeng, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2011. Rodriguez, Socorro M. “Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political and Social Events Shaping Their Development,” 1996 Von Baeyer, Hans Christian, Information: The New Language of Science, Harvard University Press, 2005. SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 5  CORRESPONDENCE LEARNING MODULE SCTS 1013 (Science, Technology and Society) AY 2023-2024 Introduction to Science, Technology and Society Topic: Nature of Science Interrelationship among Science, Technology and Society Notable Values of Scientists Learning Outcomes: At the end of this module, you are expected to: 1. Activate your prior knowledge about Science and Technology and their influence on Society; 2. Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history; 3. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment; 4. Elaborate on the interrelationship among Science, Technology, and Society through the creation of a diagram or simulacrum. 5. Identify notable values of scientists through the years; 6. Reflect on the application of the scientific attitude to you as a student. Date Topics Activities or Tasks August 14 Orientation/Setting of Expectations Read the General Introduction part August 21-29 Read Lessons (Nature of Science) Intro to Science, Technology, and Society Read Lessons (Interrel. Among STS) Nature of Science August 22-29 Complete Participation Sheet Interrelationship among Science, Teleconferencing Session Technology, and Society Read Lessons August 30-31 Complete the quiz worksheet Notable Values of Scientists Complete the learning task worksheet Submission of outputs LEARNING CONTENT Introduction: Science is said to be as old as the world itself and the exact point of the act to seek knowledge in the planet is dated indefinitely in history. Science has always existed in the world and has been an influential factor in building civilizations through the millennia. Expectedly, being someone who had science classes since primary schooling years, defining science and technology could be a walk in the park. You must already have a clear definition of what science is based on what you’ve learned in the basic education curricula. In this lesson, challenge your previous understanding as we look into the general concepts related to science and technology. By understanding the nature of science, we will define its connection with technology and how these two interweave with society. SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 6  In this lesson, we are also going to appreciate various values that make a successful scientist and try to assimilate and be inspired with these values as a researcher, a student and human person. It may seem to be cliché and cheesy but it is important to be reminded of these in order to further activate and motivate you and your passion to know more and to discover to become the best professional and citizen you can be, for yourself and for the society. I expect you to become, not just informed students, but to be transformed students ready to seek knowledge and to do more with the knowledge that you have! That may be more challenging, especially with this pandemic we are experiencing, but with the right motivation, we can still attain this goal. Let’s go! Lesson Proper: Science as a Body of Knowledge When you were in the Basic Ed, I am sure that some of your teachers had provided you with a definition of the word, “Science”. Can you recall how you defined it? Your teachers, especially in elementary, may have made you memorize a certain definition of Science and it usually includes the thought that it is a body of knowledge through various processes. Maybe, without you fully understand it back then, that is actually a good definition of the word. Science is a body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world. Let us look into the etymology of the word to further strengthen this point. The word Science comes from the Latin word Scientia which means knowledge. Science is therefore a collection of information acquired through various processes such as observation, experimentation, research, inference, and the like. Science leads to the formation of concepts, methods, principles, theories, laws, and procedures which seek to describe and explain nature and its phenomena. (Aldea et.al, 2018) Science, however, is more than a body of knowledge or a collection of information, it is also considered an intellectual, personal, and social activity. The Science Council, a membership organization for learned and professional bodies across science and its applications and works in the entire European Union, had defined science as “Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence.” (Retrieved from https://sciencecouncil.org on August 5, 2019) To further understand the nature of Science, consider the following descriptors: Systematized, Dynamic, Requisite to Technology 1. Systematized – What distinguishes scientific knowledge from false claims or pseudo-sciences? When can we consider a certain idea as scientific? ✔ Science is an intellectual activity. What does this mean? - This statement emphasizes that science encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation. (Serafica et.al, 2018) Science is a product of a series of systematic processes which are highly intellectual activities. ✔ The evidence, data, or information scientifically are reliable and valid because they are products of a systematic set of procedures which include experimentation, observation, research, analysis of results, conclusion, and more. This set of procedures is known as the Scientific Method. The Scientific Method is regarded as a systematic way of solving problems that involves a step-by-step process. SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 7  ✔ Science is an organized body of knowledge because it is gained through an organized/ systematized series of processes/procedures. Chart retrieved from www.sciencebuddies.org 2. Dynamic – Have you ever encountered a certain piece of information that was accepted in the past and was considered scientific but at the moment is not considered as factual anymore? For instance, in August 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) downgraded the status of Pluto to that of “dwarf planet”. (Retrieved from https://www.iau.org on September 2019) This reclassification was based on new evidences collected about the properties of Pluto gathered through new astronomical instruments. These SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 8  evidences presented showed that Pluto has not cleared its neighboring region of other objects, which is one of the criteria used by the IAU in defining a full-sized planet. Thus, these days, we consider Pluto as a dwarf planet and accept the fact that there are eight planets in the solar system. However, before that proclamation, Pluto was widely known and considered as one of the planets of the solar system and was taught to students in science classes. Image retrieved from https://www.space.com Your Thoughts! In not more than 4 sentences, share your insights on this question. A. Was the information about Pluto being a planet which was widely accepted before the 2006 reclassification by the IAU considered scientific? Is it scientific? Yes or no? Justify your answer. Please proceed to the Participation Section of this module ✔ Science is ongoing. Science is continually refining and expanding our knowledge of the universe, and as it does, it leads to new questions for future investigation. Science will never be "finished". (Retrieved from https://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/whatisscience on August 2019) ✔ The example given about the classification of Pluto shows that Science is a body of knowledge capable of changing. Thus, it is dynamic. New information gathered or new theory developed through the Scientific Method may challenge the status quo or the currently accepted body of knowledge. ✔ If the new information/theory is NOT inline or NOT in congruence with the present paradigm/ currently accepted information or theory, it may lead to a scientific revolution. The new “different” information/theory is then considered as a revolutionary science. Revolutionary because it is different from the currently accepted theory or information by most people in the society. ✔ On the other hand, the currently accepted information or theory is called Normal Science. Normal because is the norm or the currently accepted version by most people in society. ✔ Let us consider the evolution of the atomic model from the time of Dalton to the present day. As new information about the atoms, their sub-particles, and other properties are discovered, a new model is proposed and eventually becomes universally accepted in the scientific community with the required evidence acquired through the scientific method and with the help of new forms of technology. Image retrieved from https://www.waterloo.ca SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 9  Your Thoughts! In not more than 4 sentences, share your insights on this question. came B. Cite two instances of a shift in the paradigm about a certain concept in any field of scientific study. What other instances of changes in any field of Pure and Applied Science can show the dynamism of Science? Please proceed to the Participation Section of this module 3. Requisite to Technology – If Science is often described as a body of knowledge, how can we make use of it for practical benefits? How can it become advantageous to us? How can you make ‘what you know’ advantageous? ✔ Most scientists utilize the information they gather from the scientific method and apply it in practical form. The application of the body of knowledge can lead to the development or creation of products and process that we can use to make life easier and better for humanity and for the world. ✔ These products and processes developed and created through the application of the body of knowledge are considered TECHNOLOGY. ✔ Technology is NOT limited to products or materials. It also includes processes or procedures developed based on a certain body of knowledge. The following are examples of processes and the required body of knowledge. - For Education students, teachers and professors, pedagogy or the art of teaching is an application of numerous theories in Child and Adolescent Development, Principles of Teaching-Learning, Language, Ethics, and other fields. - The process of vinegar and wine production requires an in-depth knowledge of fermentation and activities of microorganisms. - Business models and protocols are products of intense feasibility studies and of knowledge and understanding of years of business history, full of successes and failures. INTERACTION AMONG SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Science, Technology and Society or Science and Technology Studies (STS) refers to the interaction between science and technology and socio-cultural, political and economic context which shape and are shaped by them. (Aldea et.al, 2018) Understanding the interaction among these three unveils how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation and how these, in turn, affect society. Image retrieved from https://www.tech21stworld.blogspot.com SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 10 I. What is the relationship between Science and Technology? A. ✔ Technology is also called APPLIED SCIENCE because it requires scientific information in order to be formed/developed. This means that changes in the scientific body of knowledge may lead to changes in their application. Thus, changes in Science lead to the evolution of technology. ✔ Here are some examples of some pieces of information used to form Technology. Information Technology (Products/Processes) Evaporation of water separates water from solutes The process of desalination or the such as salt as well as organism such as microbes removal salt from sea water to present in sea water. acquire drinkable water is done in Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent freshwater-lacking countries such molecules through a selectively permeable membrane as Saudi Arabia and UAE. In the into a region of higher solute concentration, in the plants, evaporation and reverse direction that tends to equalize the solute osmosis are required to achieve concentrations on the two sides. (Campbell, 2011) the goal of desalination. Muscles of the heart function in a synchronized The development of artificial heart patterns as the heart beats to deliver needed is based on the known properties substances in the different parts of the body and collect of the human heart. waste products as it does so through the blood. B. ✔ Advancements in Technology can have a huge impact to the enhancement of Science. Some products of technology are used as tools needed in the scientific method or scientific studies. Instruments and tools are essential in acquiring required and sufficient data in order to prove a hypothesis or to further strengthen a theory. Let us consider the succeeding instances: - Galileo Galilei is often mistakenly credited for the invention of the telescope. The first telescope was actually invented by Hans Lippershey. Galilei’s refinement of his telescope and his systematic use of this instrument made him observe several celestial objects and phenomena and record significant discoveries, some of which were essential to the Scientific Revolution of the 16th - 17th SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 11  Century. Image retrieved from https://biography.com - Scientists position human-made satellites around Earth or in a specific location in space to gather scientific data and information from their communication and transmission signals. Their position is precisely determined using scientific principles like gravitational force and planetary motion. Satellites are also important tools for research in space science, particularly in weather forecasting and telecommunications. Image retrieved from https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs - The first computers were generally used for calculating. Computers nowadays are widely used as tools in researches in various fields of study, from genetic engineering to ethnology, to physics and biology. Computers perform important roles for the research such as sampling, computations, storage and sorting of relevant literatures, data collection, analysis and many more. Image retrieved from https://www.computerworld.com ✔ In the given examples above, telescopes, computers and satellites, which are products of technology, are used in studying certain fields of Science more specifically in the conduct of research or scientific studies. II. What is the relationship between Science and Society? A. SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 12  ✔ “Understanding basic concepts and principles of science and technology should precede active debate about the economics, policies, politics, and ethics of various science- and technology-related challenges.” (Retrieved from http://sciencenetlinks.com on August 2019) ✔ Science aims to improve the society through the determination of prevailing problems and seeking solutions to these problems by means of scientific inquiry and the scientific method. The present body of knowledge and the current state of science in a particular society affect how people think of themselves, other people and the environment. ✔ The amount of information a person knows affects how he/she thinks, acts and ultimately, lives. Societies with more scientific progress tend to have a different approach in terms of problem solving and dealing with social issues than those societies with slower scientific progress. The dynamism of scientific progress also poses challenges and drawbacks to the way humans live. Image retrieved from https://www.barnesandnoble.com B. ✔ Challenges and issues in the society often serve as inspiration in formulating questions for scientific research, and social priorities often influence research priorities through the availability of funding for research. The societal needs are prioritized in most research agencies in the world. We could consider our current situation as an example. A large portion of each nation’s budget is allocated to research agencies in order to fuel the quick development of an Anti-COVID19 vaccine and drugs that could cure the viral infection. ✔ Ethical dilemmas arise with the introduction of controversial research ideas and methodologies. The presence dilemmas vary from society to society and is dependent on societal factors such as norms, culture, moral ideologies, beliefs and religion. Research methodologies, topics and risks from the least to the most controversial include the use of animals for experimentation, data privacy concerns, exposition of acquired sensitive data, involvement of human subjects in experimental researches, the use of human DNA in genetic engineering studies, cloning and many more. ✔ How sensitive or restrictive a society is with their definition of “acceptable and allowable” scientific activities could affect their scientific progress. Therefore, the society, based on their norms, beliefs, moral ideologies, culture and other societal factors, sets and determines the boundaries that could be reached by their science affecting the body of knowledge they could acquire and acknowledge. III. What is the relationship between Technology and Society? A. SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 13 ✔ The continuous advancement of technology has affected the way of life of people all around the world. ✔ “Technological progress has merely provided us with the most efficient means for going backwards.” (Aldous Huxley). B. ✔ The technological advancements in a society are primarily affected by the needs of the people. The main goal of the creation of technology is to provide practical solutions to the difficulties and issues of varied scale faced by the society. For instance, the growing hype for the development of cheaper electric cars is influenced by the current issues and challenges on Global warming and air pollution. Different versions of electric vehicles are developed and released each year and the demand is increasing with time due to the urgency of the concerns related to them. ✔ Same as science, societal factors also influence the advancement of technology. Certain views and attitude of the society towards particular technologies may affect their development. ✔ How sensitive or restrictive a society is with their definition of “acceptable and allowable” technology could affect their technological progress. Therefore, the society, based on their norms, beliefs, moral ideologies, culture and other societal factors, sets and determines the kinds of technology that could be developed and used and the level of advancement they could reach. Image retrieved from https://www.interestingengineering.com SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 14  Lesson-2 Scientific Revolution In the previous week, we talked Science being a dynamic body of knowledge which means that the accepted body of knowledge can change with new discoveries. The new conclusions or theories may lead to an intellectual revolution or a scientific revolution. In our lesson next week, we are going to examine different individuals whose ideas, hypothesis and theories have shaken and dismantled the dominant theories during their times and created a path to a clearer understanding of the world and the universe. Notable Values of Scientists Scientists and philosophers in all periods of time are driven by intellectual and moral virtues as they explore or explored the physical and natural world. Their love for Science and knowledge itself is driven by their deep passion to know and to discover. These virtues or values influence the development of scientific ideas, discoveries and eventually technology through scientists, inventors and philosophers. Good scientists share scientific attitudes, or habits of mind, that lead them to exploration and discovery. The figure above shows the Impact of the Values of the Scientific Attitude to the Advancement of Science and Technology SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 15 1. HONESTY Scientists are not driven by clamor for honor and publicity. Thus, being honest is important in acquiring knowledge as they fulfill their main goal. A scientist who gathers data from his or her work must reflect the truth about his or her findings. Some misguided scientists have fallen into the practice of changing the information they gathered to support a theory or idea that they are promoting. This practice of dishonesty defeats the purpose of science-to understand our surroundings and contribute to a bigger body of knowledge. A dishonest scientist provides wrong information that does not help in the development of science and technology. Intellectual honesty is also an important value. Nowadays, with the age of computers and the internet and the so called “Googling Age”, plagiarism is unfortunately rampant. The habit of copy-pasting and improper or omitted citation are common among students and definitely existing in the research and professional communities. A survey in 2019 by the Psychological Record shows that 36% of undergraduates around the globe have admitted to plagiarizing written material. A national survey conducted in the US published in Education Week 2019 found that 54% of students admitted to plagiarizing from the Internet. (Retrieved from https://www.checkforplagiarism.net on August 2019) 2. CURIOSITY Scientists are inquisitive people. They have the desire to learn thus, they constantly ask questions about what can be observed, what they already know and what they do not know. Curiosity drives scientists to clarify unclear and misunderstood concepts and uncover what is unknown and unidentified. A researcher, for example, may go to a forest or a shrub land and immediately ask, “What’s that plant? Why is it growing here? Why are there differences in leaf coloration of the leaves? What is the soil composition of the area?” 3. SKEPTICISM and CRITICAL MINDEDNESS Good scientists are skeptics, which means that they question existing ideas and hypotheses, and they refuse to accept explanations without evidence. They do not easily believe in any information unless it is backed up by valid evidences and by the scientific method. These traits also help scientists determine what could be wrong with a particular methodology, procedure, analysis or interpretation as well as redesigning the process. Conclusions, theories and hypothesis become more valid and reliable as they are continuously refined by questions and constructive criticism from the scientific community. Image retrieved from https://www. Funbridlingyourbrilliance.com 4. CREATIVITY Creative scientists come up original and relevant ideas that could help in the scientific process. Creativity is often applied with the identification of the research problem. The ability to use the imagination in determining smaller questions and problems drives the scientific process. Creativity is also important in designing the research methodology that should be fit with the locale and the time period among other factors. SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 16 5. PERSEVERANCE A good scientist must never give up. A good scientist must be bold enough to do the impossible. Thomas Edison once said, “Success is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration.” Discoveries do not happen overnight. It takes lot of time, effort, sacrifice, and other resources. A string of failure should not stop anyone from satisfying on his or her thirst of knowledge. 6. RESPONSIBILITY True scientists hold themselves accountable for the consequence of their study. As such, they must exercise caution to avoid negative effects to living organisms and the environment as a whole. For example, medical practitioners study all the possible effects of treatments before they try them on people. This will ensure that the treatment will be safe for the patients who will receive them. 7. DISCIPLINE Scientists follow the scientific method, which is made up of series of steps that was established to ensure the quality of a scientific study. More so, when scientists conduct experiments, they follow a procedure or methodology. A good scientist follows these steps as closely as they can. If things won’t work as expected, that is the time to change it and try again. Making shortcuts or cutting corners to make things easier is not a good idea because it will prevent from finding the mistake made if the process did not work. *** END of the Lesson Proper*** REFERENCES Textbooks Aldea, K, Caronan H.P, and Candido, M.B. (2018). Science, Technology and Society (OBE Ready). Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Book Atbp. Publishing Corp. Serafica, J.P., Pawien, G., Caslib Jr., B.N., and Alata, E.J. (2018). Science, Technology and Society. Quezon City, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI) Quinto, E.J. and Nieva, A. (2019). Science, Technology and Society. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc. Online References http://sciencenetlinks.com/resources/standards/205/290?model=resources http://www.project2061.org/publications https://www.checkforplagiarism.net https://www.iau.org https://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/whatisscience SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 17 Learning Materials 1. Worksheets (teacher-made) 2. Article: The Reilly Center Releases its 2018 Top 10 List of Ethical Dilemmas in Science and Technology by Ryan Palczynski (Retrieved from https://reilly.nd.edu on August 2019) 3. Video: TEDxTalk by Hannu Rajaniemi – The Big History of Modern Science https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcWsjlGPPFQ SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 18  SCHOOL OF EDUCATION, ARTS, AND SCIENCES General Education Area SCTS 1013 (Science, Technology, and Society) 1st SEMESTER S.Y 2023-2024 Name: _________________________________________ Code: ____________________ Yr. & Course: ___________________________________ PARTICIPATION A. Can you think of an example that can illustrate the totalitarian nature of science? (5 points) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ EVALUATION I. QUIZ A. Multiple Choices (15 points) Directions: Read each item carefully. Click on the circle that represents the letter of your answer. 1. Science is a dynamic body of knowledge. Which of the following best supports this statement? A. Science is comprised of a body of knowledge that is capable of changing with new researches or studies. B. Science utilizes a step-by-step process called the scientific method which ensures the reliability and validity of new information. C. The scope of science is vast but the method of discovering information is specific and detailed. D. Science, as a body of knowledge, can be applied to develop products and processes which can address certain goals or problems. 2. Scientific information is a product of a rigorous series of processes. These processes are necessary to make sure that the derived information is valid and reliable. Which of the following descriptors of science best supports these statements? A. Science is a systematized body of knowledge C. Science is broad but specific B. Science is a dynamic body of knowledge D. Science is a requisite to technology 3. Martina read tens of books about anatomy and physiology and observed tens of doctors firsthand and virtually before she could perform her first veterinary surgery. Which of the following relationships is shown in the scenario? A. Science influencing technology C. Society influencing science B. Technology influencing society D. Society influencing technology 4. Anton van Leeuwenhoek developed the microscope and Robert Hooke successfully described the crystal structure of snowflakes. This describes: SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 19  A. Science – Society relation C. Technology – Society relation B. Science – Technology relation D. All of these 5. The invention of the electron microscope had opened Biology to an array of significant discoveries about minute entities and biological systems through the years. What STS connection is most evident in the given statement? A. Science influencing technology C. Science affecting society B. Technology affecting science D. Technology affecting society 6. When can the pieces of information, theories, and concepts that are considered revolutionary eventually be categorized as Normal Science? A. When the revolutionary information is in-line with the popular religion B. When anomalies are determined from the revolutionary information C. When the society accepts the revolutionary information D. When the majority resists the revolutionary information 7. The invention of television in the late 1940s and early 1970s is important means of filling leisure time. This describes: A. Science – Society relation C. Technology – Society relation B. Science – Technology relation D. All of these 8. Which statement/clause below shows a pre-scientific worldview offered by human beings as a basis to answer questions? A. Mathematics provides certainty and predictability of natural phenomena B. Knowledge acquired from philosophical discourses and self-reflection C. Rejection of biblical explanation of observed phenomena to adhere to analytical methods D. Use of technology to resolve crises and test contradicting hypotheses 9. If a theory is challenged by new evidence, which of the following could occur? A. a vote is taken on whether to accept the new C. the evidence is wrong evidence D. the theory could be altered B. the theory is accepted, not the evidence 10. Jeff is a person who always requires pieces of evidence before judging the factuality of a piece of information. What scientific value is showcased? A. Honesty C. Curiosity B. Skepticism D. Open-mindedness 11. During the earlier time of formal science and technology there was no balance of the influences among science, technology, and society. At present, science and technology are not intertwined. A. The first statement is true, the second statement is false. C. Both statements are true B. The first statement is false, the second statement is true. D. Both statements are false 12. Science provides the theories and principles for technology. A scientific theory or law attempts to explain a pattern observed frequently in the natural world. A. The first statement is true, the second statement is false. C. Both statements are true B. The first statement is false, the second statement is true. D. Both statements are false 13. People at present buy or use technological products without a sound scientific basis. From the use of science and technology to meet their basic needs for survival to making life more convenient or easier and comfortable. A. The first statement is true, the second statement is false. C. Both statements are true B. The first statement is false, the second statement is true. D. Both statements are false 14. Science is a product of rationalizing and inferring. The scope of science is vast but the method of discovering information is specific and detailed. A. The first statement is true, the second statement is false. C. Both statements are true B. The first statement is false, the second statement is true. D. Both statements are false 15. STS is the study of how science and technology shape and are shaped by social influences. STS is an important area of study because science and technology permeate every aspect of everyday life. A. The first statement is true, the second statement is false. C. Both statements are true B. The first statement is false, the second statement is true. D. Both statements are false SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 20 C. Essay Writing (10 points) Directions: Answer the question briefly but substantially. Limit your answers to 150-200 words. Criteria: Content – 8 points Grammar – 2 points “Science can never solve one problem without raising ten more problems.” This quotation from George Bernard Shaw describes a commentary on the prevalence of science and technology in our daily lives and their effects on society. What is your view on the given quotation? What are your points of agreement or disagreement with the idea? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ “In all science, error precedes the truth, and it is better it should go first than last.” This quotation is from Horace Walpole. What is your view on the given quotation? What are your points of agreement or disagreement with the idea? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ II. Learning Task: Video Commentary - Reflection Writing Directions: Watch the Ted Talk of Adam Savage entitled “How simple ideas lead to scientific discoveries” where he walks through two spectacular examples of profound scientific discoveries that came from simple, creative methods anyone could have followed - Eratosthenes' calculation of the Earth's circumference around 200 BC and Hippolyte Fizeau's measurement of the speed of light in 1849. Access the video from https://www.ted.com/talks/adam_savage_how_simple_ideas_lead_to_scientific_discoveries?language=en#t-4257 63. SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 21 Write a reflection paper on the limitations of technology and the importance of the scientific attitude using the ideas presented in the video. Limit your entry to 250-500 words. Be guided by the following questions in writing your reflection paper. 1. What limitations in the methodologies undertaken by the brilliant minds were evident as discussed in the Ted Talk? 2. How do those stories of discovery showcase the importance of technological advancement to scientific discovery? 3. During those times, what facets of the scientific attitude made a difference in the successful conduct of those studies despite the limitations of technology back then? How did specific scientific values help in the ground breaking discoveries of those brilliant minds? 4. Is your mind’s capability to discover different from those people? How can you, as a future lawyer, doctor, director, educator or any profession, just like those people, use the scientific attitude to be successful in your field? Consider the rubrics below: Criteria Indicators Depth of Reflection (15 points) The response demonstrates an in-depth reflection on, and personalization of, the theories, concepts, and/or strategies presented in the course materials to date. Viewpoints and interpretations are insightful and well supported. Clear, detailed examples are provided, as applicable. Required Components (10 points) The response includes all components and meets or exceeds all requirements indicated in the instructions. Each question or part of the assignment is addressed thoroughly. All attachments and/or additional documents are included, as required. Structure (5 points) Writing is clear, concise, and well organized with excellent sentence/paragraph construction. Thoughts are expressed in a coherent and logical manner. There are no more than three spelling, grammar, or syntax errors per page of writing. SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 22 ASSIGNMENT - Visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcWsjlGPPFQ - Video: TEDxTalk by Hannu Rajaniemi – The Big History of Modern Science - Visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kq7NHoRnSF4 – Video: How science has driven our technology and economy | John Bally | TEDxCU - Advanced Reading: Copernican and Darwinian Revolution SCTS 1013 - Science, Technology and Society | 23