Science Study Guide PDF

Science Final Test Study Guide………………………………..DUUUUUUUUUUUUHHHH UNIT 0. SCIENCE 1. What is Science? - Science is a way of learning about the natural world. Science is also the knowledge gained through that process. 2. What is scientific inquiry? - Scientific inquiry refers to the ma...

Science Final Test Study Guide………………………………..DUUUUUUUUUUUUHHHH UNIT 0. SCIENCE 1. What is Science? - Science is a way of learning about the natural world. Science is also the knowledge gained through that process. 2. What is scientific inquiry? - Scientific inquiry refers to the many ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on the evidence they gather. 3. Define manipulated variable and Responding variable: Manipulated Variable: In an experiment, the variable that scientists change is called the manipulated variable. Responding Variable: The variable that changes because of the manipulated variable is the responding variable. 4. Establish differences between scientific theories and laws. - A scientific theory is a well-tested scientific concept that explains a wide range of observations. Unlike a theory, a scientific law describes an observed pattern in nature, but does not provide an explanation for it. UNIT 1. SPACE SYSTEMS: THE EARTH IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 1. Describe the two major movements of the Earth: rotation and revolution. Rotation: The spinning of Earth on its axis is called rotation. Revolution: The movement of one object around another. 2. Orbit and Earth’s orbit - An orbit is a path that revolves around the sun. - Earth orbit refers to the elliptical path that Earth takes around the sun at an average distance of 149.597 million kilometers. 3. What is Gravity? Gravity is the force that attracts/pulls all objects toward each other. 4. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation states that every object in the universe attracts every other object. 5. Define mass, weight, Inertia. - Mass: mass is the amount of matter in an object. - Weight: The force of gravity on an object is known as its weight. - Inertia: The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion. 6. Why do Earth and the Moon stay in their orbit? Newton concluded that two factors: Inertia and gravity combine to keep Earth in orbit around the sun, and the moon in orbit around Earth. UNIT 1 PART 2 : THE SUN IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 1. What is the Sun’s interior like? Explain. - The sun’s interior consists of the core, the radiation zone, and the convection zone. - The core: The core is the innermost part of the Sun where energy is generated by nuclear reactions. - The radiation zone: It is a region of very tightly packed gas where energy is transferred mainly in the form of electromagnetic radiation. - The convection zone: The convection zone is the outermost layer of the sun’s interior, where hot gasses rise from the bottom and gradually cool as they approach the top. (This means cooler gasses sink, forming loops of gas that move energy toward the sun’s surface) UNIT 1 PART 3 THE MOON 1. Describe the motions of the Moon. How does the Moon move? Like Earth the moon moves through space in two ways: rotation and revolution. The moon rotates slowly on its own axis once every 27.3 days. The moon also revolves around Earth every 27.3 days. (A day and a year are the same length on the Moon). 2. What causes the phases of the Moon, eclipses, and tides? Phases of the moon: the phases of the moon are caused by the sun's light reflected in the moon’s surface. It’s also caused by the positions of the moon, Earth, and Sun. The Sunlight hits half of the moon with sunlight. Eclipses: When the Earth, Sun, and moon align together it forms an eclipse. There are two types of eclipses: Solar eclipse and Lunar eclipse. Tides: The moon is the main cause of tides. The moon pulls water from the Earth towards it, the water bulges in the direction of the moon. There are two types of tides: High tides: they are the ones which are on the sides of the Earth. Low tides: are the ones that are in the middle of high tides so in the middle of Earth. 3. What happens during a total lunar eclipse, and how is it different from a partial lunar eclipse? When the moon travels completely to the umbra we see a total Lunar Eclipse, on the other hand, in a partial lunar eclipse, the moon passes partly into the umbra of Earth’s shadow. UNIT 1 PART 4, THE EARTH’S MOON 1. Describe the 3 major features on the Moon’s surface - Maria: The moon’s surface has dark, flat areas, which Galileo called maria, the Latin word for “seas”. Galileo incorrectly thought that the maria were oceans. The maria are actually hardened rock formed from huge lava flows that occurred between 3 or 4 billion years ago. - Craters: Galileo saw that the moon surface is marked by large round pits called craters. Some craters are hundreds of kilometers across. - Highlands: Galileo correctly inferred that some of the light colored features he saw on the moon's surface were highlands, or mountains. 2. Compare Earth and the moon in terms of size and surface gravity. - The moon is 3,476 kilometers in diameter, a little less than the distance across the United States. This is about one-fourth Earth's diameter. However, the moon has only one-eightieth as much as mass as Earth. Though Earth has a very dense core, its outer layers are less dense. The moon's average density is similar to the density of Earth's outer layers. 3. What was the solar system like when the moon was formed? - About 4.5 billion years ago, when Earth was very young, the solar system was full of rocky debris. Some of this debris was the size of small planets. UNIT 1: PART 5. TRAVELING INTO SPACE 1. What is a rocket? A rocket is a device that expels gas in one direction to move in the opposite direction. 2. How do rockets work? Like most engines, rockets burn fuel. Most rocket engines turn the fuel into hot gas. The engine pushes the gas out its back. The gas makes the rocket move forward. 3. Establish differences between Orbital and Escape Velocity. Orbital Velocity is the velocity a rocket must achieve to establish an orbit around Earth, unlike Escape Velocity, which is the velocity a rocket must reach to fly beyond a planet’s gravitational pull. 4. What was the “space race”? The space race was a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1950s, sparked by cold war tensions. It began in 1957 when the Soviets launched Sputnik I, the first satellite, prompting the U.S. to accelerate its own space efforts. This rivalry focused on the achievements in space exploration and technology. 5. What is a satellite? - A satellite is an object that revolves around another object in space, the first satellite launched by the USA. 6. What is a space shuttle? A space shuttle is a spacecraft that can carry a crew into space, return to earth, and then be reused for the same purposed. NASA has used space shuttles to  perform many important tasks (repairing damaged satellites, carrying astronauts and equipment to and from space stations, and taking satellites into orbit) 7. What is a space station? It is a large artificial satellite on which people can live and do scientific research in microgravity (work), for long periods. 8. What is a space probe? - A space probe is a spacecraft that carries scientific instruments that can collect data, but has no human crew. 9. What is a rover? Some space probes have small robots called rovers that move around on the surface. A rover typically has instruments that collect and analyze soil and rock samples. BATTLE OF PLANETS BORNE’S planet mars Comic sans is the goat Describe your planet's surface and color My planet's surface is dry, cold and Rocky (not my dog). And it is orange 1. Explain how your planet got its name Mars was named by the ancient Romans for their god of war because its reddish color was reminiscent of blood. 2. Explain how there is potential for life in your planet. why? or why not? EMMA: SATURN 😀 :) Surface: As a gas giant, I don’t have a true surface. I’m mostly swirling gasses and liquids deeper down. While a spacecraft would have nowhere to land on me, it wouldn’t be able to fly through unscathed either. The extreme pressures and temperatures deep inside me would crush, melt, and vaporize any spacecraft trying to fly into me.As a gas giant, I don’t have a true surface. I’m mostly swirling gasses and liquids deeper down. While a spacecraft would have nowhere to land on me, it wouldn’t be able to fly through unscathed either. The extreme pressures and temperatures deep inside me would crush, melt, and vaporize any spacecraft trying to fly into me. Color: Viewed from space, I have an overall hazy yellow-brownish surface, also vibrant red, brown, and white spots, along with bands, eddies, and vortices. My atmosphere contains traces of ammonia, phosphine, water vapor, and hydrocarbons, which contribute to my distinctive yellowish-brown color. In terms of size, I am nine times wider than the planet you call Earth. To help you visualize this, if Earth were the size of a nickel, I would be comparable to a volleyball, showcasing just how immense I am in comparison. Did you know that 764 Earths could fit into me? Cool isn’t it! The farthest planet from Earth discovered by the unaided human eye, I‘ve been known since ancient times. And named for the Roman god of agriculture and wealth, who was also the father of Jupiter. Saturn's environment is not conducive to life as we know it. The temperatures, pressures, and materials that characterize this planet are most likely too extreme and volatile for organisms to adapt to. While planet Saturn is an unlikely place for living things to take hold, the same is not true of some of its many moons. Satellites like Enceladus and Titan, home to internal oceans, could possibly support life.