Science Study Guide PDF for Summative December 10th

MYP 5 Integrated Sciences Study Guide Level 1: Feeding Relationships & Food Webs 1.​ Feeding Relationships:​ ○​ Producers: Organisms that make their own food (plants, algae). ○​ Primary Consumers: Herbivores that feed on producers (e.g., rabbits, deer). ○​ Secondary C...

MYP 5 Integrated Sciences Study Guide Level 1: Feeding Relationships & Food Webs 1.​ Feeding Relationships:​ ○​ Producers: Organisms that make their own food (plants, algae). ○​ Primary Consumers: Herbivores that feed on producers (e.g., rabbits, deer). ○​ Secondary Consumers: Carnivores that eat herbivores (e.g., snakes, lions). ○​ Tertiary Consumers: Carnivores that eat other carnivores (e.g., hawks, orcas). ○​ Decomposers: Break down dead organic matter (e.g., fungi, bacteria). 2.​ Food Webs:​ ○​ A food web shows the complex feeding interactions in an ecosystem. It consists of multiple, interconnected food chains. Arrows indicate the flow of energy (from prey to predator). Level 2: Food Webs, Nutrition, Producers & Consumers 1.​ Food Webs:​ ○​ Food webs give a broader understanding of how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem compared to a single food chain. 2.​ Nutrition:​ ○​ Autotrophs (Producers): Create their own food using sunlight (photosynthesis) or chemical processes (chemosynthesis). ○​ Heterotrophs (Consumers): Obtain energy by eating other organisms (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores). 3.​ Consumers:​ ○​ Herbivores: Eat only plants. ○​ Carnivores: Eat only animals. ○​ Omnivores: Eat both plants and animals. 4.​ Producers:​ ○​ Organisms like plants, algae, and some bacteria that convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis. Level 3: Biotic vs Abiotic & Kingdoms and Taxonomy  1.​ Biotic vs Abiotic:​ ○​ Biotic Factors: The living components of an ecosystem (e.g., plants, animals, bacteria). ○​ Abiotic Factors: The non-living physical and chemical aspects (e.g., temperature, water, light, soil). 2.​ Kingdoms & Taxonomy:​ ○​ The classification of organisms into kingdoms based on characteristics: ​ Animals: Multicellular, heterotrophic organisms. ​ Plants: Multicellular, autotrophic organisms. ​ Fungi: Multicellular or unicellular, decomposers. ​ Protists: Mostly unicellular, varied nutrition. ​ Bacteria (Eubacteria & Archaebacteria): Unicellular prokaryotes. 3.​ Taxonomy is the scientific practice of classifying organisms into categories (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species).​ Level 4: Modern Classification, Species & Genus, and Scientific Names 1.​ Relevance of Classification in Modern Times:​ ○​ Helps scientists communicate clearly about organisms. ○​ Supports biodiversity studies, conservation efforts, and tracking species evolution. ○​ Advances in genetics and molecular biology refine classification (e.g., DNA sequencing). 2.​ Species and Genus:​ ○​ Species: A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. ○​ Genus: A group of closely related species. Together, the genus and species names form the scientific name (e.g., Homo sapiens). 3.​ Taxonomy:​ ○​ The hierarchical system that organizes living organisms based on shared characteristics and evolutionary history. 4.​ Scientific Names and Classification:​ ○​ Binomial Nomenclature: Each species is given a two-part Latin name (Genus species), which is universally recognized and avoids confusion. ○​ Example: The scientific name of humans is Homo sapiens. Level 5: Photosynthesis and Respiration  1.​ Photosynthesis: ○​ Process: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert sunlight into chemical energy stored in glucose (sugar). ○​ Equation: 6CO2+6H2O+light energy⟶ 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 ○​ Stages: ​ Light-dependent reactions: Capture energy from sunlight, and produce oxygen (occurs in chloroplasts). ​ Calvin Cycle (Light-independent reactions): Convert CO2 into glucose using energy from ATP and NADPH. 2.​ Respiration: ○​ Process: Humans turning oxygen into Carbon Dioxide. ○​ Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water) Level 6: Light Intensity 1.​ Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthesis: ○​ Photosynthesis Rate: Increases with more light, up to a certain point (light saturation). After reaching maximum capacity, further increases in light do not increase the rate. ○​ Limiting Factors: Light intensity, CO2 concentration, and temperature are major factors limiting the rate of photosynthesis. Level 7: Graphs Analysis, Interspecific Competition, and Symbiotic Relationships 1.​ Graphs to Analyze:​ ○​ Graph 1: Shows the relationship between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis. The graph likely shows a curve that increases with light and plateaus. ○​ Graph 2: Might depict interspecific competition, where two species compete for the same resources (e.g., food, space). The graph could show how population sizes change over time in the presence of competition. 2.​ Interspecific Competition:​ ○​ Occurs when two species compete for the same limited resources (food, habitat). It can reduce growth, reproduction, and survival for one or both species. 3.​ Modes of Nutrition:​ ○​ Autotrophs: Produce their own food (e.g., plants, algae). ○​ Heterotrophs: Rely on other organisms for food (e.g., animals).  4.​ Parasites:​ ○​ Organisms that live in or on another organism (host), causing harm (e.g., tapeworms in the intestines of mammals). 5.​ Symbiotic Relationships:​ ○​ Mutualism: Both organisms benefit (e.g., bees and flowers). ○​ Parasitism: One organism benefits, the other is harmed (e.g., ticks on a dog). ○​ Commensalism: One organism benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed (e.g., barnacles on whales). Level 8: Experiment (Photosynthesis) 1.​ Research Question:​ ○​ Example: How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis in Elodea (aquatic plant)? 2.​ Variables:​ ○​ Independent Variable: Light intensity. ○​ Dependent Variable: Rate of photosynthesis (measured by oxygen production or number of bubbles). ○​ Controlled Variables: CO2 concentration, water temperature, type of plant. 3.​ Method:​ ○​ Set up an aquatic plant (like Elodea) in water. ○​ Use different light intensities and measure oxygen production over a set period. ○​ Record data and analyze. 4.​ Validity of the Model:​ ○​ Internal Validity: Controlling variables like water temperature ensures that changes in oxygen production are due to light intensity alone. ○​ External Validity: Results from the lab experiment can be generalized to other plant species or natural ecosystems, depending on how well the conditions mimic nature. Conclusion: Study Tips ​ Understand Graphs: Practice interpreting graphs related to light intensity and species competition. ​ Photosynthesis Experiments: Be clear about how to set up experiments, control variables, and validate findings. ​ Food Webs: Practice building food webs with different ecosystems. ​ Taxonomy & Classification: Memorize scientific naming conventions and the importance of modern classification.