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Earth’s Spheres Layers of the Atmosphere Lithosphere – Solid, Outer part of the Earth Troposphere – The layer closest to the Earth’s Hydrosphere – The total amount of water on a surface, extending up to 10-15 km above Earth...

Earth’s Spheres Layers of the Atmosphere Lithosphere – Solid, Outer part of the Earth Troposphere – The layer closest to the Earth’s Hydrosphere – The total amount of water on a surface, extending up to 10-15 km above Earth’s planet. Including the water in the air. surface. Troposphere is wider at the equator than at Atmosphere – A layer or a set of layers of gases the poles. surrounding a planet or other material body that is Stratosphere – Lies above troposphere. It extends held in place by the gravity of that body. 15-50 km above Earth’s surface. The stratosphere Biosphere – Part where life exists. is warmer at the top than the bottom. Mesosphere – Layer above stratosphere, extending Rocks and Minerals from 50-80 km above Earth’s surface. The Igneous Rocks – Formed from the cooling of mesosphere is a cold layer, where the temperature magma (i.e. basalt, granite, and rhyolite) generally decreases with increasing altitude Sedimentary Rocks – Formed from the pre- Thermosphere – Extends 80 km above the Earth’s existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms surface to outer space. The temperature is hot (i.e. limestone, dolomite, conglomerate, and shale since few molecules present in the thermosphere Metamorphic Rocks – Formed through the receives large amount of energy from the sun. alteration of pre-existing rocks (i.e. marble from Exosphere – Most external layer of the atmosphere. limestone) Temperature exceeds 2000˚C Terms Related to Rocks and Minerals Ecology Weathering – Breakdown of rocks at the Earth’s Ecology– Deals with the relation of the organisms surface due to action of rainwater, extremes of and their environment temperature, and biological activity Ecological Factors: Erosion – geological process in which earthen Biotic – All living factors in the environment materials are worn away and transported by natural Abiotic – Non-living factors essential to forces such as wind or water. living organisms Lithification – The process by which Population – Number of organisms of the same unconsolidated materials are converted into species that live in a particular geographic area at coherent solid rock, as by compaction or the same time cementation. Community – An ecological unit composed of group of organisms or a population of different Weather and Climate species occupying a particular area. Meteorology – Concerned with the process and Ecosystem – A system that includes living and non- phenomena of the atmosphere especially as a living organisms in an area functioning together as a means of forecasting the weather unit. Weather – The state of the atmosphere Biome – Area of the planet that can be classified Climate – Long term and average weather according to the plants and animals that live in it. conditions for a specific region Solar System Gases Found in the Earth’s Atmosphere Nebular Theory – Describes the formation of our Nitrogen (78%) – Produce nitrate, which are used solar system from a nebula cloud made from dust in protein manufacturing and gas. Oxygen (21%) – Used for respiration Ptolemaic Theory – States that the earth lay at the Other gases center of the universe. Copernican Theory – Stated that the earth and the planets are rotated around the sun. Characteristics of a Planet carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen (photosynthesis). It orbits a star (i.e. Sun) Chloroplast (plant cell only) – An elongated Big enough to have enough gravity to force it into a organelle that contains Chlorophyll. spherical shape Photosynthesis takes place in Chloroplast. Big enough that its gravity cleared away any other Cytoplasm – A jelly like material where the objects of a similar size near its orbit around the organelles outside nucleus are located. Sun. Golgi Body – Packages protein and carbohydrates Other Components of Solar System into membrane-bound vesicles for “export” from the cell. Asteroids – A rock object in space that can be a few Mitochondrion – Called “Powerhouse of the cell” feet wide to several hundred miles wide. Usually, it because they provide energy by breaking down orbits in a belt between Mars and Jupiter. carbohydrate and sugar molecules. Meteoroid – A small chunk of rock or iron that Nuclear Membrane – membrane that surrounds travels through space nucleus Comet – A ball of frozen gases, rock, and dust that Nucleolus – It is where ribosomal RNA is produced is about the size of a small town. It orbits the sun. Nucleus – Contains many organelles like Solar Eclipse – Occurs when the moon passes cytoplasm. The nucleus controls many of the between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or functions of the cell (by controlling protein partially obscuring the Earth’s view of the Sun synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). Lunar Eclipse – It is which the full moon passes Ribosome – Composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic partially or wholly through the umbra of the earth’s granules that are sites of protein synthesis. shadow. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – Covered with Biology ribosomes that makes it look rough. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – Transports The study of life and living organisms materials through the cell. Cells Vacuole – It is filled with fluid. It helps in maintaining the shape of the cell. Basic unit of Life. All living organisms are either Lysosome/Cell Vesicles (animal cell only) – single cells, or are multicellular organisms Contains digestive enzymes. This is where the composed of many cells working together. digestion of cell nutrients takes place. Parts of Cell Cell Theory Amyloplast – An organelle in some plant cell that All living organisms are composed of cells. stores starch. Mostly found in starchy plants like Cells are fundamental building blocks used to fruits. create tissues, organs, and entire functioning Cell wall (plant cell only) – A thick rigid membrane organisms. that surrounds a plant cell and acts as its support Cells arise from pre-existing cells. and structure. Cell Membrane – Composed of thin layer of protein Biomolecule and fat, and plays an important role in regulating the Carbohydrates – Composed of elements Carbon, entrance and exit of substances within the cell. Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Its building blocks is Centrosome – It is where the microtubules are monosaccharides. made. Fats/Lipids – A set of chemical molecules resulting Chlorophyll (plant cell only) – A molecule that can from fatty acids and exhibit high solubility in apolar use light energy from sunlight to turn water and solvents and low solubility in polar solvents.  Proteins – The building blocks of proteins are called amino acids. A large class of biological molecules consisting of chains of amino acids is called polypeptides Nucleic Acids – A chain of nucleotides which stores genetic information in biological systems. It creates DNA and RNA, which store the information needed by cells to create proteins. This information is stored in multiple sets of three nucleotides, known as codons. Cells According to Complexity Prokaryotic Cells – Simple, single-celled organisms without membrane-bound organelles or nucleus (i.e. bacteria) Eukaryotic Cells – Contain a nucleus and organelles, and are enclosed by a plasma membrane. (i.e. fungi, plants, and animals)