EALS Reviewer Quarter II Examination 2024 PDF

# Earth and Life Science Reviewer ## Quarter II Examination **Grade 11 (First Semester)** **SY: 2024 2025** **ABM, ARTS, GAS, HUMSS, & TVL** ## Lesson 1: Evolving Concept of Life ### Concept of Life Theories - **Theory of Biochemical Evolution** - Theory suggests that life on Earth originated th...

# Earth and Life Science Reviewer ## Quarter II Examination **Grade 11 (First Semester)** **SY: 2024 2025** **ABM, ARTS, GAS, HUMSS, & TVL** ## Lesson 1: Evolving Concept of Life ### Concept of Life Theories - **Theory of Biochemical Evolution** - Theory suggests that life on Earth originated through a gradual process of chemical reactions. - **Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vent Theory** - Theory proposes that life originated near underwater volcanic vents, where chemical reactions in hot, mineral-rich water may have led to the formation of the first living organisms. - **Biogenesis Theory** - Proposes that new living organisms can only emerge from other previously existing living organisms. - **The Creation Theory** - A supreme being created all life on Earth, including animals, plants, and humans. - **Spontaneous Generation Theory** - They believed insects arise from dew, fish & frog from mud, fly maggots from meat. - **Panspermia Theory** - That life is originated in space, in spatial ices, and continuously distributed to the planets by comets and meteorites. ### Essential Terminologies: - **Prokaryotes** - Which lack a true nucleus - **Eukaryotes** - Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. - **Trilobites** - One of the earliest known groups of arthropods. - **Cephalopods** - Are an extraordinary group of molluscs that include octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish. - **Cyanobacteria** - Considered one of the earliest photosynthetic organisms on Earth. ## Lesson 2: Unifying Themes of Life - **Growth and Development** - Growth refers to physical and biological changes and Development refers to function and behavioral changes. - **Response to Stimuli** - Example: A plant (like Mimosa pudica) wilting when touched as a defense mechanism - **Homeostasis** - Is essential for maintaining stable internal conditions in all living organisms. Example: Living organisms must regulate internal conditions like temperature and moisture to maintain stability. - Bats have wings adapted for flight (Structure and Function example) - **Organisms adapt to their environments over generations.** - **Biotic (Living Organism) & Abiotic (Non-Living Organism)** - **Energy and Life** - Moving, growing, reproducing and other activities of life requires energy. Energy is obtained from chemical reactions. 1. Energy enters the ecosystem as sunlight. 2. Energy exists in the ecosystem as heat. ## Regulation - **All living things maintain stable internal conditions.** While the environment often varies a lot, organisms act to keep their internal conditions relatively constant in a process called homeostasis. ## Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP is produced by converting food into usable energy. - All living organisms depend on ATP for survival. - Cells in all living organisms require ATP for energy. ## Lesson 3: Perpetuation of Life - **Sexual Reproduction** - Involves two parents contributing genetic information to produce a unique offspring. - **Asexual Reproduction** - Produces offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent. - Example: A starfish regenerating a lost arm to form a new individual - Hydra - Budding - Fragmentation - Parthenogenesis - Binary Fission - Frog animals does not typically undergo internal fertilization. - Starfish animals is capable of reproducing through the process of fragmentation, where a part of the body regenerates into a new individual. - Example: A starfish regenerating a lost arm to form a new individual. - **Metamorphosis Example:** Egg → Larva (Caterpillar) → Pupa (Chrysalis) → Adult (Butterfly) ## Lesson 4: Genetic Engineering & GMO Risks and Benefits - **Genetic Engineering** - Procedure called that modifies an organism's DNA using technology developed in laboratories. - **Bacillus Thuringiensis (BT)** - It is used to control pests like the European corn borer. - **Phenylketonuria (PKU)** - Condition where the body cannot process the amino acid phenylalanine, leading to its buildup in the blood. ### Genetically Modified Concept: - **Genetic Disorder** - Caused by a mutation or alteration in a person's DNA sequence. - **Beta Carotene** - Is nutrient was added to golden rice through genetic modification. - **Galsafe Pigs** - To make their organs safer for transplant into humans. ### Example: - **GM Apple** - A few varieties of this genetically modified crop were developed to resist browning after being cut, helping to reduce food waste. - **GMO Salmon** - That grow faster and require less feed. ### Some Concerns About Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): - Allergic reaction - Toxicity - Potential benefit of GMOs: - Making the product more enticing to eat by improving taste, appearance, or texture. - **Bt eggplant** - Increased resistance to pests, leading to reduced need for chemical pesticides. ## Lesson 5: Organ Systems in Different Representative Animals ### Circulatory & Respiratory System Concept: - The circulatory system supports the respiratory system in maintaining proper gas exchange and overall body function through transporting oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide from the body. - **Circulatory System** - Organ system is responsible for circulating blood throughout the body. - **Respiratory System** - It transport oxygen and remove extra carbon dioxide. - **Excretory System** - It eliminates metabolic waste and excess water from the body. - **Nervous System** - Have the abilities of awareness, thinking, feelings, and emotions. - **Immune System** - Helps protect the body from disease and other health conditions. - **Digestive System** - It is specially designed to carry out its function of converting food into the nutrients and energy required for survival. - **Endocrine System (Pancreas)** – Organ that regulates blood sugar by releasing the hormones insulin and glucagon. It produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and mood. ## Lesson 6: Mass Extinction - **Extinction Concept:** A species can no longer be found on Earth. ### Evidence Of Evolution: - Anatomical - Embryological - Biochemical / Molecular - Fossils ### Comparative Anatomy: - **Homologous Structure** - Same structure but different functions. - **Analogous Structure** - Same functions but different structures. - **Vestigial Structure** - Organs or structures that lost their function in an organism and these structures with no purpose. - Example: Bottlenose Dolphin ### Embryology - All vertebrate embryos start out similar in appearance. This similarity has led scientists to think that these organisms have in a common ancestor. ## Molecular Biology - Amino acid sequences of certain proteins can be used to determine how closely related different species are. ## Fossil Records - The fossils and the order in which fossils and appear are called the fossil record. The fossil record provides evidence when organisms lived on Earth, how species evolved, and how some species have gone extinct. ## Role of Fossils - Fossils help scientists trace the anatomical and genetic similarities between extinct and extant organisms. ## Lesson 7: Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships - **Speciation** – The formation of new species. - **Biodiversity** - The variation in the types and numbers of living organisms found in a particular ecosystem. ### Natural Causes of Extinction: - Acid Rain - Acidic soil can kill plants and animals living in the area. - Climatic heating & Cooling, Changes in Sea levels or Currents, Asteroid Impact, Disease/Epidemic, and Spread of Invasive Species. ### Human Causes of Extinction: - Habitat Destruction, Population, Overharvesting/ Overhunting, and Pollution. ## Lesson 8: Biotic Potential & Environmental Resistance - **Biotic Potential** - Term describes the ability of a species' population to grow or propagate under ideal environmental conditions, with an ample food supply, no diseases, and no predators. - **Carrying Capacity** - It refers to the highest capacity of an ecosystem to sustain a population of organisms without causing harm or deterioration. - **High Birth Rate & Reproductive Capacity** - Is an example of biotic potential that can contribute to population explosion. - **Environmental Resistance** - Factors limit a population's ability to increase its reproductive rate. - **Predation** - An example of environmental resistance factors which is also considered as biotic. - **Increased Predation by Natural Enemies** - Is an example of environmental resistance that limits population growth. **Prepared by:** **Carlo D. Villamor** Earth & Life Science Teacher (11 – HUMSS 1-5) **Checked by:** **Raquel S. Madlambayan** Earth & Life Science Teacher (11 – ABM 1-6)