Lesson 2. Prehistoric Times.pdf

Instructions: Write TRUE if the statement is FALSE and write FALSE if the statement is TRUE. 1. It is fine if your hypothesis cannot be tested. 2. Technology makes life easier for the society. 3. In a society, people live in a social territory and communicate with each other through sign language...

Instructions: Write TRUE if the statement is FALSE and write FALSE if the statement is TRUE. 1. It is fine if your hypothesis cannot be tested. 2. Technology makes life easier for the society. 3. In a society, people live in a social territory and communicate with each other through sign language. 4. Sociology is part of the Natural Science. 5. In science, you ask questions in order to gain an understanding of the events in the natural world. Instructions: Write TRUE if the statement is FALSE and write FALSE if the statement is TRUE. 6. Logia is a Greek word that means arts or crafts. 7. Scientific Method is said to be the backbone of Science. 8. Finalizing your conclusions is the last part of the Scientific Method. 9. Branches of science cannot be intertwined. 10. Society came from the Greek word “Societas” which means individuals belonging to a particular group. DISCOVERY INVENTION Much of the human story remains a mystery because writing has existed for only about 5,000 years. The primary sources of information about prehistoric times are artifacts, fossils, and environmental data. Interpreting prehistoric artifacts is difficult and often based on assumptions. Early Proto-Humans They were known for sharpening objects with silicon rocks. They began to master the use of their hands and fingers. Hominid Tools from East Africa  Hominid vs. Hominin The group consisting of all the A TYPE of Hominid. modern and extinct great apes. The group consisting of modern humans, extinct human species and all our Hominid include... immediate ancestors. Humans Chimpanzees Hominin include... Gorillas Homo Orangutans Australopithecus Paranthropus...and their ancestors. Ardipithecus. -3.85 to 2.95 M.Y.A- “Lucy” - First Hominin Household Name Ape-Like Features: Face proportions similar to apes. Small braincase Long, strong arms and fingers adapted for tree climbing. Human-Like Features: Small canine teeth Au. afarensis are mainly in a plant-based Bipedalism diet, including leaves, fruit, seeds, roots, nuts, and insects. Anatomy of Lucy Skull of Lucy Partial Skeleton of Lucy Laetoli Footprints -3.30 to 2.10 M.Y.A- Has a slightly larger braincase than Au. afarensis. It walked bipedally, but its shoulder and hand bones indicate they were also adapted for climbing. Au. africanus are mainly in a plant-based diet, but also have small animal-based food. -2.40 to 1.40 M.Y.A- Also known as “Handyman”. The first members of the Homo genus and are considered one of our direct ancestors. Created simple stone tools using flaking. H. habilis ate a variety of foods, including some tougher foods like some animal tissues. Body Structure of Homo Habilis Brain size was larger than earlier hominins but still smaller than modern humans. Smaller face and teeth. Still retains the long arms and prognathic face. Homo habilis had a more upright posture and a bipedal gait.  -1.90 to 1.80 M.Y.A- One Important Feature A large braincase size considerably above the upper end of H. habilis braincase size. Originally considered as H. habilis but has... Larger Braincase Longer Face Larger Molar and Premolar Teeth -1.89 M.Y.A to 110,000 years ago- Oldest known early humans to have possessed modern human-like body proportions. Considered one of the first hominin species to have expanded out of Africa and colonized different parts of the world. ⚬ Africa ⚬ Asia ⚬ Indonesia  Important Contribution of Homo Erectus They are believed to have They had a larger brain size been the first hominin species because they were believed to to use fire for cooking, eat more cooked meat. warmth, and protection. -700, 000 to 200,000 years ago- This early human species had a very large brow ridge, and a larger braincase and flatter face than older early human species. It was the first to live in colder climates. The first to routinely hunt large animals, broke new ground, and build shelters from simple dwellings out of wood and rock. -400, 000 to 40,000 years ago- Neanderthals are one of the closest extinct relatives to modern humans. Key physical features: ⚬ Large middle part of the face ⚬ Angled cheekbones ⚬ Large nose ⚬ Shorter and stockier body ⚬ Brain size are comparable to the modern humans. -300,000 years ago to present- The species that you and all other living human beings on this planet. Homo sapiens is the only surviving species in the Homo genus. INSERT YOUR They gathered and hunted food, and PICTURE evolved behaviors that helped them HERE respond to the challenges of survival in unstable environments.  Important Contribution of Homo Sapiens in the Early Period Cave Paintings & Works Acheulean Tools Definite Fire Use Spear Thrower Digging Sticks  Check the interactive timeline here: https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human- evolution-interactive-timeline  Two group of early humans migrated Hominids started moving out of NEANDERTHALS Africa, primarily through the Tried to explain and control land bridges during the cold their world. cycles. Developed religious beliefs and performed rituals. Fashioned stone blades and scrapers. CRO-MAGNONS Migrated from North Africa to Europe. Used specialized tools, Homo erectus was first hominid hunting strategies and spoken to migrate, followed by Homo language. sapiens around 100,000 years ago (some of them might have Thrived more compared to used boats). Neanderthals. People discovered, learned and developed science and technology as the consequence of their search for food, and other survival needs, for practical reasons and even curiosity.  STONE AGE BRONZE AGE IRON AGE EVIDENCE OF S&T during Prehistoric Times  A period during which humans primarily used tools and weapons made of stone. It is the earliest known period of human culture, characterized by the development of basic technologies by our ancestors. PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC PERIOD PERIOD MESOLITHIC PERIOD  Also called “Old Stone Age.” Used simple stone tools, primarily for hunting and gathering. Nomadic hunter-gatherers who relied on hunting animals, fishing, and gathering wild plants. Cave paintings, carvings, and Early human ancestors painting a bison inside a simple figurines are notable. cave during the Paleolithic Ages  Four (4) Fundamental Tool Traditions 1. Pebble Tool Tradition The very first stone tools were naturally broken, sharp-edged rocks that were casually picked up, used and discarded. 2. Bifacial Tool Tradition Refers to a prehistoric stone tool- making technique where tools are flaked on both sides to create a sharp edge.  Four (4) Fundamental Tool Traditions 3. Blade Tool Tradition A prehistoric stone tool-making technique where elongated stone flakes, known as blades, are produced from a stone core. 4. Flake Tool Tradition A technique in which stone flakes, rather than the core from which they were struck, were primarily used as tools.  Also called “Middle Stone Age.” A period of climatic instability, with gradual warming abruptly switching to 1,200 years of very cold dry weather. Have more advanced tools and weapons, including microliths and composite tools.  Many inventions appeared such as A small flint blade or fraction of a blade, needles and thread, skin clothing, often only around 5 mm long and 4 mm harpoon, spear thrower and special thick. fishing equipment.  Reconstruction of a Mesolithic hut, at ArcheoLink in Aberdeen Scotland. Kenny Kennford / 500Px Plus / Getty Images The earliest standing stones at Carnac on the Brittany coast were raised during the Mesolithic period. Thierry Tronnel / Corbis / Getty Images The Neolithic period is significant for its megalithic architecture, the spread of agricultural practices, and the use of polished stone tools. Characterized primarily by: Herding Bronze Adoption of Development of Societies Smelting Agriculture pottery The biggest effect on technology seems to stem from the economic requirements of supporting a larger population. The development of agriculture radically changed how people House Three at the Neolithic village of Barnhouse Settlement, Orkney, Scotland. Constructed and occupied lived. This shift to farming is referred to as the Neolithic 3300-2600 BCE. Revolution.  SIGN US UP! Wait… so you’re telling me we But we just don’t need to need to work actually move all everyday and pay the time to get food? mortgage? Socio-economic and technological transformation involves a shift from food gathering to food-producing.  Human populations around the world independently domesticated and began cultivating a variety of plants. PEAS MILLET SORGHUM SOYBEAN They also domesticated cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, chickens, horses, llamas and guinea pigs.  Paleolithic groups occasionally practiced techniques of weaving (basketry) but only in the Neolithic did the need for cloth and storage vessels expand to the point where textile technologies flourished. Production of textiles involves several interconnected sets of technologies. Used spindle whorls, simple tools that helped them spin fibers into thread or yarn. Natural dyes derived from plants, insects, and minerals were used to color textiles. Pottery almost certainly arose in response to the need for a + + storage technology used plasters Pottery is a “pyrotechnology,” for the secret of pottery is that and mortars in building water is driven from the clay construction, and pottery may when it is “fired,” turning it into have arisen out of plastering an artificial stone. techniques applied to baskets.  People began to use bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, to make tools, weapons, and other items. Bronze was stronger and more durable than stone. This period is marked with the beginning of mining and metallurgy, though crude stone tools were still used.  The Bronze Age was marked by the rise of civilization, states or kingdoms, or large- scale societies joined under a central government by a powerful ruler. Bronze Age states interacted with each other through trade, warfare, migration and the spread of ideas.  The period in prehistory where the dominant tool-making material is iron. Though iron is seen as an inferior metal compared to their bronze counterparts, use of iron became famous.  The disruption of trade routes caused shortages of copper or tin. As a result, metal smiths turned to iron as an alternative. Iron tools made farming easier with tools such as ploughs, and sickles being invented and allowed farmers to exploit tougher soils and try new crops.