Science - Junior 4, First Term, Adaptation Notes PDF

2022/2023  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Adaptation - Living organisms face some problems during life as the climate (cold or hot) and water amount. - They must adapt with these changes to survive.  in hot sunny day, organis...

2022/2023  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Adaptation - Living organisms face some problems during life as the climate (cold or hot) and water amount. - They must adapt with these changes to survive.  in hot sunny day, organisms protect themselves by different ways: - 1- Starred agama lizard: - live in desert - Keep itself cool by finding shaded area. 2- Palm leaves: covered with waxy layer to protect them. 3- Human being: - using umbrella and light clothes. Adaptation: some changes that help living organisms to survive and reproduce in the ecosystem.  ecosystem: area that contain living and non-living things interact with each other. Adaptation: ‫تكيف‬ face: ‫يواجه‬ climate: ‫مناخ‬ Protect: ‫يحمى‬ survive :‫ينجو‬ reproduce:‫يتكاثر‬ 1  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Adaptation in animals 1- Penguin - Penguins live in Antarctica (very cold place).  Penguin body has: - 1. Insulating fat layer. 2. Thick feathers. - To keep its body warm. (trap warm air).  Penguin feet have no feathers, but also don’t freeze. G.R? - Due to the way of blood movement (penguin feet have blood vessels). - Cold blood moves up from feet to body. - Warm blood moves down from body to feet. - Warm vessels weave around cold ones to keep their feet warm. Insulating: ‫عازل‬ feathers: ‫ريش‬ layer: ‫طبقة‬ due to: ‫بسبب‬ Freeze: ‫يتجمد‬ movement: ‫حرك‬ blood vessels: ‫أوعية دموية‬ Weave: ‫تلتف‬ keep: ‫يحفظ‬ trap: ‫يحبس‬ 2  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Camouflage - It’s a way of adaptation in which: - - Organism use the color of surrounding to hide: - - From predators: to not be hunted. - from preys: to hunt them. 1) Polar bear: - (arctic or polar climate) - It has white and thick fur. G.R? - White to blend in with snow, Thick to keep its body warm. 2) Brown and dark bear: -(forest) - they Have dark or brown fur to help them hide among trees during hunting. 3) Caracal and fennec fox: -(desert) - They have a sandy colored fur to help them hide in desert. 4) Some types of lizards live in desert. - They have colorful scales to make them hidden among rocks. Camouflage: ‫تمويه‬ surrounding: ‫البيئة المحيطة‬ hide: ‫يختبئ‬ predator: ‫مفترس‬ Prey: ‫فريسة‬ thick: ‫سميك‬ among: ‫بين‬ forest: ‫غابة‬ during:‫أثناء‬ Scales: ‫حراشيف‬ sandy: ‫رملى‬ caracal: ‫قط برى‬ 3  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 2) types of adaptation Structural (physical) adaptation: Behavioral adaptation: change in change in the structure of body the behavior of group of help the organism to survive. organisms to survive. (body parts) (animal’s actions) Examples: - Examples: - {sandy colored fur of fennec fox - {panting – migration of birds at blood vessels in penguin –teeth of certain time} cow}  Adaptation in animals: - 1- Fennec fox: -it lives in hot and dry desert. Structural adaptation Behavioral adaptation 1. It has tan-colored fur: 1- It pants like dogs - To hide in desert. - to cool its body - To protect it from sun. 2. It has a large ear 2- It Live in burrows - to cool its body by losing - to stay cool at day. heat. 3. It has special shape of ears for 3- Eat different kinds of food. G.R? good hearing sense. -because it’s hard to find food in - For hunting desert. ( insects – fruit – roots – remains of prey) Structural: ‫ تركيبى‬behavioral: ‫سلوكى‬ burrows: ‫شقوق‬ Panting: ‫( اللهث‬take breath about 700 times per minute). 4  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 2- Arctic fox: live in tundra. (dry desert) - Temperature (50°C below zero) in winter. Structural adaptation Behavioral adaptation 1. It has thick fur 1- Live in burrows - to stay warm in cold climate. - to stay warm at night. 2. His fur color changes by season - White in winter - brown in summer 3. It has a short ears and legs 2- Eat different kinds of food. G.R? - to stay warm. -because it’s hard to find food in 4. It has special shape of ears for desert. good hearing sense. ( insects – fruit – roots – remains of prey) 3- Bull shark: - - Most sharks live only in salt water. - Bull shark can live in both fresh and salt water, so it can find food easily in fresh water as there is no other sharks there. Structural adaptation Behavioral adaptation 1. Can live in fresh water. 1- Eat different kinds of food As it lives in Fresh and salt water 2. It has a dark back and white belly 2- Hunt at day and night. - To hide from preys by camouflage - So its prey cannot predict time strategy (countershading) of next attack. 3. It has sharp teeth: - - To cut its prey. Remains:‫بقايا‬ bull shark: ‫قرش الثور‬ belly: ‫بطن‬ Counter shading: ‫ تباين لونى‬predict: ‫يتنبأ‬ sharp:‫حادة‬ 5  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 4- Panther chameleon. ) tropical rain forest( - There are many types of lizard in different environments. - Lizards from reptiles. Their body covered with scales Structural adaptation Behavioral adaptation 1. It has brightly colored scales. - It doesn’t have teeth or claws - To hide among leaves and flowers. but in danger cases it can defend 2. its eyes move in opposite directions. itself by: - - One eye search for food and the other eye looks out for danger. 1- Blow its body with air. 3. It has very long sticky tongue. 2- Open its mouth wide. - For hunting 3- Change the color of scales. 4. V-shaped feet and tail like hand. -to scare its enemies. To stick with branches and catch things 3) adaptation in plants - plants grow every place sunlight can reach even in the bottom of sea. - plants have structural and behavioral adaptation to survive in different environments. Panther chameleon: ‫حرباء النمر‬ reptiles: ‫زواحف‬ covered with: ‫مغطى ب‬ Bright: : ‫المع‬ opposite: ‫مقابل‬ direction: ‫اتجاه‬ sticky: ‫الصق‬ Branches: ‫فروع‬ defend: ‫يدافع‬ bottom: ‫قاع‬ 6  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 1- Acacia tree. (umbrella shape) - It grows in savannah forest in south Africa. - Savannah forest is a grassland with mild temperature. - It characterized by lack of water during dry season (last for 6 months). - Only acacia trees can be seen among grass. G.R? - Due to drought conditions. Structural adaptation Behavioral adaptation 1. Very long root (taproot) 1- Produce poison - Root extends deeply up to 35 meters - that make leave`s taste search for water. very bad. 2. Very long trunk. 2- Send smelly message to - So animals can`t reach leaves except warn another acacia trees giraffe. to produce the same - Store water as camel hump store fat. poison. 3. Tiny leaves. To hold water and absorb sunlight. 4. Sharp spines to protect it from animals. Acacia: ‫شجرة السنط المظلى‬ grassland: ‫مراعى‬ lack of water: ‫نقص المياه‬ taproot: ‫جذر رئيسى‬ Drought: ‫جفاف‬ last for: ‫يستمر لمدة‬ mild temperature: ‫حرارة معتدلة‬ extend: ‫يمتد‬ Trunk: ‫جذع‬ hump:‫سنام الجمل‬ store: ‫يخزن‬ Spines: ‫أشواك‬ poison: ‫سم‬ Warn: ‫يحذر‬ tiny: ‫صغيرة‬ Absorb: ‫يمتص‬ smelly message: ‫رسالة ذات رائحة‬ 7  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 2) kapok tree (umbrella shape) - it grows in amazon rainforest in Brazil. - in amazon, it’s easy to find water as it rains most of the year. - it’s hard for plants to reach sunlight. - there are soggy soil and strong wind. - trees grow up to 70 meters. Structural adaptation Behavioral adaptation 1. Large and wide roots (buttress roots) 1- It Sends smelly message in air - Roots grow high on trunk up to 5 to attract bats to help it in meters to hold the tree firmly. reproduction. 2. It has hand-shaped leaves. 2- It uses wind to carry its fluffy - To allow wind move gently through it. yellow seeds.  Plants differ in shape of their root, stem and leaves to adapt with the conditions of their environments.  If the plant placed in different environment, - It may die or may adapt with the new conditions to survive. Reach: ‫يصل إلى‬ soggy: ‫طينية‬ buttress roots: ‫جذور داعمة‬ Firmly: ‫بقوة‬ attract: ‫يجذب‬ reproduction: ‫تكاثر‬ Gently: ‫برفق‬ fluffy: ‫رقيق‬ conditions: ‫ظروف‬ 8  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Botanist: the scientist who study plants. Plant Habitat Adaptation Help plant to: - Mangrove. Salt Long and strong roots. Resist strong waves. water Waterlily. Wetland Wide floating leaves. Absorb a big amount of sunlight. Palm tree. desert Thick root and small Resist strong wind. leaves. Pine tree Snow - Triangular shape. - Allow snow slide. - Short branches. - Branches don’t - Needle leaves. break - Prevent losing water. Barbary fig Desert Sharp spines - Prevent animal from eating leaves. Resist: ‫يقاوم‬ wide:‫عريض‬ thick: ‫سميك‬ slide: ‫ينزلق‬ Triangular: ‫مثلث‬ needle leaves: ‫أوراق إبرية‬ waterlily: ‫اللوتس‬ Prevent: ‫يمنع‬ barbary fig: ‫تين شوكى‬ botanist: ‫عالم النبات‬ 9  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 4)Digestive system  The body is consisting of group of systems; each system has a specific function. - System is (group of organs that working together to perform specific function).  We eat food to get energy. - To do activities (walking – running and talking) - To do internal function (heart beats 100,000 times – thinking …).  Digestive system and respiratory system are working together to get energy.  Digestive system: - - The system responsible for breaking down food into small parts.  Digestion process: - - The process of breaking down food into small parts to be absorbed inside the body.  Organs of digestive system: - 1. Mouth 2. throat 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small intestine 6. Large intestine Anus Consist of: ‫يتكون من‬ organs: ‫أعضاء‬ function: ‫وظيفة‬ perform: ‫يؤدى‬ Throat: ‫البلعوم‬ esophagus: ‫مرئ‬ stomach: ‫معدة‬ small intestine: ‫أمعاء دقيقة‬ Large intestine: ‫أمعاء غليظة‬ anus: ‫فتحة الشرج‬ responsible for: ‫مسؤول عن‬ 10  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 - Digestive system starts with ……………… and ends with ……………….. 1- Mouth: contain teeth, tongue and saliva. Teeth Crush food during chewing. Tongue Mix food with saliva. Saliva - Help in digestion. - Facilitate swallowing (moistens food). 2- Esophagus: - Long muscular tube used to transfer food from throat to stomach. 3- Stomach: - Muscular organ mix food with stomach acid and digestive juices. - Food become soupy liquid inside stomach. - Food stay inside stomach few hours then moved to small intestine. 4- Small intestine: - - Long winding tube more than six meters. - Pancreas and liver pour juices into small intestine. - It Breaks down food into simple nutrients. - Complete the digestion and absorb digested food by inner walls. 5- Large intestine: - - A tube that starts with end of small intestine and end with anus. - Absorb water from undigested material so they become solid wastes that come out through anus.  To keep the digestive system healthy: - 1. Chewing food well. 2. Don’t eat much fast meals. 3. Drink a lot of water. 4. Practice sports regularly. Chewing: ‫مضغ‬ saliva: ‫لعاب‬ moisten: ‫يبلل‬ facilitate: ‫يسهل‬ Swallowing: ‫البلع‬ transfer: ‫ينقل‬ muscular: ‫عضلى‬ pour: ‫يصب‬ Nutrients: ‫عناصر غذائية‬ practice: ‫ يمارس‬regularly: ‫بانتظام‬ 11  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Respiratory system  It is the system responsible for breathing.  It supplies body with oxygen gas and gets rid of carbon dioxide gas.  It consists of: - 1- Nose. 2- Throat. 3- Trachea. 4- Two lungs. 5- Diaphragm.  How respiratory system work? 1- Air enter the body through nose or mouth then down to throat. 2- air passes through trachea into two lungs. 3- Trachea is branched into two bronchi inside lungs. 4- two bronchi are divided into smaller tubes called bronchioles. 5- at the end of each bronchiole, there are air sacs (alveoli) to extract oxygen from air surrounded by blood vessels. Respiration process: pulling air with oxygen gas into the body and pushing air with carbon dioxide gas out of the body. Respiratory system:‫ الجهاز التنفسى‬supply: ‫يمد‬ get rid of: ‫يتخلص من‬ Pass: ‫يمر‬ trachea: ‫قصبة هوائية‬ two bronchi: ‫شعبتان هوائيتان‬ Bronchioles: ‫شعب هوائية‬ air sacs: ‫حويصالت هوائية‬ extract: ‫يستخرج‬ 12  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  We cannot store more oxygen inside our bodies so we must keep take in new oxygen.  Carbon dioxide is a harmful gas, so we must expel it out of the body. - Oxygen enters the lungs during inhalation and blood transfer it to all the body.  Respiration process include inhalation and exhalation. - Inhalation and exhalation are directed by large muscle at the base of ribs called diaphragm. Inhalation Exhalation Diaphragm contract and moves Diaphragm relax and moves down. up. Size of chest increase. Size of chest decrease. Air rich in oxygen. Air rich in carbon dioxide. - How can we keep respiratory system healthy? 1.breathing clear air. 2. Avoid smoking 3.eating fruits rich in vitamin C such as orange and guava.  How fish breath. - Fish can live under water but human not. - Fish have gills to breath instead of lungs in human. - Gills found on both sides of head under bony flaps That can open and close. - Gills considered a …………………adaptation to extract oxygen from water. - As human need clean air also fish need clean water to breath. Harmful: ‫ضار‬ expel out: ‫يطرد‬ during: ‫أثناء‬ inhalation: ‫شهيق‬ Exhalation: ‫زفير‬ contract: ‫ينقبض‬ relax:‫يرتخى‬ Ribs: ‫ ضلوع‬avoid: ‫يتجنب‬ gills: ‫خياشيم‬ bony flabs: ‫ألواح عظمية‬ 13  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Human change the environment. - There are two types of change according to occurrence time: - 1- Slow change, so the organisms have time to adapt over generations. 2- Rapid change, so the organism can move, disappear, die or even extinct. - Changes that occur by nature: - 1. Change in temperature. 2. Change in Rainfall amount. 3. Severe weather (wind). 4. Wildfire and floods. - Ecosystem Changes that caused by human activities: - 1. Cutting down forests. 2. Clearing grasslands and building communities. 3. Introducing plants and animals not belong to the ecosystem. 4. Cars and factories exhausts cause air pollution. 5. Throwing wastes in water (water pollution). 6. Watering soil with polluted water (soil pollution). - Impacts of human activities: - 1- On animals, they can survive by moving to better place. 2- Plants, they depend on their seeds to land and grow in suitable place. 3- On human: - - Hard to breath because of air pollution. - Hard to find drinking water (water pollution). - Crops affected by air, water and soil pollution. - Exposure to high level of air pollution for long time can damage the lungs, and cause asthma and heart problems. Slow: ‫بطئ‬ rapid: ‫سريع‬ impact: ‫تأثير‬ die: ‫يموت‬ suitable: ‫مناسب‬ Disappear: ‫يختفى‬ extinct: ‫ينقرض‬ pollution: ‫تلوث‬ asthma: ‫الربو‬ Severe: ‫شديد‬ plowing: ‫تجريف‬ exhausts: ‫عوادم‬ 14  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  How can we restore the ecosystem? - Replanting forests. - Removing pollutants from air and water. - Preserving animals and plants in their ecosystems.  Amphibians - They are small animals such as frogs, toads and salamanders. - They can live in moist environments like rainforests and ponds. - Like human, adult amphibians can Breath using lungs. - But also they can survive under water Using their skin to extract oxygen. - They are very sensitive to any pollution and there are about 90 species become extinct in last 20 years. - 124 species of amphibians are endangered. - Amphibians considered as endangered species so we should protect them by removing pollutants. Restore: ‫يستعيد‬ preserving: ‫حفظ‬ amphibians: ‫برمائيات‬ Pond: ‫بركة مياه‬ sensitive: ‫حساس‬ endangered:‫مهدد باالنقراض‬ 15 Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Concept two Senses at work 16  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Senses at work  Living organisms have senses to get information from the surrounding and communicate with each other. Sense. Sensory organ. Hearing Ear Sight Eye Smell Nose Touch Skin taste Tongue  Sometimes, senses become different in strength from animal to another such as: - 1. Owl: has extraordinary hearing and sight. 2. Dog: has extraordinary hearing and smell. The Egyptian mongoose make sounds to communicate with each other. Senses: ‫حواس‬ sight: ‫بصر‬ taste: ‫تذوق‬ strength: ‫قوة‬ Extraordinary: ‫فائق‬ Egyptian mongoose: ‫النمس المصرى‬ Communicate: ‫يتواصل‬ information: ‫معلومات‬ 17  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Dolphin super senses(hearing)  Hearing is very important sense for all organisms.  Sense of hearing help us to gather information from the surrounding environment.  Living organisms are different in their hearing strength.  Dolphins super senses help Them to: - 1- Survive. 2- Search for food. 3- Defend themselves.  Dolphin can hear all sound tones. Complete the following?  the sharpest sense that dolphin have is ………… important: ‫مهم‬ gather information: ‫يجمع معلومات‬ survive: ‫ينجو‬ search for: ‫يبحث عن‬ tones: ‫نغمات او ترددات‬ Sharpest: ‫أحد أو أقوى‬ defend themselves: ‫يدافعوا عن أنفسهم‬ 18  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  dolphin using echolocation: -  dolphins depend on (Echolocation) to detect location of organisms in water.  Echo: reflecting sound waves back from solid objects to its source # how dolphin use echolocation? 1- Dolphin produce sound waves through water. 2- When sound waves hit any solid object, it reflects back to the dolphin in the form of echo. 3- In this way, dolphin can find its prey. Use: ‫يستخدم‬ echolocation: ‫خاصية تحديد الموقع بالصدى‬ Reflects: ‫ ينعكس‬source: ‫مصدر‬ sound waves: ‫موجات صوتية‬ Solid: ‫ صلب‬form: ‫شكل‬ prey: ‫فريسة‬ in this way: ‫بهذه الطريقة‬ 19  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Examples on animal senses and their purpose: - Animal Sense Purpose Example Fox Hearing - sight Avoiding Fox runs away from danger predators. Chameleon Sight - taste Searching See and taste food. for food Dog Hearing – smell Recognizing - Used in guarding. friends - Smell human scent. Monkey Five senses Identifying Differentiate between things things.  Give reason: - 1- We use dogs for guarding. …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… Avoiding: ‫تجنب‬ run away: ‫يهرب‬ predator: ‫مفترس‬ purpose: ‫غرض‬ Used: ‫يستخدم‬ recognize: ‫ يتعرف‬scent: ‫عطر‬ Differentiate: ‫يفرق‬ 20  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Lesson (2): super sensory organs  Human cannot see clearly at night (darkness) but some animals can do called (nocturnal animals). Nocturnal animals: animals that become active at night.  Why some animals become active at night? 1- Weather is cool during night (in hot regions). 2- Preys available at night only. 3- Use darkness to hide from preys. Bat 1- Bat depend on echolocation to move like …………….  It uses the echo to locate its prey in the dark. 2- Owls have extraordinary senses of ……....&…………  Owl`s face has: 1. Bowl-shaped face. G.R 2. Special Feathers.  To direct distant sounds into ears. - So that owl can hear any movement within grass or under snow.  Owls have large eyes that allow them detect any tiny movement.  Owls can rotate their heads in all directions. So that they can search for food everywhere easily. Clearly: ‫بوضوح‬ nocturnal: ‫ليلى‬ available: ‫متاح‬ Locate: ‫يحدد موقع‬ Bowl: ‫وعاء‬ rotate: ‫يدور‬ 21  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  The nervous system  There is an integrity between nervous system and sensory organs. to help the organism collect information from the world. - Mammals like human, elephant and dog are similar in the structure of nervous system.  Nervous system consists of: - 1- Brain. 2- spinal cord. 3- nerves. 1. Brain: the main control center of the body. - It connected to spinal cord. 2. Spinal cord: carry message from brain to body and vice versa. : group of nerves that passes through backbone. 3. Nerves: transfer messages from brain to spinal cord through all the body parts and vice versa.  the spinal cord connects brain with nerves which are distributed through the whole body. Some nerves are connected directly to the brain like the nerves of eyes and heart.  Nerves connect sensory organs to the brain.  Sensory organs receive information from environment which transferred by nerves in the form of electrical impulses to the brain to be processed.  Nerves of sensory organs are called sensory receptors. Brain: ‫مخ‬ spinal cord: ‫الحبل الشوكى‬ nerves: ‫أعصاب‬ Main:‫رئيسى‬ control:‫ تحكم‬center: ‫مركز‬ backbone: ‫عمود فقرى‬ Transfer: ‫ينقل‬ connect: ‫يربط أو يصل‬ impulses: ‫نبضات‬ Processing: ‫معالجة‬ sensory receptors: ‫مستقبالت حسية‬ 22  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Sensing the environment - Avoiding danger in human and animals: - - The parts of nervous system are responsible for sensation and delivering messages. - Both of human and animals respond to a danger but their reasons are different. Jumping jerboa - Egyptian jerboa from desert rodents - Jerboa have: - 1- long hind legs: help it jump long distance. 2- feet and toes have hair: to catch sand when it run. 3- large and sensitive ears: help it to hear any movement. a) it hops in a zigzag path: to run away quickly from danger. - Determine the type of adaptation in each point (1,2,3 and 4)? Structural (....,….,…..) behavioral (………) - All parts of jerboa`s body work together to avoid danger as the following: - When a snake makes a noise 1- Sensory receptors in jerboa`s ears send message to the brain through nerves. 2- The brain translates the message and respond by alerting legs to start moving. 3- The jerboa starts moving in a zigzag path using strong hopping legs. - The whole response process occurs in less than one second. Avoiding: ‫تجنب‬ delivering: ‫توصيل‬ respond: ‫يستجيب‬ Egyptian jerboa: ‫ يربوع مصرى‬rodents: ‫قوارض‬ hind legs: ‫أرجل خلفية‬ toes: ‫أصابع‬ zigzag: ‫متعرج‬ occur: ‫يحدث‬ run away: ‫يهرب‬ 23  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Reaction time: - -The time taken to react to different information. -the time taken to respond to danger.  Both human and jerboa depend on sensory receptors, nerves and brain to respond to danger and move away quickly for their safety.  Lesson 3: Functions of nervous system: - 1- Collecting information from inside and outside the body. 2- Translate the collected information. 3- Make a response depending on translation.  How the nervous system work?  (example) 1- When you hear someone calling you, sensory receptors of ears send signal to brain. 2- The brain process the sound waves. 3- The brain send signal to body to tell it what to do Such as turning around to know who is calling you.  Reflexes: very fast messages that we cannot realize it: - a- Moving your hand away when touching a very hot cup. b- There is an automatic messages sent from brain like signal to breathe. Reaction: ‫رد فعل‬ depend on: ‫يعتمد على‬ translate: ‫يترجم‬ Process: ‫يعالج‬ reflex: ‫رد فعل منعكس‬ realize: ‫يدرك‬ 24  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Lesson 4: animal’s communication system.  Technology help human to communicate through: a- Cell phone. b- Text messages and e-mail.  Animals don’t use technology but they can communicate using other systems: -  Ants colony - Ants live in colonies that contain thousands of individuals. - Ants are divided into groups: - 1- Nurse ants: they send smelly message to scout ants when the food amount is low. 2- Scout ants: they search for food and send smelly message to tell other ants where to find food. 3- Soldier ants: they protect the colony in danger by sending smelly message to alert other ants. Communication: ‫تواصل‬ cell phone: ‫هاتف خلوى‬ colony: ‫مستعمرة‬ Nurse ants: ‫عامالت النمل‬ scout: ‫مستكشف‬ soldier: ‫جندى‬ 25  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Humpback whales - Humpback whales sing under water to communicate with each other. - They sing a wide range of tones and series of songs. - They sing different songs: - 1. During winter (mating season). 2. During summer.) feeding season(  Sound pitch divided into: - 1- High-pitched sound – sharp - soft – like voice of woman. 2- Low-pitched sound- rough- like voice of man.  Humpback whales change their sound pitch according to season as the following: - 1. In winter, their songs have high-pitched sound. - high-pitched sound travels better through cold water. 2. In summer, their songs have low-pitched sound. - Because low-pitched sound travels better through warm water. Humpback whales: ‫حيتان حدباء‬ sing: ‫يغنى‬ mating: ‫تزاوج‬ Feeding: ‫تغذية‬ sound pitch: ‫درجة الصوت‬ sharp: ‫حاد‬ 26  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Technology inspired by nature.  Special cane: - used to help blind person. 1- It emits high pitched sounds like bats. 2- When sound hit any solid object, it reflects back to the cane. 3- The echo turned into vibrations, that sensed by thump. 4- This vibration tells the blind person if there is anything around him.  Human cannot hear sounds that produced from bats and special cane. Special cane Bats Similarities - Both emit high-pitched sound that bounce off objects. - Both receive echo to locate the obstacles Differences - Turn echo into vibration. - Don’t turn echo into vibration. Special cane: ‫عصا خاصة‬ vibration: ‫اهتزاز‬ thump: ‫ابهام‬ Emit: ‫يصدر‬ receive: ‫يستقبل‬ obstacles: ‫عوائق‬ 27 Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Concept three Light and sight 28  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Light and sight. - Eye is the organ of sight that is affected by light in humans and animals. - Humans cannot see in the dark, but they need light to collect information about what happen around them.  Vision in human and animals: - - Human eyes need light to see. - In absence of light we need night vision goggle.  Some animals have a structural adaptation in their eyes which help them to see at night such as (fishing cat) - It’s a wild cat hunts during night. (nocturnal) - Its eyes seem to glow in the dark. G.R? due to presence of mirror-like membrane on the back of eye. - When light enter its eyes, it reflects of this membrane to collect more light. Affected: ‫يتأثر‬ vision: ‫رؤية‬ goggle: ‫نظارة‬ Fishing cat: ‫القط السماك‬ glow: ‫تلمع‬ membrane: ‫غشاء‬ Reflect: ‫يعكس‬ hunt: ‫يصطاد‬ collect: ‫يجمع‬ 29  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Human and nocturnal animals: - 1- Nocturnal animals have bigger eyes than human. 2- Eyes of nocturnal animals are more sensitive to light. 3- The pupils of their eyes open wider than human. G.R? - To allow more light enter their eyes.  They can see well in weakest light level.  In complete darkness, they depend on other senses as hearing and smelling to hunt their preys or avoid their predators.  Source of light: - - It is anything can emit its own light. Ex: sun – candle – electric lamp – fire - flash light. 30  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Moon and mirrors are not considered as sources of light. G.R? - Because they don’t emit their own light but they reflect light. - Moon reflects sunlight. – mirror reflects flashlight.  How can we see? Firstly, we need a light source then: - Step one: Light rays fall on object. - Step two: Light rays bounce off object and fall on eyes to see.  Light: the visible form of energy that travel in the form of waves. Source: ‫مصدر‬ emit: ‫يشع او يصدر‬ fall: ‫يسقط‬ Rays: ‫أشعة‬ bounce: ‫ترتد‬ considered: ‫يعتبر‬ 31  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Reflection of light: - Returning back of light when it meets a reflecting surface. Type of Shiny and Rough. Transparent. material. smooth. Example Metals and Plastic, wood, Glass. mirror cloth and paper. Amount of Large amount. Small amount. Very small reflected light amount. rays.  Light strike matter: - - Light is a form of energy that always travels in a straight line. - Light travels in the form of waves.  The behavior of light waves changed according to the type of matter. when light hits an object: - - Some of light is absorbed. - Some of light may pass through it. - Some of light reflects off surface. Reflection: ‫انعكاس‬ meet: ‫يقابل‬ shiny: ‫المع‬ Transparent: ‫شفاف‬ straight: ‫مستقيم‬ waves: ‫موجات‬ 32  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Opaque materials. Transparent materials. - Materials that don’t allow - Materials that allow light light pass through it. pass through it. - Objects cannot be seen - Objects can be seen through them. through them. - Plastic – wood – metals- - Air – water- windows –lenses human body. - They form shadows in - They don’t form shadows. presence of light. -  Shadow: dark area formed behind opaque materials. Strike: ‫يصدم‬ always: ‫ دائما‬straight line: ‫خط مستقيم‬ Waves: ‫موجات‬ pass: ‫يمر‬ absorbed: ‫تمتص‬ shadow: ‫ظل‬ Opaque: ‫معتم‬ form: ‫يكون‬ behind: ‫خلف‬ 33  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 - Reflection of light depends on the smoothness of surface: - Polished (smooth) surface. Painted (rough)surface. - Reflect light in one direction. - Reflect light in different (the same angle). directions.  Rough surfaces scatter or diffuse light. Depend on: ‫يعتمد على‬ smoothness: ‫نعومة‬ polished: ‫مصقول‬ Scatter: ‫يشتت‬ diffuse: ‫يفرق‬ angle: ‫زاوية‬ direction: ‫اتجاه‬ 34  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Less. 3: Firefly light show.  Fireflies beetles: - - They are small insects that can light up. - Their light wings due to chemical reaction occur inside their bodies. - They flash at regular periods of time. - They use their wings to flash to: - 1. Warn off other beetles from predators. 2. Attract a mate to reproduce. - Each group of fireflies beetles have their own flash pattern. - To communicate with other group, they change their pattern to be matching with the other group pattern. - human use light to communicate such as traffic lights. Human Animals Both of them. 1. Reading  Echolocation 1. High and low 2. Writing pitched sounds. 3. Watching T.V. 2. Lights. 4. Cell phone 3. Movements. 5. Electronic reader. Firefly beetles: ‫خنافس مضيئة‬ chemical reaction: ‫تفاعل كيميائى‬ Wings: ‫اجنحة‬ occur: ‫يحدث‬ regular: ‫منتظم‬ warn off: ‫يحذر‬ Attract: ‫يجذب‬ mate: ‫شريك للتزاوج‬ pattern: ‫نمط‬ flash: ‫وميض‬ respond: ‫يستجيب‬ 35  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Lesson 4: transferring information - Eyes depend on the light energy to collect information from the surrounding environment. Eyes can detect and understand different signals: - 1. Someone waving at you. 2. When you see a red traffic light, your eyes send message to stop. 3. people use rescue flare to communicate. 4. People use fire to send signals over very long distance. 5. Many travelers use mirror (light reflecting surface) to send signal to get help. waving you: ‫يلوح لك‬ rescue flare: ‫شعلة انقاذ‬ travelers: ‫مسافرون‬ 36  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Code: - - It is a pattern that has meaning. - It’s an information that transformed into another form: 1- Thump up. (good) 2- Thump down. (bad) 3- Traffic lights. 4- Expressions of your face. 5- Language: code in the form of sound. 6- Writing: using letters to transmit information (the meaning depend on the arrangement of letters in the word). 7- music(sounds): can be used in communication. 8- Lighthouses: send codes in the form of light to tell Sailors where they are.  The brain can decode and interpret the meaning of received code. Thump: ‫ابهام‬ expression: ‫تعبير‬ decode: ‫يحل شفرة‬ Interpret: ‫يفسر‬ 37 Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Unit 2 Starting and stopping # science is simple With Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 38  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Moving and static objects - To stop moving object or move static one, we need a force.  Force may be: 1- Pushing force: moving objects away from you. 2- Pulling force: moving objects toward you.  lock at the following and determine the type of force: - …………………. ………………… ……………..... ………………… ………………….. ………………  Truck & jet airplane: - 1- Jet airplane fly much faster than truck. G.R? - Because the engine of jet airplane is stronger than the engine of truck.  Shock wave truck: - a- It is a truck fitted with three jet engines. b- Its speed reach 500 kilometer per hour. c- It is five times faster than normal truck. Moving: ‫متحرك‬ static: ‫ساكن‬ force: ‫قوة‬ Pushing: ‫دفع‬ pulling: ‫سحب أو شد‬ truck: ‫شاحنة‬ Jet airplane:‫طائرة نفاثة‬ engine: ‫محرك‬ fitted with: ‫مزودة ب‬ Reach: ‫تصل إلى‬ five times: ‫خمس مرات‬ 39  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Stopping shockwave truck: - - The idea of stopping shockwave truck is the same idea that used in rockets. - Engineers supply it with three parachutes. - The driver opens parachutes to slow down the truck quickly.  Moving objects: - - Any object around us cannot move without force (push or pull).  Air can move the leaves of tree by the wind blowing. - Some engineers fix fire extinguishers onto a cart. - The air moves backward so the cart start to move forward. - What happen if we increase the number of extinguishers? 1. The speed of cart will increase. 2. The distance that cart move will increase. Idea: ‫فكرة‬ rockets:‫صواريخ‬ supply: ‫يمد ب‬ Parachutes: ‫مظالت‬ slow down: ‫يبطئ‬ without: ‫بدون‬ Fix: ‫يثبت‬ backward: ‫للخلف‬ forward: ‫لألمام‬ Fire extinguisher: ‫مطفأة حريق‬ increase: ‫تزداد‬ 40  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Balanced force: - - When two equal forces act on the body in different directions. - The object will not move.  Unbalanced force: - - When two unequal forces act on the body in different directions. - The object will move toward the stronger(greater) force. Type: ……….. ………….. …………….. Direction:………… ……………. ……………. balanced: ‫متوازن‬ unbalanced: ‫غير متوازن‬ toward: ‫تجاه‬ 41  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 motion: change in the position of object relative to fixed point. - Explanation of motion: - 1- If you are playing football with your friend. 2- The starting position of ball is close to tree. 3- The ball starts to move away from the tree due to the pushing force of your hand. 4- The ball will drop into your friend`s hand due to the pulling force of gravity. 5- The ball will stop due to pushing force of Your friend`s hand.  We can say that the ball in state of motion. G.R? - Because its position changes relative to the tree. Gravity: the force that pulls objects toward the earth. Motion: ‫حركة‬ position: ‫موضع‬ relative to: ‫بالنسبة ل‬ Close to: ‫قريب من‬ move away: ‫يبتعد عن‬ gravity: ‫جاذبية‬ 42  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Visible motion (easy to see): - 1- Walking person. 2- Moving cars. 3- Ball movement.  Some motion is hard to see: - 1- Rotation of earth around sun.  Force Force: pull or push that act on object to change its position.  When you are lifting a bag: - The bag is affected by to forces: - 1- Pulling force of gravity. (downward) 2- Pulling force of your arm. (upward)  When you are sitting: - - force of gravity is pulling you downward to hold you in the chair. Visible: ‫مرئى‬ lift: ‫يرفع‬ sitting: ‫جالس‬ 43  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Stopping motion  To stop moving object: - - Force of the same amount act on the object - in opposite direction of its motion.  We can observe stopping force easily: - 1- When car crashes into a wall. 2- The car will stop. G.R? - Because the wall applied force on the car equal to the force that move the car.  Sometimes it will be hard to observe stopping force: - 1- When the car runs out of fuel. 2- Its speed decreases gradually until it stops G.R? - Due to the friction force between: - 1- Car tires and road. 2- Air and the car Friction: it is the force that arises when objects rub against each other. 1- Friction slows down or stop moving objects. 2- Friction force is always opposite to the direction of motion. Crash: ‫يصطدم‬ gradually: ‫ تدريجيا‬friction: ‫احتكاك‬ tires: ‫اطارات‬ 44 Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Lesson 4: Rolling cars  If you push a toy car hardly. - It will move long distance.  If you push a toy car gently. - It will move short (small) distance.  If the same force act on two objects (car and truck): - 1- The object that has smaller mass (car) will travel for long distance. 2- The object that has bigger mass (truck) will travel for short distance. Hardly: ‫بقوة‬ gently: ‫ برفق‬travel: ‫يتحرك أو يسير‬ act on: ‫يؤثر على‬ 45  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Lesson 5: energy, force and work. - To stop or move object, we need a force. - To apply force to object, we need an energy.  When you push a car: - 1- Energy transfer from your body to the car. 2- If the car moved, you do work. So that: - 1- The force transfer energy from one object to another. 2- The work done is equal to the amount of transferred energy. force transfer Energy Enable us to do work  Force and energy are different but related to each other.  Force is the effect that transfer energy and convert it into work. Transfer: ‫ تنتقل‬work: ‫شغل‬ effect: ‫تأثير‬ Convert: ‫يحول‬ 46  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Concept 2.2: Energy and motion - Any moving object has kinetic energy. - Static objects don’t have kinetic energy but they may have potential energy.  Roller coasters  There are three states: - 1- On moving up, the roller coaster depend on electric motor till the top of ramp. 2- At the top of ramp, the roller coaster stores potential energy. 3- On moving down, the roller coaster don’t need electricity. G.R? - Because potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.  Kinetic energy increases by increasing its speed. 1- What happens if roller coaster stops? - Its kinetic energy become zero. 2- What happens if roller coaster moves upward? - Kinetic energy changed into potential. 3- What happen if roller coaster moves downward? - Potential energy changed into kinetic. Kinetic energy: ‫طاقة حركة‬ potential energy: ‫طاقة وضع‬ Ramp: ‫منحدر‬ roller coaster: ‫قطار المالهى السريع‬ top: ‫قمة‬ 47  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Lesson 2: - energy - Importance of energy: - 1- We get energy from food to help us grow and move. 2- Energy affects the objects and change their positions. 3- Operating all electric devices need electric energy. 4- Heat energy helps in cooking. 5- Lighting houses and streets.  Transferring (moving) energy: - - Energy can transfer from one object to another as the following: - 1- When the player kicks the ball. - Kinetic energy transfers from his foot to the ball. 2- Then the ball starts to move in the air. G.R? - Due to transferring of kinetic energy to it. 3- When the ball gets inside the goal. - Kinetic energy will transfer from the ball to the goal net. 4- The goal net will vibrate. G.R? - Due to transferring of kinetic energy to it. Affect : ‫يؤثر‬ operating: ‫تشغيل‬ transfer: ‫تنتقل‬ kick: ‫يركل‬ Goal net: ‫شبكة المرمى‬ due to: ‫بسبب‬ lighting: ‫إضاءة‬ 48  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Energy inside stopped (static) object: - 1- When the static object is on the ground. - It has no potential energy. 2- When the static object is at height from the ground. - It has potential energy.  Energy: - it is the ability to do work or make change.  Work: -it is the force that make object move a distance. Some facts: - 1- Energy can be stored and change from one form to another. 2- Most of energy forms cannot be seen. - Sound – electric – thermal – chemical 3- We cannot see most of energies but we can see and measure the effect of energy. 4- We cannot see sound, electric, thermal and chemical energies. Height: ‫ارتفاع‬ stopped: ‫متوقف‬ ability: ‫قدرة‬ distance: ‫مسافة‬ Facts: ‫حقائق‬ store: ‫يخزن‬ thermal energy: ‫طاقة حرارية‬ 49  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Potential energy: {P.E} - It is the energy stored inside object due to its position.  Kinetic energy: {K.E} – the energy of object due to its motion. - It is the energy that produced from object motion.  Potential energy can change into kinetic energy and vice versa. 1- The boy on a tower has potential energy. 2- When he jumps down, P.E converted into K.E 3- K.E transfer from boy to girl, and she pushed up into air. 4- During moving upward, K.E is converted into P.E  Object that has potential energy is ready to do work or to be active. Stored: ‫مختزنة‬ produced: ‫ناتجة‬ motion: ‫حركة‬ pushed up: ‫تدفع ألعلى‬ Transfer: ‫تنتقل‬ converted: ‫تتحول‬ ready: ‫على استعداد‬ 50  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Lesson 3  Forms of potential energy: - 1- Gravitational potential energy. (roller coaster) 2- Chemical potential. (battery) 3- Elastic potential. (compressed spring)  Factors affecting potential energy: - 1- Mass of object. 2- Height from the ground. There is a direct relation between the potential energy and the mass &height of the object.  Forms of kinetic energy: - 1- Sound. Sound waves move in air. 2- Light. Light waves move in air. 3- Electrical. Electric moves through wires. 4- Thermal. Particles of substance vibrate on heating. Battery: ‫بطارية‬ compressed: ‫مضغوط‬ direct relation: ‫عالقة طرية‬ Height: ‫ارتفاع‬ wires: ‫أسالك‬ vibrate: ‫تهتز‬ 51  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Energy can be transferred from on object to another. Ex: when you kick the ball.  Energy can be transformed from one form to another. Ex: Device Energy change From to 1- Flashlight Chemical that stored in Light and heat. battery. 2- Gas oven Chemical that stored in Thermal. natural gas. 3- Spring Potential stored in Kinetic, sound and powered toy spring. thermal. car. 4- Real car. Chemical energy in Kinetic energy. gasoline. - Energy stored in many forms. - new energy cannot be created, and existing energy cannot be destroyed. - Food store chemical energy. Kick: ‫يركل‬ battery: ‫بطارية‬ natural gas: ‫غاز طبيعى‬ Spring: ‫زنبرك‬ gasoline: ‫بنزين‬ 52  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Easy life tool. Tool name: robot hand. Function: used to open jar cap Source of energy: battery. Chemical energy Electric energy in Converted stored in battery. the robot hand. Converted Kinetic energy on moving hand. Robot: ‫انسان الى‬ jar cap: ‫غطاء إناء‬ 53  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Energy and collision  when two objects collide with (hit) each other, we can observe that: - 1- transfered energy 2- changed Faster and heavier - Has more energy. object - Cause more damage. Slower and lighter - Has less energy. object - Cause less damage. Collision : ‫تصادم‬ collide with : ‫ يصطدم ب‬observe : ‫يشاهد‬ transferred : ‫تنتقل‬ Change : ‫ تتغير او تتحول‬damage : ‫ضرر او تلف‬ lighter : ‫اخف وزنا‬ 54  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Wrecking ball wrecking ball : very heavy steel ball that swing on a cable. wrecking ball used to destroy buildings (depend on collision). Energy can transfer from object to another. remember that: Cricket game  Cricket is a popular game; the player uses a wooden bat to hit the ball. - When a player hit the ball: - 1. Kinetic energy transfers from bat to ball. 2. Ball speed increase and its direction change. 3. Some energy change into sound as (popping).  What happens when moving car stop suddenly and why? - Passengers body continue to move forward. Because Body in state of motion stay moving until some force act on it. Wrecking ball: ‫كرة التحطيم‬ swing: ‫تتأرجح‬ popular: ‫شائع‬ bat: ‫مضرب‬ Popping: )‫فرقعة (صوت ناتج عن التصادم‬ suddenly : ‫فجأة‬ continue : ‫يستمر‬ Forward: ‫لألمام‬ state of motion: ‫حالة حركة‬ act on: ‫تؤثر علي‬ 55  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Safety equipment in cars 1) Seatbelts : used to keep driver and passengers bodies from moving forward when the car stop suddenly. G.R : seatbelts saved thousands of lives. ( answer above ) 2) Airbags : made up from thin, nylon material. 1. Found folded into steering wheel , seats, dash board or doors. Idea of operation:- ‫فكرة عمل الوسادة الهوائية‬ -Modern cars contain sensor that can detect the crash. -During collision, sensor make airbag inflate very fast and filled with gas to protect the passenger. - After collision, airbag deflate due to vents in it.  Importance of airbags : - 1. Absorb the energy of collision (make it soft). 2. Save many lives during accidents. Collision between car and train.  Train will make more damage for car. G.R? Because train is heavier and faster. Safety equipment : ‫ معدات أمان‬seatbelt : ‫ حزام أمان‬save : ‫ ينقذ‬airbag : ‫وسادة هوائية‬ Passenger: ‫ راكب‬steering wheel: ‫ عجلة القيادة‬folded : ‫ مطوية‬inflate : ‫ تنتفخ‬deflate : ‫تفرغ من الهواء‬ Vents : ‫ثقوب‬ importance : ‫ أهمية‬absorb : ‫ تمتص‬sensor : ‫حساس‬ 56  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Lesson 2 : energy and collision We learned that during collision energy is transferred and changed. Collision: time when two objects hit each other. (collision of billiard-ball)  Now, let’s see what happen when moving ball collide with another static one: - 1. Kinetic energy transfers from moving to static ball. 2. Some of kinetic energy changed into sound and Heat energy. 3. Moving ball will stop, and static ball start to move.  By the same way we can explain the energy transformation during collision. Static: )‫ ساكن (ال يتحرك‬billiard ball : ‫كرة البلياردو‬ exert : ‫ يبذل‬force : ‫قوة‬ By the same way: ‫بنفس الطريقة‬ during: ‫اثناء‬ 57  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Basics of speed: - 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 Speed = distance ÷ time = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 Speed: the distance covered in a certain time. measuring units kilometer per hour (kph - k/hr). meter per second (m/s). of speed factors required to distance. know the speed. time. Problems. 1. Saged buy new car that can travel 5 meters in 5 seconds, calculate the speed of the car? ………………….. …………….. Speed= = = …………. m/s. ……….…………. ……………. 2. Mohamed take 2 hours to reach his school calculate the speed if you know that the distance he covered =10 kilometers. ………………….. …………….. Speed= = = …………. kph. ……….…………. ……………. factors: ‫عوامل‬ required:‫مطلوب‬ reach: ‫يصل إلى‬ 58  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Comparing speed of two moving objects: - 1- If two moving objects move at equal periods of time: - - The object which cover longer distance is faster (has greater speed) than other object that cover shorter distance. 2- If two moving object cover the same amount of distance: - - The object which travel the same distance in smaller amount of time is faster than other object which take more time.  Effect of speed on collision: - fast object ( more speed) slower object (less speed) has more energy ( kinetic) has less kinetic energy. - it exert more force. - it exert less force. - cause more damage. - cause less damage. G.R: driving fast is very dangerous? ……………………………………………………………………… 59  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 As angle of speed will kinetic energy inclination increase increase increase (A) (B)  the body in figure (A) will move faster and has more kinetic energy so it will move longer distance.  when large force act on object its speed will increase.  Kinetic energy depends on: - 1- Mass. 2- Speed. Angle: ‫زاوية‬ inclination: ‫انحدار او ميل‬ kph: ‫كيلو متر في الساعة‬ Speed: ‫سرعة‬ kinetic energy: ‫طاقة الحركة‬ increase: ‫تزداد‬ decrease: ‫تقل‬ 60  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293  Effect of direction during collision: - Opposite The same direction. direction. More damage less damage G.R: we should keep distance from cars during driving. - To avoid accident. Complete the following: 1.Kinetic energy of the body depend on ………………..and ……………………… 2. if speed of object increase, its kinetic energy …………………….. 3. force of collision depend on ………………… of both cars. 4. collision of two cars move in opposite direction cause……………..damage Than collision of two cars move in one direction. Effect: ‫تأثير‬ opposite: ‫مقابل او معاكس‬ the same direction: ‫نفس االتجاه‬ avoid: ‫تجنب‬ Depend on: ‫يعتمد علي‬ Damage: ‫ضرر‬ 61  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Lesson 3 : speed and collision As we learned in previous lessons: - As the force acting on object increase, its speed will increase. So its kinetic energy increase also.  What happen If you have a clay ball and threw it: - - the amount of deformation depends on the force acting on the ball. - When you let the ball without pushing, its shape change slightly. - While let ball with pushing, cause more change in shape. Relation between mass and kinetic energy - Small mass - large mass - Small engine - big engine - Consume less fuel. - Consume more fuel. - Less kinetic energy. - More kinetic energy. Clay ball : ‫ كرة طينية‬deformation : ‫تشوه‬/ ‫ تغيير الشكل‬slightly : ‫ قليال‬shape : ‫شكل‬ Relation : ‫عالقة‬ engine : ‫محرك‬ consume : ‫يستهلك‬ 62  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Remember - Kinetic energy depends on speed and mass. that If two objects have the same speed, the energy will depend on mass only. What happen when bicycle and car move at the same speed and hit somebody? - Car will cause more injuries due to its big mass (more energy). - Bicycle will cause less injuries due to its small mass(less energy). Complete the following : - 1. Car accident cause ………………….injuries than bicycle accident. 2. When mass of object increase, its kinetic energy …………………. 3. Large truck uses ………….amount of fuel. G.R: large objects hurt more than small one.................................................................................................................. Injuries: ‫جروح‬ accident: ‫حادث‬ hurt : ‫يؤلم‬ only : ‫فقط‬ 63  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Lesson 4 : mass and collision  By increasing the mass of object on a ramp, its speed will increase.  By increasing speed of object, its kinetic energy ………….  Larger object (big mass) has more energy so, it can make powerful collision.  Smaller object (small mas) has less energy so, it makes a weak collision. Speed and kinetic energy for object on a ramp depend on 1.Angle of inclination. 2.Mass of object. By increasing angle of ramp, the speed of object …………. By decreasing mass of object, the energy will……………… Mass: ‫كتلة‬ ramp : ‫منحدر‬ powerful : ‫قوى‬ weak : ‫ضعيف‬ angle : ‫زاوية‬ Inclination: ‫ميل‬ increasing: ‫زيادة‬ decreasing: ‫تقليل او نقصان‬ 64  Mr. Mohamed El-Sadany 01009887293 Lesson 5: transformation of energy during collision  Newton cradle:- When you hold ball as figure: - - The ball 1. store most potential energy 2. has no kinetic energy (static) When you let the ball move: - potential energy changes into kinetic energy. 1- potential decrease 2- kinetic increase During collision: - - Energy transferred gradually from each ball to the next one. - Number of balls on both sides is equal. Eventually: - - some energy changes into sound and thermal energy. - some energy lost due to friction between balls and string& (friction between balls with air )  After a lot of collisions, balls will stop. G.R? because part of energy lost in friction between balls and air.  Energy is conserved during collision (cannot be destroyed)  The amount of energy before collision = the amount of energy after collision. Hold : ‫يمسك‬ let : ‫يترك‬ changes into : ‫تتحول الى‬ eventually : ‫اخيرا‬ Thermal : ‫حرارى‬ lost : ‫مفقود‬ potential energy : ‫طاقة وضع‬ 65