Science Study Guide PDF

Science Study Guide Unit 1: Human Organ Systems Diffusion: - The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. - Occurs in gases, liquids, and solutions. - Example in the body: Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide di...

Science Study Guide Unit 1: Human Organ Systems Diffusion: - The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. - Occurs in gases, liquids, and solutions. - Example in the body: Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Respiratory System: - Organs involved: Nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli. - Primary function: Gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out). - Mechanism: Air enters the lungs, reaches alveoli, and oxygen diffuses into the blood. Blood: - Components: - Red blood cells (carry oxygen using hemoglobin). - White blood cells (fight infections). - Platelets (help in clotting). - Plasma (liquid portion transporting nutrients, hormones, and waste). - Function: Transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste; regulate temperature. Renal System: - Comprises kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. - Function: Filters blood to remove waste (urea, excess salts). - Maintains water and electrolyte balance. - Urine formation: Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Unit 2: Plant Biology Mineral Deficiency in Plants: - Key minerals: - Nitrogen: Needed for protein synthesis; deficiency causes yellowing leaves. - Phosphorus: For energy transfer (ATP); deficiency causes poor root growth. - Potassium: Aids enzyme activation; deficiency leads to weak stems. Photosynthesis: - Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2. - Takes place in chloroplasts using chlorophyll. - Light-dependent reactions (convert light to chemical energy). - Calvin cycle (uses energy to synthesize glucose). Pathway of Water and Mineral Salts in Plants: - Water absorbed by roots via osmosis. - Travels through xylem to leaves. - Minerals absorbed actively; essential for plant metabolism. Carbon Cycle: - Movement of carbon through the atmosphere, organisms, and Earth. - Includes photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and fossil fuel combustion. Unit 3: Speed, Motion and Forces Calculating Speed: - Formula: Speed = Distance / Time. - Units: m/s, km/h. Interpreting Distance/Time Graphs: - Slope of the graph indicates speed. - Flat line: Object is stationary. - Steeper slope: Higher speed. Effects of Forces on Motion: - Force: A push or pull acting on an object. - Effects: Start/stop motion, change direction, or shape. - Balanced forces: No change in motion. Unbalanced forces: Cause acceleration. Calculating Moments: - Moment = Force * Distance from pivot. - Units: Nm (Newton-meters). - Examples: Levers, seesaws. Unit 4: Atomic Structure and Chemical Reactions Atoms: - Smallest unit of matter; consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons. - Atomic number: Number of protons. - Mass number: Protons + Neutrons. Electrostatics: - Study of stationary electric charges. - Like charges repel; opposite charges attract. - Examples: Static electricity, lightning. Reactions of Metals: - Reactivity series determines how metals react with water, acids, etc. - Example: Sodium reacts violently with water; gold does not react. Using Word Equations: - Example: Magnesium + Oxygen -> Magnesium oxide. - Represents reactants and products in chemical reactions. Sorting Substances According to Reactivity: - Metals are ordered by their ability to displace others in compounds. - Example: Zinc displaces copper from copper sulfate. Unit 5: Liquids Water Pressure: - Increases with depth. - Examples: Deep-sea diving, dams. Pure Samples and Mixtures: - Pure substances: Single type of particle (e.g., distilled water). - Mixtures: Combination of two or more substances (e.g., salt water). Solubility and Chromatography: - Solubility: Maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a solvent. - Chromatography: Technique to separate mixtures based on solubility and adsorption.