Science Midterm Study Guide PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by GratifiedHolly
Tags
Summary
This document appears to be a study guide for a science midterm exam, covering various biological topics such as homeostasis, phenotypes, genotypes, and different forms of reproduction. It also touches on topics like cell structure, cell cycles, and energy transfer via processes like respiration and fermentation.
Full Transcript
Science Midterm Study Guide 1. What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is the maintaining of internal conditions when external conditions change. 2. What is phenotype? Phenotype is the physical appearance of a trait....
Science Midterm Study Guide 1. What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is the maintaining of internal conditions when external conditions change. 2. What is phenotype? Phenotype is the physical appearance of a trait. 3. What is a punnett square? A punnett square is a model used to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offsprings. 4. What is a dominant trait? A dominant trait is a genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor. 5. What is heredity? Heredity is the passing of traits from parent to offspring. 6. What are genetics? Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring (heredity). 7. What is sexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction is where genetic material from two different cells combine, producing an offspring. 8. What is asexual reproduction? Asexual reproduction has only one parent producing an offspring without sex cells or fertilization. 9. What is a sperm? The sperm is the male sex cell. 10.What are haploid cells? Haploid cells are cells that have only one chromosome from each pair. 11.What stage does a cell spend most of its life in? A cell spends most of its life in interphase. 12.What is the centromere? The centromere is where the sister chromatids are connected. 13.What are the levels of organizations? The levels of organization are cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism. 14.What are the two parts of the scientific name? The two parts of the scientific name are the genus and the species. 15.What is a cell? A cell is the basic and smallest unit of life. 16.What are carbohydrates? Carbohydrates are macromolecules that are long or short chains of sugar. 17.What is facilitated diffusion? Facilitated diffusion is when molecules move across a cell membrane using proteins in the membrane and it doesn’t require energy. 18.What is chloroplast? Chloroplast is the organelle in plants where photosynthesis takes place. 1 9.What is ATP? ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy molecule used by living things. 20.Differences Between Cellular Respiration and Fermentation: Cellular Respiration: No oxygen needed Makes less ATP Takes place in the cytoplasm Fermentation: Needs oxygen Makes more ATP Takes place in the mitochondria\ 21.What is the advantage that fermentation gives to the cell? The advantage that fermentation gives to the cell is it can make energy without needing to use oxygen. 22.What are the three forms of passive transport? The forms of passive transport are osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. 23.What are the six kingdoms? The six kingdoms are archaea, protista, eubacteria, fungi, plantae, and animalia. 24.Why are scientific names important? Scientific names are important because they can be universally understood. 25.What doVulpes lagopus and Vulpes vulpeshave in common? WhatVulpes lagopus and Vulpes vulpeshave in commonis they have the same genus. 26.What are four tissues found in animals? The four tissues found in animals are muscle, nerve, epithelial, and connective. 27.What are the two stages of the cell cycle? The two stages of the cell cycle are interphase and mitotic. 28.Phases of Mitosis: Prophase Copied DNA condense into chromosomes The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear membrane breaks down Spindle fibers begin to form Metaphase: Chromosomes line up the center of the cell Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate Spindle fibers begin to shorten, pulling chromatids apart The cell begins to lengthen Telophase A nuclear membrane forms around the chromatin Chromosomes begin to rewind and spindle fibers begin to break down Two identical nuclei form 29.Phases of Meiosis: Prophase I Nuclear membrane breaks apart Chromosomes condense and form homologous pairs Metaphase I Homologous chromosomes line up along the center of the cell Spindle fibers attach to each chromosome Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell Telophase I Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes The cytoplasm divides, forming two daughter cells Prophase II Nuclear membrane breaks apart Metaphase II Sister chromatids line up along the center of the cell Anaphase II Sister Chromatids of each chromosome begin to separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cells Telophase II A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromatids The cytoplasm divides 3 0.Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction: Advantages Genetic variation Selective breeding Disadvantages: Organisms have to grow to be a certain age before they can reproduce Organisms have to find a mate Organisms can only reproduce during certain times of the year 31.If you had to pick, what is the most important organelle in a cell, and why? I would pick the nucleus as the most important organelle in a cell because it is the largest organelle that directs cell activities and contains the genetic information. The nucleus is also the brain/control center of a cell and makes ribosomes. 32.Who is the “Father of Genetics”? The “Father of Genetics” is Mendle. 33.What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous? The difference is homozygous is when two alleles are both different, and homozygous is when both alleles are the same, either both dominant or recessive. 34.What is the characteristic genotypic and phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross? The characteristic genotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross is 1:2:1 and the phenotypic ratio is 3:1. 35.What is the characteristic phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross? The characteristic phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1. 36.Pedigree: What Symbols Mean: A square is a male and a circle is a female. If they’re connected by a line, it means they’re married. If a circle or square is filled in, it means that the individual has the genetic trait. If a circle or square is only half filled in, it means that the individual is a carrier/hybrid for the genetic trait. The Roman Numerals show the generation and children are down from their parents.
