Organic Compounds Study Guide PDF

# Study Guide for Test 3: Organic Compounds ## Organic Compounds Compounds containing the elements carbon and hydrogen and oxygen ## Monomers and Polymers - Monomers are small organic molecules that are the "building blocks" of large organic molecules called polymers. - Polymers are made of two or...

# Study Guide for Test 3: Organic Compounds ## Organic Compounds Compounds containing the elements carbon and hydrogen and oxygen ## Monomers and Polymers - Monomers are small organic molecules that are the "building blocks" of large organic molecules called polymers. - Polymers are made of two or more monomers held together by covalent bonds. ## Two types of chemical reactions make and break polymers: - **Dehydration synthesis:** - The chemical reaction that makes polymers out of monomers by removing water to make covalent bonds between the monomers. - **Hydrolysis:** - The chemical reaction that breaks polymers into monomers by adding water to the polymer to break covalent bonds. ## Four Groups of organic molecules make up living things: Practice filling this information into the Table of Organic Compounds posted on Schoology. ### 1. Carbohydrates - **Elements:** CHO in a 1:2:1 ratio - **Monomers:** Monosaccharides (simple sugars). Glucose is an example. - **Polymers:** polysaccharides. - **Examples:** starch, cellulose, and glycogen. - **Functions:** Short term energy ### 2. Lipids - **Elements:** CHO not in a 1:2:1 ratio. Very little O - **Monomers:** Fatty acids - **Polymers:** triglycerides - **Examples:** fat, oils, wax, steroids, phospholipids - **Functions:** Stored energy. Phospholipids make up cell membranes. ### 3. Proteins - **Elements:** CHON (PS) sometimes contain P and/or S - **Monomers:** amino acids There are 20 different amino acids - An amino acid has 5 parts: 1. C atom in the center 2. An H atom 3. An amine group NH2 4. A carboxyl group COOH 5. An R group - The R group is a variable. There are 20 different groups of CHON atoms here, sometimes including S or P, and having varying lengths - **Polymers:** polypeptides - **Examples:** muscle, hair, nails, antibodies, enzymes - **Functions:** body structures, fighting disease, speeding up reactions ### 4 levels of Protein Structure: - **primary structure** - straight chain of amino acids - **secondary structure** - coiled chain of amino acids - **tertiary structure**- folded coiled chain of amino acids - **quaternary structure** - tertiary structure joins with 1 or more other tertiary structures - Shape of a protein determines its function. - **Denaturation** - a protein loses its shape (tertiary or quaternary structure) if it is exposed to extreme changes in temperature or pH. ### 4. Nucleic Acids - **Elements:** C, H, O, N, P - **Monomers:** nucleotides - A nucleotide is made of 3 parts: 1. Sugar 2. Phosphate 3. Nitrogen base (either A, T, C, G, or U) - **Polymers:** polynucleotides - **Examples:** DNA and RNA - **Functions:** - DNA contains genes, which are instructions for making proteins. - RNA helps DNA make proteins ## Comparison between DNA and RNA - **DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid** - The sugar is Deoxyribose - The nitrogen bases are A, T, C, and G. - DNA is made of two strands of nucleotides that form a twisted ladder shape called a double helix. - The nitrogen bases form the "rungs" of the ladder by pairing up: A-T C-G - **RNA = Ribonucleic Acid** - The sugar is Ribose - The nitrogen bases are A, U, C, and G. (There is no T, U is in its place) - RNA contains Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T) - RNA has one strand of nucleotides ## Short Answer 1: Be able to compare and contrast DNA and RNA as shown above. ## Enzymes - An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst. Catalysts speed up chemical reactions without getting "used up" in the reaction. - Enzymes are REUSABLE. - **Active site** - the part of the enzyme that fits together with the substrate - **Substrate** - the substance that undergoes the chemical reaction and changes into a different substance. - The shape of an enzyme determines its function. - A particular enzyme will work with only one substrate. Enzymes are SPECIFIC. - Enzymes (like all proteins) are affected by pH and temperature. If these things change significantly, then the shape of the enzyme will change. - **Denaturation** - the change of a protein's shape caused by extreme heat or pH - If an enzyme denatures it will no longer work to catalyze a reaction. ## Short Answer 2: Be able to use the terms above to explain what happened in our enzyme lab. *See posted Enzyme lab with Answers ## Study Resources on Schoology **Biochemistry page:** - Notes: Molecules of Life pages 2, 7-8, 12-13, 17, 23, 30-35, 37 - Notes: Enzymes pages 2, 3, 6-8, 12 - Organic Molecules Table with answers - Protein Worksheet with answers - DNA and RNA review sheet with Answers - Enzyme Worksheet with Answers - Enzyme Lab with Answers - BioMan Games - Kahoot Game - Quizizz Game