Anatomy & Body Cavities Lecture Notes PDF

24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera  Learning Objectives : At the end of lecture the student should be able to: 1-Define the following terminology : Anatomy Gross Anatomy 2-know Body Organization 3- Descr...

24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera  Learning Objectives : At the end of lecture the student should be able to: 1-Define the following terminology : Anatomy Gross Anatomy 2-know Body Organization 3- Describe Anatomical Terminology 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera  What is anatomy? The science which deals with the study of the structure and shape of the body & body parts, and their relationships to one another. It is divided into: Gross Anatomy: Study of human body with naked eye Microscopic Anatomy. Developmental Anatomy ( Embryology). Radiological Anatomy. Cross-sectional Anatomy. 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera  How to study anatomy? Learning methods vary from person to person Peer teaching  Presentation  Vocabulary  Anatomy lab: viewing and dissection  REPETITION: Read it, hear it, see it, say it,  DRAW IT; then do it again.  ATTITUDE: Students with a better attitude do better in this class.(opinion, idea……) 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera  Body Organization The human body is a single structure but it is made up of billions of smaller structures of four major kinds: cells tissues organs systems. 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera  Arrangement of body parts Axial portion--head, neck and trunk; Appendicular portion--arms and legs YELOW GREEN 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera  The anatomical position The anatomical position is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structures.  Anatomical Position, in which: Body is erect Arms hanging by the side Palms facing forward Feet are parallel 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera Terms to describe location 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera JOINTS MOVEMENTS 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera  Circumduction – Movement of a body part in a circle Adduction – Movement of a bone toward the midline Abduction – Movement of a bone away from the midline Flexion – Decrease in the angle between articulating bones Extension – Increase in the angle between articulating bones – Flexion and extension are opposite movements 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera Regional Terms pelvic 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera Regional Terms 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera  Anatomical Planes and sections: 1) Sagittal plane is a vertical plane which passes from anterior to posterior, dividing the body into right and left halves. 2) Coronal (frontal) plane A line passing through the body at right angles to the median plane divides body into anterior and posterior portions 3) Transverse plane (also called the horizontal plane, axial plane) is an imaginary plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts. 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera Sagittal plane Coronal plane Transverse plane24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera THANKS 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera  Level 1—1st Semester Presented By Dr- Muneera Anatomy and Embryology Department Faculty of Medicine & Health Science U.S.T 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera  Learning Objectives : At the end of lecture the student should be able to: 1-Define the parts of skeleton: 2-know The vertebral segments 3-Describe the classification of bones 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera  Bones & skeletal system 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA  SKELETAL SYSTEM Includes: Bones Joints: articulations between bones 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA  The Skeleton There are 206 bones in our body, arranged to form the body framework called, the skeleton It is subdivided into two divisions: The axial skeleton, the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body(Head, neck, trunk) The Appendicular skeleton, the bones of limbs and girdles(upper limb, lower limb) 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA 8/29/2024 dr-muneera 8/29/2024 dr-muneera 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA  The Vertebral Column Cervical – 7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacrum (5 fused) Coccyx (4 fused) 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA  FUNCTIONS OF BONE 1. Support: of the body organs 2. Protection: of soft body organs 3. Attachment :of muscles 4. Movement: of the body as a whole, or of the body parts. 5. Storage: of fat and minerals e.g. calcium and phosphorus 6. Blood cell formation 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA CLASSIFICATION OF BONE Bones are classified on the bases of their:  1-Shape: a. Long: Femur b. Pneumatic: Maxilla c. Flat: Hip d. Irregular: vertebrae e. Sesamoid bones: patella 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA  2-Structure: Compact, Spongy Compact bone : it is the outer hard layer. Spongy bone : it is the inner trabeculated bone. 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA 3-Development: membrane, cartilage flat bone long bones 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA  Parts of long bones Epiphysis (The end of the bone). Diaphysis (The shaft). Epiphyseal plate is a cartilaginous plate separates the epiphysis from diaphysis it is the site of the bone growth. it ossifies at certain age :- in female at 18-20 years. in male at 20-22 years 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA  Arterial supplies Epiphyseal artery Metaphyseal artery periosteal artery Nutrient artery 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA  Muscles Presented By Dr. MUNEERA Anatomy and Embryology Department Faculty of Medicine & Health Science U.S.T 8/29/2024 dr-muneera  Learning Objectives : At the end of lecture the student should be able to: 1-Define the types of muscles : 2-Know The criteria of skeletal muscles 3- Describe naming and directions of muscles. 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera  Muscles 8/29/2024 dr-muneera  Muscles They are 3 types : SKELETAL 1- Skeletal Muscles 2- Smooth Muscles SMOOTH 3- Cardiac Muscles CARDIAC 8/29/2024 dr-muneera  Criteria of Skeletal Muscles Voluntary Striated Attached to skeleton Produce movement of skeleton Supplied by somatic nerves 8/29/2024 dr-muneera  Attachments MOSTLY TWO:  ORIGIN Least movable Mostly fleshy Proximal end  INSERTION Most movable Mostly fibrous Distal end 8/29/2024 dr-muneera  Types of Attachments Muscles are attached to bones, cartilage or ligaments by: Tendons oCords of fibrous tissue. Aponeurosis oA thin broad and strong sheet of fibrous tissue. Raphe oAn interdigitation of the tendinous ends of the flat muscles. 8/29/2024 dr-muneera tendon aponeurosis  Raphe 8/29/2024 dr-muneera  Directions of Muscle Fibers  Parallel to body midline  Pennate (Penniform muscle) oblique to body midline  More powerful, less range of movement. 1. Unipennate (some muscles in hands). 2. Bipennate (quadriceps muscle). 3. Multipennate (Deltoid muscle). 8/29/2024 dr-muneera 8/29/2024 dr-muneera  Naming of Muscles  Size: 1. Major or Maximus (large)  gluteus maximus 2. Minor or Minimus (small).  gluteus minimus 3. Latissimus (broad) (latissimus dorsi). 4. Longus (long) (Adductor longus). 5. Brevis (short) (Adductor brevis).  Position: 1. Pectoralis (pectoral region)  Depth: 1. Superficialis (superficial). 2. Profundus (deep). 3. Externus (external). 8/29/2024 dr-muneera 8/29/2024 dr-muneera 8/29/2024 dr-muneera  Naming of Muscles  Shape: 1. Deltoid (triangular). 2. Teres (rounded) 3. Rectus (straight).  Number of Heads: 1. Biceps (2 heads). 2. Triceps (3 heads). 3. Quadriceps (4 heads).  Attachments:  Action: 1. Flexor digitorum: 8/29/2024 dr-muneera 8/29/2024 dr-muneera  Summary of skeletal muscles  Skeletal muscles are striated, voluntary muscles attached to & move the skeleton. They have 2 attachments: origin & insertion. Their fibers may be parallel or oblique (pennate) to the line. They may be named according to:  size, shape, number of heads, position, attachments, Depth ,action. 8/29/2024 dr-muneera  The smooth M: characterized by 1. Found in the walls of viscera. 2. Not attached to the skeleton 3. Not striated 4. Supplied by the autonomic N.S. (sympathetic & parasympathetic) So, they are non voluntary. 8/29/2024 dr-muneera  The cardiac M: characterized by 1. Not attached to the skeleton 2. striated 3. Supplied by the autonomic N.S. 4. So, it is an involuntary M. But , it is automatic.it is still contract ,if they are isolated from the A.N.S. it depend on the conducting system. the A.N.S. is to modulate the action of the heart. 8/29/2024 dr-muneera 8/29/2024 dr-muneera 8/29/2024 dr-muneera  Presented By Dr. MUNEERA Anatomy and Embryology Department Faculty of Medicine & Health Science U.S.T 24 ،‫ آب‬29 DR-MUNEERA  Learning Objectives : At the end of lecture the student should be able to: 1-Define the following terminology : Body Cavities Dorsal body cavities Ventral body cavities 2-illestrate the abdominal quadrants : 24 ،‫ آب‬29 dr-muneera  Body Cavities Body cavities are the spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organ. It can be divided into: Dorsal body cavities Ventral body cavities 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA  Ventral body cavities 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA  Ventral body cavity has two subdivisions, which are separated from each other by the diaphragm.  Thoracic cavity: lies superior to diaphragm, contains heart and lungs.  Abdominopelvic cavity: lies below the diaphragm, contains stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, liver, reproductive organs, rectum, etc. 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA Dorsal body cavity: divided into 2 parts continuous with each other: 1. Cranial cavity: space inside skull, contains brain. 2. Spinal cavity: space inside vertebral column, contains spinal cord. Cranial cavity Spinal cavity 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA Lateral view  Body Cavities and Membranes Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane – Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum. Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA  Body Cavities and Membranes 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA  Other Body Cavities Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA  Abdominal Quadrants Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants – Right upper and left upper quadrants – Right lower and left lower quadrants 8/29/2024 DR-MUNEERA  Joints Presented By Dr. MUNEERA Anatomy and Embryology Department Faculty of Medicine & Health Science U.S.T DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣  Learning Objectives : At the end of lecture the student should be able to: 1-Define the following terminology : Joints Fibrous joints cartilaginous joints 2-know the joints movements dr-muneera ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣  Joints Definition :It is site of meeting of 2 bone or more. Classification of joints : According to structures According to axis 1-Fibrous joint Uniaxial 2-Cartilaginous joint Biaxial 3-Synovial joint Multiaxial Nonaxial DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ 1-The fibrous joints: The bones are connected together by fibrous tissue. E.g. : suture of the skull, gomphosis of the teeth. DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ 2-The cartilaginous joints The bone are connected together by cartilaginous tissue. It is of 2 types: 1- Primary Cartilaginous The bones are united by a plate or a bar of hyaline cartilage. No movement, temporary joints (ossify later), example: Between the Epiphysis and Diaphysis of a growing bone. epiphyseal plate DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣  2-Secondary Cartilaginous The bones are connected together by a disc of fibro cartilage. They are present in the midline of the body like as e.g. the intervertebral disc, symphysis pubis. DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ The synovial joints The bone are connected together by a cavity wide range of movement. characterized by presence of : Synovial cavity Synovial fluid : small amount of serous fluid in the synovial sac for lubrication. Synovial membrane ; it form synovial sac ,lines the capsule & covers the non articular parts inside the capsule. capsule ; formed of fibrous tissue &envelope the articular ends of the bones. Ligaments :outside the capsule for strengthening the joint. Some synovial DR-MUNEERA joints, contain some structures, ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ like tendon, muscle cartilage, ligaments ,….ect. DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ Classifications: According to axis 1-Uniaxial : Movement only around one axis. Hinge &pivot. Hinge: has transverse axis and the movement are flexion and extension( elbow joint) Pivot: Has vertical axis the movement only rotation -Atlanto-axial joint( saying NO) DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ -Radioulnar joint. DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ 2-Biaxial : Movement around 2 axis. Ellipsoid joints( wrist ) An elliptical convex fits into an elliptical concave articular surface. Axes: Transverse & antero-posterior. Movements: Flexion & extension + abduction & adduction but rotation is impossible. Example: Wrist joint. DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ Multiaxial Ball-and-socket joints: A ball –shaped head of a bone fits into a socket-like concavity of another. Movements: Flexion & extension + abduction & adduction) + rotation Examples: Shoulder joint. Hip Joint. DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣  STABILITY OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS 1-The shape of articular surfaces: The ball and socket shape of the Hip joint is a good examples of the importance of bone shape to maintain joint stability. The shape of the bones forming the Knee joint has nothing to do for DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ 2-Strength of the ligaments: They prevent excessive movement in a joint. DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ 3- Tone of the surrounding muscles: In most joints, it is the major factor controlling stability. The short muscles around the shoulder joint keeps the head of the humerus in the shallow glenoid cavity. DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ Joints (Types of Movements at Synovial Joints) DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ Special Movements – Elevation – Depression – Protraction – Retraction – Inversion – Eversion – Dorsiflexion – Plantar flexion – Supination – Pronation – Opposition DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣ DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣  Flexion – Decrease in the angle between articulating bones – Bending the trunk forward Extension – Increase in the angle between articulating bones – Flexion and extension are opposite movements Lateral flexion – Movement of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣  Hyperextension – Continuation of extension beyond the normal extension – Bending the trunk backward Abduction – Movement of a bone away from the midline – Moving the humerus laterally at the shoulder joint DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣  Circumduction – Movement of a body part in a circle – Moving the humerus in a circle at the shoulder joint Rotation – A bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis – Turning the head from side to side as when you shake your head “no” Adduction – Movement of a bone toward the midline – Movement that returns body parts to normal position from abduction DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣  Elevation – Upward movement of a part of the body – Closing the mouth – Its opposing movement is depression Depression – Downward movement of a part of the body – Opening the mouth DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣  Protraction – Movement of a part of the body anteriorly – Thrusting the mandible outward – Its opposing movement is retraction Retraction – Movement of a protracted part of the body back to normal DR-MUNEERA ٢٠٢٤/١٠/١٣  Integumentary System Presented By Dr. MUNEERA Anatomy and Embryology Department Faculty of Medicine & Health Science U.S.T DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  Learning Objectives : At the end of lecture the student should be able to: 1-know the skin layers : 2-know the function of Langer’s Lines 3- Describe the classification of fasciae DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  Skin ( integumentary system ) DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  Skin The skin is the largest organ of the body. The skin is divided into two parts: Superficial part (epidermis) Deep part (dermis)  The epidermis is the outer cellular layer of stratified squamous epithelium, which is avascular and varies in thickness.  The dermis is a dense bed of vascular connective tissue.. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  On the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, the epidermis is extremely thick, In other areas of the body, for example, on the anterior surface of the arm and forearm, it is thin. The dermis is composed of dense connective tissue containing many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. The dermis of the skin is connected to the underlying deep fascia or bones by the superficial fascia, otherwise known as subcutaneous tissue. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  The skin over joints always folds in the same place, the SKIN CREASES.  At these sites, the skin is thinner than elsewhere and is firmly tethered to underlying structures by strong bands of fibrous tissue. e.g: Flexure lines: soppiest the joints and marked on the palm of hand, fingers, wrist. Papillary ridges(finger print): unchanged throughout life long, specific to individual. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  skin functions: As a mechanical and permeability barrier : Protection to underlying structures act as barrier for invasive micro-organism Thermoregulatory organ (Heat regulation: prevent excessive heat loss by vaso-constricure Sensory : for pain temp…. Execration: such as sweating. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  muscles Skin bones Fasciae DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05 The appendages of the skin are the nails, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05 DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  SKIN CREASES DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  Langer’s Lines DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  Blood supply of skin DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  nerve supply of skin innervated by sensory nerve fibers that detect and respond to physical and chemical stimuli in the environment. Autonomic nerve fibers also innervate structures including the sweat glands, sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscles, and arterioles. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  Fasciae Fascia is a band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs. Classification superficial fascia & deep fascia, visceral or parietal fascia, DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  or by its function and anatomical location Like ligaments, aponeuroses, and tendons Clinical ly, fascias are extremely important because they often limit the spread of infection and malignant disease. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  muscles Skin bones Fasciae DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05 DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05 DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  LYMPHATIC SYSTEM DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  The lymphatic system is a series of vessels and nodes that collect and filter excess tissue fluid (lymph), before returning it to the venous circulation. It forms a vital part of the body’s immune defence. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  Lymph Fluid Lymph is a clear watery fluid( transudative ) that is collected from the intercellular spaces. The composition of lymph is fairly similar to that of blood plasma, with the majority of the volume (around 95%) comprised of water. The remaining 5% is composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates (mainly glucose), various ions and some cells (mainly lymphocytes), although this can vary depending on where in the body the lymph is produced. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  Lymphatic capillaries: They begin blindly in most tissues, collect tissue fluid and join to form large collecting lymphatic vessels that pass to regional lymph nodes. They are wider than the blood capillaries. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  Lymph Vessels The lymphatic vessels transport lymph fluid around the body. The drainage of lymph begins in lymph channels, which start as blind ended capillaries and gradually develop into vessels. These vessels travel proximally, draining through several lymph nodes. They are absent in brain, spinal cord, eyeballs, bone marrow, hyaline cartilage, nails, hair. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  Lymph Nodes Lymph nodes are kidney shaped structures which act to filter foreign particles from the blood, and play an important role in the immune response to infection. On average, an adult has around 400 to 450 different lymph nodes spread throughout the body – with the majority located within the abdomen. Each node contains T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and other immune cells. They are exposed to the fluid as it passes through the node, and can mount an immune response if they detect the presence of a pathogen. This immune response often recruits more inflammatory cells into the node which is why lymph nodes are palpable during infection. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  Lymph Nodes The most important groups are: Axillary For U.L& breast CERVICAL head &neck INGUINAL For Lower limbs Aortic For abdominal organs DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  Structure of a lymph node. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  Lymph Organs or Lymphoid tissue These are collection of lymphoid tissue other than lymph nodes : palatine tonsil, adenoids, payers patches of the intestine and nodules of the spleen. Spleen: the largest lymphoid organs, its Function mainly as a blood filter, removing old red blood cells. It also plays a role in the immune response. Thymus gland -Responsible for the development and maturation of T lymphocyte cells. Red bone marrow – Responsible for maturation of immature lymphocytes, much like the thymus. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  innominate vein innominate vein DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  Lymph ducts: Eventually the vessels empty in two main lymphatic ducts are present in human body, each ends into the corresponding vein. Right lymphatic duct: is responsible for draining the lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the right side of the thorax and the right upper limb. The thoracic duct is much larger and drains lymph from the rest of the body. These two ducts then empty into the venous circulation at the right and left venous angles. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05 DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ أيلول‬05  Level 1—1st Semester Presented By Anatomy and Embryology Department Faculty of Medicine & Health Science dr-muneera U.S.T 24 ،‫ أيلول‬10 dr-muneera 9/10/2024  Learning Objectives : At the end of lecture the student should be able to: 1-know the parts of cardiovascular system: 2-Illestrate the systemic and pulmonary circulation 3-know types of blood vessels 4-Diffrentiate between vines & arteries dr-muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬10  The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and a network of blood vessels that circulate blood to tissues and organs within the body. dr-muneera 9/10/2024  FUNCTIONS  It is a transportation system which uses the blood as the transport vehicle.  it carries oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones and many other substances vital for body homeostasis.  It provides forces to move the blood around the body by the beating Heart. dr-muneera 9/10/2024  Cardiac Cycle Right (pulmonary) and  left (systemic) dr-muneera 9/10/2024  Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation) 4 7 ‫منيـــرة الشميري‬.‫د‬  THE HEART  It is a hollow, cone shaped muscular pump.  It is the size of hand’s fist of the same person.  It has:  Apex  Base  surfaces: diaphragmatic & sternocostal  borders: right, left, inferior. dr-muneera 9/10/2024  LOCATION OF THE HEART  IT IS LOCATED IN THE THORACIC CAVITY IN A PLACE KNOWN AS THE MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM BETWEEN THE TWO PLEURAL SACS.  ENCLOSED BY A DOUBLE SAC OF SEROUS MEMBRANE (PERICARDIUM).  2/3 OF THE HEART LIES TO THE LEFT OF MEDIAN PLANE.  THE OUTER WALL OF THE HEART IS MADE UP OF THREE LAYERS:  EPICARDIUM.  MYOCARDIUM (MUSCLE OF THE HEART). dr-muneera 9/10/2024  ENDOCARDIUM.  CHAMBERS OF THE HEART dr-muneera 9/10/2024  CHAMBERS OF THE HEART  ATRIA:  THEY ARE TWO (RIGHT & LEFT).  SUPERIOR IN POSITION.  THEY ARE THE RECEIVING CHAMBERS.  THEY HAVE THIN WALLS.  THE UPPER PART OF EACH ATRIUM IS THE AURICLE.  THE RIGHT ATRIUM RECEIVES THE VENOUS BLOOD COMING TO THE HEART.  LEFT ATRIUM RECEIVES ARTERIAL BLOOD COMING FROM THE LUNGS. dr-muneera 9/10/2024 Orifices of right atrium: S.V.C opening I.V.C opening Right atrio-ventricular orifice Coronary sinus ( I.V.C and tricuspid orifice) Anterior cardiac veins & venae cordis Orifices of left atrium Openings of the pulmonary veins. Left atrio-ventricular opening (valve) Mitral valve or Bicuspid valve dr-muneera 9/10/2024  CHAMBERS OF THE HEART  VENTRICLES:  THE INFERIOR CHAMBERS.  THEY ARE TWO (RIGHT & LEFT).  THEY HAVE THICK WALLS (LEFT VENTRICLE.  THEY ARE THE DISCHARGING CHAMBERS (ACTUAL PUMPS).  THEIR CONTRACTION PROPELS BLOOD OUT OF THE HEART INTO THE CIRCULATION. dr-muneera 9/10/2024  VALVES OF THE HEART  THE HEART HAS FOUR VALVES: TWO ATRIO-VENTRICULAR VALVES. ONE AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE. ONE PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE. dr-muneera 9/10/2024  VALVES OF THE HEART  ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES:  VALVES BETWEEN ATRIA & VENTRICLES.  THEY ALLOW THE BLOOD TO FLOW IN ONE DIRECTION FROM THE ATRIA TO THE VENTRICLES.  RIGHT AVV (TRICUSPID).  LEFT AVV (BICUSPID). dr-muneera 9/10/2024  VALVES OF THE HEART  SEMILUNAR VALVES (AORTIC & PULMONARY):  AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE  PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE  THEY ALLOW THE FLOW OF BLOOD FROM THE VENTRICLES TO THESE ARTERIES. dr-muneera 9/10/2024  Conducting System dr-muneera 9/10/2024  BLOOD VESSELS  ARTERIES:  THICK WALLS.  DO NOT HAVE VALVES.  THE SMALLEST ARTERIES ARE ARTERIOLES.  VEINS:  THIN WALLS.  MANY OF THEM WITH VALVES.  THE SMALLEST VEINS ARE VENULES.  CAPILLARIES  CONNECT ARTERIOLES AND VENULES.  HELP TO ENABLE THE EXCHANGE OF WATER, OXYGEN AND OTHER NUTRIENTS BETWEEN BLOOD AND dr-muneera 9/10/2024 THE TISSUES.  ARTERIES THEY TRANSPORT BLOOD FROM THE HEART AND DISTRIBUTE IT TO THE VARIOUS TISSUES OF THE BODY THROUGH THEIR BRANCHES. CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART.  TWO EXCEPTIONS:  THE PULMONARY ARTERIES.  CARRIES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE HEART TO THE LUNGS.  THE UMBILICAL ARTERIES.  SUPPLIES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE FETUS TO THE PLACENTA IN THE UMBILICAL CORD. dr-muneera 9/10/2024  VEINS THEY TRANSPORT BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART. THE SMALLER VEINS (TRIBUTRIES) UNITE TO FORM LARGER VEINS WHICH COMMONLY JOIN WITH ONE ANOTHER TO FORM VENOUS PLEXUSES. CARRY DEOXYGENATED BLOOD TOWARD THE HEART.  TWO EXCEPTIONS:  THE PULMONARY VEINS.  RECEIVE OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE LUNGS AND DRAIN INTO THE LEFT ATRIUM OF THE HEART.  THE UMBILICAL VEINS.  CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM dr-muneera THE PLACENTA TO THE GROWING FETUS. 9/10/2024  DEEP VEINS (VENAE COMITANTES)  TWO VEINS THAT ACCOMPANY MEDIUM SIZED DEEP ARTERIES  VENA COMITANS IS LATIN FOR ACCOMPANYING VEIN.  THEY ARE FOUND IN CLOSE TO ARTERIES SO THAT THE PULSATIONS OF THE ARTERY AID VENOUS RETURN.  VENAE COMITANTES ARE USUALLY FOUND WITH SMALLER ARTERIES, ESPECIALLY THOSE IN THE LIMBS.  LARGER dr-muneera ARTERIES DO NOT HAVE 9/10/2024 VENAE COMITANTES. THEY USUALLY HAVE A SINGLE, SIMILARLY SIZED VEIN.  CAPILLARIES  MICROSCOPIC VESSELS IN THE FORM OF A NETWORK.  THEY CONNECT THE ARTERIOLES TO THE VENULES.  THEY HELP TO ENABLE THE EXCHANGE OF WATER, OXYGEN AND MANY OTHER NUTRIENTS BETWEEN BLOO D AND THE TISSUES. dr-muneera 9/10/2024  Review Question # 1  Which one of the following is NOT true? 1. Right atria receive blood from the body. 2. The valve between right atrium and right ventricle called “Bicuspid”. 3. Left ventricle discharging blood to the body. 4. Right ventricle receives blood from right atrium. 5. Valves allow blood to move one way only. dr-muneera 9/10/2024 dr-muneera 9/10/2024  DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Presented By Dr. MUNEERA Anatomy and Embryology Department Faculty of Medicine & Health Science U.S.T  dr-muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Learning Objectives : At the end of lecture the student should be able to: 1-know the different parts of respiratory system 2-Describe the difference between right and left lung DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09  DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Composed of the nose and nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx (throat), larynx.  DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Nose Provides airway Moistens and warms air Filters air Olfactory receptors DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09  DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Para-nasal Sinuses Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called the paranasal sinuses – Frontal Ethmoidal Sphenoidal Maxillary  DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Lateral Anterior Functions: 1-Decrease skull bone weight 2-Warm, moisten and filter incoming air 3-Add resonance to voice. 4-Communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts  DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 The Pharynx 3 parts: naso-, oro- and laryngo pharynx laryngo pharynx  DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Pharynx Common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems. Commonly called the throat. Originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus. Common pathway for both air and food  24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Nasopharynx DR-Muneera Located directly posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate, which separates the oral cavity. Normally, only air passes through. Material from the oral cavity and oropharynx is typically blocked from entering the nasopharynx by the uvula of soft palate, which elevates when we swallow. In the lateral walls of the nasopharynx, paired auditory/eustachian tubes connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear. Posterior nasopharynx wall also houses a single pharyngeal tonsil (commonly called the adenoids. DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09  24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Oropharynx DR-Muneera The middle pharyngeal region. Immediately posterior to the oral cavity. Common respiratory and digestive pathway through which both air and swallowed food and drink pass. Lymphatic organs here provide the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign materials.  Palatine tonsils are on the lateral wall between the arches, and the lingual tonsils are at the base of the tongue.  DR-Muneera Laryngopharynx 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 The laryngopharynx is the third part of the pharynx. Proximally it originates as a continuation of the oropharynx at the upper border of epiglottis and extends down at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra, Laryngyo -pharynx where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.  DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Conducting airways (trachea, bronchi, up to terminal bronchioles). Respiratory portion of the respiratory system (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli).  24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Larynx DR-Muneera Voice box is a short, somewhat cylindrical airway ends in the trachea. 1-Prevents swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract. 2-Conducts air into the lower respiratory tract. 3-Produces sounds.  DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Epiglottis – elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 N.B: white because avascular  DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Vocal Cords  Trachea DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Beginning: Extends from the lower border of cricoid cartilage as continuation of the larynx at the level of 6th cervical Termination: It terminates by dividing into 2 main bronchi at the level of the lower border of vertebra to the level of sternal angle (between T4－T5 vertebrae) where it divides into right and left principal bronchi.  dr-muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Differences Between Right and Left Bronchi Right bronchus Left bronchus Wider & more Narrower vertical Bifurcates before entering the lung Bifurcates after entering the lung Shorter (2.5 cm) Longer (4.5-5cm) Makes 25 degree Makes 45 degree with the median plain with the median plain Applied: Inhaled foreign bodies:  DR-Muneera Lungs 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 General features Each lung has a half-cone shape, with a base, apex, two surfaces, and three borders. Apex of lung－ Projects above rib I and into the root of the neck ( 2 ～3 cm) above the medial third of clavicle into neck. Base－concave, related to diaphragm, also called diaphragmatic surface Lobes and Fissure Right lung Two fissures : horizontal and oblique– Three lobes : superior, middle, inferior– Left lung One fissure : oblique– Two lobes : superior and inferior– DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09  DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Right lung: 3 lobes Upper lobe Middle lobe Lower lobe Left lung: 2 lobes Upper lobe Lower lobe DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09 Lungs and Pleura DR-Muneera 24 ،‫ أيلول‬09  24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬10 Level 1—1st Semester dr-muneera Presented By Dr- Muneera Anatomy and Embryology Department Faculty of Medicine & Health Science U.S.T  08/05/1435 dr-muneera Digestive system  Learning Objectives : 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬10 At the end of lecture the student should be able to: 1-know the parts of digestive system: dr-muneera 2-Illestrate the alimentary canal 2-Diffrentiate between large and small intestine  The organs of the digestive system consists of: 08/05/1435 Alimentary canal Digestive glands dr-muneera Alimentary canal It is a continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus. It is about 9 meters long. It consists of: 1-Mouth cavity 2-Pharynx 3-Esophagus 4-Stomach 5-Small intestine 6-Large intestine  1-Mouth cavity It is the first part of alimentary canal It has the palate for its roof, separation it from nasal cavity, the tongue on the 08/05/1435 floor, the cheeks for the sides and the lips in front. dr-muneera 2-Pharynx: It is divided into three parts by the uvula and soft palate above and the epiglottis below into:  Naso-pharynx  Oro-pharynx  Laryngeo-pharynx Laryngeo-pharynx The food passes from the mouth to the oropharynx then to the laryngopharynx to the esophagus.  3-Esophagus:  Is a cylindrical straight muscular tube 25 cm in length. 08/05/1435  It begins at the level of 6th cervical vertebra in the neck, descend through the thorax behind the trachea and pierce the diaphragm at the level of the 10th thoracic dr-muneera vertebra to end in the stomach by its cardiac opening.  Its wall shows voluntary muscle in its upper1/3, involuntary in its lower 1/3, and mixed In the middle 1/3.  4-Stomach: 08/05/1435 The stomach is a J shaped deleted portion of the alimantary canal, it is situated below the diaphragm in the epigastrium, umbilical and left hypochondric regions of the abdominal cavity. It has: dr-muneera  Two opening: cardiac opening, at its upper end. pyloric opening ,which leads to the duodenum.  Two curvatures :lesser curvature & greater curvature 08/05/1435 dr-muneera SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE STOMACH 08/05/1435 dr-muneera  The stomach is divided into : Fundus 08/05/1435 Body Pyloric antrum pylorus dr-muneera When the stomach is empty, the mucosa folds  into rugae  when filled, the expanded wall of the stomach causes these folds to disappear (flatten) 08/05/1435 dr-muneera SMALL INTESTINE 08/05/1435 The 3 segments of the small intestine include: 1-duodenum (proximal) dr-muneera 2-jejunum (middle) and 3-ileum (distal)  LARGE INTESTINE (COLON) Subdivided into anatomical segments: 08/05/1435 Ascending colon dr-muneera Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum anal canal 08/05/1435 dr-muneera Four-quad rant pattern. 08/05/1435 dr-muneera  Accessory digestive organs and glands 08/05/1435 GALLBLADDER, LIVER, AND PANCREAS dr-muneera  08/05/1435 dr-muneera PANCREAS  Pancreas A triangular gland located behind the stomach which has both exocrine and 08/05/1435 endocrine functions dr-muneera Acinar (epithelial) cells secrete pancreatic juice into a duct that empties through the sphincter of Oddi at the duodenum Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels 08/05/1435 dr-muneera 08/05/1435 dr-muneera THANKS Nervous System Presented By Dr. MUNEERA Anatomy and Embryology Department Faculty of Medicine & Health Science U.S.T DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19  Learning Objectives : At the end of lecture the student should be able to: 1-know the parts of central nervous system 2-Describe the parts of brain stem 3-Describe the Meninges functions 4-know the types of endocrine and exocrine glands. dr-muneera 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19 Central nervous system (CNS): The central nervous system is that part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19  ORGANIZATION STRUCTURAL Central Nervous System (CNS)  Brain & Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)  Nerves & Ganglia DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19  FUNCTIONS  The nervous system has three functions:  Collection of Sensory Input:  Identifies changes occurring inside and outside the body by  using sensory receptors. These changes are called stimuli  Integration:  Processes, analyses and interprets these changes and makes decisions  Motor Output:  It then effects a response by activating muscles or glands DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19 (effectors) via motor output ‫‪DR-MUNEERA‬‬ ‫‪ 19‬تشرين األول‪24 ،‬‬ Brain DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19 Central Nervous System-( brain and the spinal cord) Peripheral Nervous System-the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19 ‫‪DR-MUNEERA‬‬ ‫‪ 19‬تشرين األول‪24 ،‬‬  THE BRAIN  Large mass of nervous tissue located in the cranial cavity.  Has four major regions. Cerebrum (Cerebral hemispheres) Diencephalon: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus & Epithalamus Cerebellum Brainstem: Midbrain, Pons & Medulla oblongata DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19  CEREBRUM (Cerebral hemispheres)  The largest part of the brain, and has two hemispheres.  The cerebral hemispheres are connected by a thick bundle of nerve fibers called corpus callosum.  The surface shows ridges of tissue, called gyri, separated by grooves called sulci.  Divided into 4 lobes by deeper grooves. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19 Figure 4.20 Some major subdivisions of the human cerebral cortex The four lobes: occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19  SPINAL CORD  It is a two-way conduction pathway to the brain & a major reflex center  42-45 cm long, cylindrical in shape, lies within the vertebral canal.  Extends from foramen magnum to L2 vertebra  Continuous above with medulla oblongata  Caudal tapering end is called conus medullaris  Has 2 enlargements: cervical and lumbosacral  Gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves  Group of spinal nerves at the end of the spinal cord is called cauda equina DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19 Spinal cord is protected by vertebrae, meninges and )CSF(Cerebrospinal fluid ( DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19  PROTECTION OF CNS THE CNS IS PROTECTED BY: Skull and the vertebral column (bone) Meninges (membranes): 3 layers Dura mater (outermost) Arachnoid mater (middle Pia mater (innermost) Cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space. DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19  PEREPHERAL NERVES  May be sensory, may be motor or could be mixed  Two types:  Cranial: 12 pairs, attached  Spinal: 31 pairs, attached to to brain, named, and spinal cord named and numbered from1-12 numbered according to the region of the spinal cord DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19  CRANIAL NERVES 12 pairs  4 pairs are mixed  Trigeminal n. (5th)  Facial n. (7th)  Glossopharyngeal n. (9th)  Vagus n. (10th)  5 pairs are motor  Occulomotor n. (3rd) Trochlear n. (4th)  Abducent n. (6th)  Accessory n. (11th)  Hypoglossal n. (12th)  3 pairs are sensory  Olfactory n. (1st) Optic n. (2nd) Vestibulocochlear n. (8th) DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19 ‫‪DR-MUNEERA‬‬ ‫‪ 19‬تشرين األول‪24 ،‬‬ CN Name F Innervation I Olfactory S Smell II Optic S Sight III Oculomotor M Pupil Const, rectus and obliques IV Trochlear M Superior obliques S Ophthalmic (FH), maxillary (cheek), mandible (chin) V Trigeminal M Chewing muscles VI Abducens M Lateral rectus muscle S Tongue VII Facial M Face muscles VIII Acoustic S Hearing balance S Posterior pharynx, taste to anterior tongue Glossopharyn- IX geal M Face muscles S Taste to posterior tongue, X Vagus M Posterior palate and pharynx XI Accessory M Trapezius and sternocleido muscles XII Hypoglossal M Tongue DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19 QUESTION? DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19  Endocrine Organs melatonin thymopoietin DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19 ‫‪DR-MUNEERA‬‬ ‫‪ 19‬تشرين األول‪24 ،‬‬  Purely endocrine organs Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Endocrine cells in other organs Pancreas Gonads DR-MUNEERA 24 ،‫ تشرين األول‬19 ‫‪DR-MUNEERA‬‬ ‫‪ 19‬تشرين األول‪24 ،‬‬ ‫‪DR-MUNEERA‬‬ ‫‪ 19‬تشرين األول‪24 ،‬‬