Science Reviewer 1st Trime PDF

Lesson1:ResisttheChange(p.3-6) Force – Any pushorpull  Appliedforce – Force that is applied through directpushing or pulling  Gravitationalforce – Exerted by gravity  Normalforce – Force that is perpendicular tothesurface anobjectis in contact with.  Elasticforce – Present in springs ...

Lesson1:ResisttheChange(p.3-6) Force – Any pushorpull  Appliedforce – Force that is applied through directpushing or pulling  Gravitationalforce – Exerted by gravity  Normalforce – Force that is perpendicular tothesurface anobjectis in contact with.  Elasticforce – Present in springs  Tensionforce – Present incables,strings,cords,and othersimilar materials.  Frictionalforce – Impedes motion. IsaacNewton  Born on December 25,1642  Developed the3 laws of Motion  Developed thelaw of universal gravitation  Madediscoveries in thefield of infinitesimalcalculus 1st Lawof Motion: LawofInertia  States that a body atrestwill continue to beat rest unless acted on by a netexternalforce. Inertia – Tendency of a body toresist any change inits motion. Lesson2:EmbracetheChange(pp.10-13) 2nd lawof Motion: Lawofacceleration -States thatacceleration is directly proportional to the force and is inversely proportional to the mass F = mx a F = Net external force in Newtons (N) m = Mass in kilograms (also grams) (kg) a = Acceleration in meter per second squared (m/s^2) Lesson3:EqualbutOpposite(p.17-21) 3rd Lawof Motion: LawofInteraction/LawofAction&Reaction- Thisstates thatforeveryaction,thereis an equal and opposite reaction. GalileoGalilei  Born on 15 February 1564  Italian philosopher,astronomer,mathematician,and physicist.  Coined theword “ friction” Lesson4:ConstantlyRoundandRound(pp.23-26) Uniformcircularmotion- Type of motion thatallows anobjecttofollowa circular path whilemaintaining a constant speed. CentripetalForce -Also known ascenter-seeking force,comes from the word century which means center. Centripetalacceleration -Forcedirected to the centre. a = v^2/r a = Centripetal acceleration measured in m/s^2 v^2 = Squareof thevelocity measured in m^2/s^2 r =Radius of thecircular path measured in m  Period – Theamount of time needed to complete1 revolution or rotation; measured in seconds (s)  Frequency -Number of rotations or revolutionper unittime;measured in Hertz (Hz) orrevolution persecond (rev/s) JohannesKepler - Born on December 27,1571 - Born inGermany - Developed the3 laws of planetary motion 1. Theplanets movein elliptical orbits,with thesun inthecenter 2. Thearea law 3. Theharmonic law Lesson1:Work,Work,andAway!(p.35-39) Displacement -How far anobjectis from where itstarted. Power – Rateof doing work P= W / t P = powerin watts (W) W = workin J t =time ins Work -Product of forceand displacement in thedirection of theforce. W= F x d W = work in Joules (J) F = force inN d = displacementin m JamesPrescottJoule -In 1843, determined theamount of work required toproduce a unit of heat. Lesson2:EnergyforYouandMe(p.43-47) Energy -theability to dowork Potential energy -energy possessed by an object by virtueof its position. PE = mx g x h PE= potential energy in J m =mass inkg g = magnitudeof the acceleration due to gravity,which is equal to 9.8 m/s^2 h = height inm Kineticenergy -energy present inmoving objects KE = ½ mx v^2 KE= Kinetic energy inJ m =mass inkg v= speed in metersper second (m/s) Lawofconservationofenergy -states that energy is neither created nor destroyed butis converted from one form to another. Lesson1:TheNatureofSound(pp.54-55) Sound – Produced by vibrations 1. Pitch – The perception of frequency of sound. Frequency is the number of periodic compression & rarefaction cycles 2. Amplitude/Loudness– Themeasure of theenergy of vibration 3. Speed – Which sound waves travel through themedium 4. ReflectionofSound – When sound waves hita surface of a solid, it bouncesback 5. Timbre – Used to differentiatesounds of thesamefrequency. Wave – Any form of disturbancethatcarries energy from one place to another. Mechanicalwaves – Requires a medium for transmission Electromagneticwaves – Does not requirea mediumfortransmission  1. Transverse -The direction of the particles is perpendicular to the direction of the motion of the wave’ s propagation 2. Longitudinal- Thedirectionof theparticles is paralleltothedirection of themotion of the wave’ s propagation 3. Surface- Theparticles travel in acircularmotion.  Crest – Highest point of a wave.  Trough – Lowest point of a wave.  Wavelength -Thedistance between two consecutive crests or troughs.  Amplitude -Theheight of the wavefrom therest position tothecrestortrough.  Restposition– The baselinelevelof the medium when there are nowaves  Compression – Where molecules are compressed or wherethereareshorter wavelengths.  Rarefaction – Wheremolecules arestretched or spread out.  Wavelength- Thedistance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions.  Amplitude -Themaximum distance the particles move fromtheir rest position,indicating energy.  Restposition Kulintang -Composed of five to nine small gongs arranged horizontally. This instrument is played by hitting thesmallgongs. Palendag- Means “ wailing” or“ crying for grief” , is thebamboofluteused in Maranao. Itis played by blowing through it. Palipal- Madeof bamboo,cuttohaveopenings particularly at the middleparts of thebamboo. Played by shaking. Dadabuan- An instrumentthatlooks like a goblet. It isplayed using 2 sticks to tap it,itis famous among Mindanaoans. Kutiyapi/Kudyapi- Aninstrumentwith only twostrings. This instrument is used by the Maranaos and Manobos. Hegelung -A 2-stringed lutewith9 frets. An instrument played by theT’ bolisin Southern Mindanao. Alexander GrahamBell  Born on March 3, 1847  Born in Edinburgh,Scotland  Filed a patentdescribing soundsin 1876 justhours Elisha Gray filed his caveat fora similarmethod.  Awarded patency bythePatent officein thesameyear. Lesson2:SoundandTemperature(p.62-65) v = 331m/s + (0.6m/s ° С)T v= Thespeed of sound in m/s T = Temperaturein ° С GiovanniLudovicoBianconi  Italian doctor  Demonstrated in1740 that, as temperatureincreases,thespeed of sound alsoincreases. Lesson1:WhatisLight?(p.73-76) Light -An electromagnetic wavethatcan travel even without a medium. It is both a waveand a particle ChristaanHuygens - Dutch mathematician - Developed the wavetheoryoflight - Invented the pendulumclock - Discovered the trueshapeof thewings of Saturn. 1. Reflection -Theproperty of awavethatrefers to the bouncingback of waves. 2. Refraction -The bending of light when it passes through differentmedia. 3. Diffraction -The bending of a wavewhen itpasses through a gaporaroundedges. 4. Polarization -Theproperty of a light wavethatallows an unpolarizedlight tovibrateortofocus in One Directionoron a singleplane. Lesson2:WhatistheLengthofthatColor?(p.79-83) Visiblelight – Arangeof frequencies the human eye can detect.  Radiowave – Awaveemitted byradio stations thatis picked up by radios. Used in long distance communications.  Microwave - Common applicationsincludecommunication and cooking.  Infrared -Used in detecting counterfeit money. Used in transferring information and data between phones,in night vision devices,and in thermalscanners.  Visiblelight – Lightthatis detectable by humaneyes.  Ultraviolet -Ultraviolet radiation is emitted by the sun.  X-ray -Used to take animage of your bones and lungs. Used indetecting diseases.  Gammaray -Currently used in the field of medicinefor curing tumours Whenlight passes through a prism, it refracts;it'scolours of differentfrequencies are bent. Red – Has thelongest wavelength and the least energy. Violet – Has theshortest wavelength and themost energy. MaxKarlErnstLudwigPlanck - German theoreticalphysicist - Originated the quantumtheory - WontheNobelprizeforphysics in 1918 Lesson1:ItsGettingHotinHere(p.88-90) Temperature -The averagekineticenergy of a system. Itcan be measured in Celsius,Fahrenheit,Kelvin,and Rankine. Heat -Energy intransit Thermal equilibrium-Thestateof balance. Hotterobjects stop fromgiving off heat when both objects reach thermalequilibrium. AndersCelsius - Swedish astronomer - From Uppsala,Sweden - Invented the temperaturescale. AKAthe centigradescale. Lesson2:TheEffectsofHeat(p.95-98) A. Absorbsheat 1. Melting – Solid > Liquid 2. Evaporation – Liquid > Gas B. Releasesheat 1. Condensation – Gas > Liquid 2. Freezing – Liquid > Solid C. Direct phasechange 1. Sublimation – Solid > Gas 2. Deposition – Gas > Solid Thermal Expansion -The tendency of amaterialtoexpand when heated.