Skeletal System - Chapter 08 Quick Highlights (PDF)

Chapter 08 QUICK HIGHLIGHTS Skeletal System: Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. ...

Chapter 08 QUICK HIGHLIGHTS Skeletal System: Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Axial Skeleton Axial skeleton ̶Composed of bones along central body axis ̶Skull, vertebral column, hyoid, and thoracic cage Appendicular skeleton ̶Bones of upper and lower limbs ̶Girdles of bones attach limbs to axial skeleton ̶ Pectoral girdle holds upper limbs in place ̶ Clavicle, scapula ̶ Pelvic girdle holds lower limbs in place ̶ Coxal bones Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 2  Bony Landmarks: “Pointy bits” can be rough or smooth “Smooth”—covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage as part of a joint/articulation – Condyle, Head, Facet, etc. “Rough”—tendons and ligaments attach in these locations – Process, spine, tubercle, epicondyle, etc. Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3 Smooth articular projections Condyle –oval shaped, smooth, round Head—rounded end of bone, with a narrower neck Facet—flat surface, smooth Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4  Rough projections Epicondyle—near a condyle Process– generic pointy bit Spine--narrow ridge of bone Tubercle—small, rounded projection Trochanter—large projection (femur only) Tuberosity—rough patch, large Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 5  Depressions and Holes Canal / Meatus—a tube Fissure– a jagged hole Foramen—a round hole (plural: foramina) Fossa—a shallow depression/basin Sulcus—a shallow groove Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 6  8.2a General Anatomy of the Skull Skull – Most complex structure in skeleton – 22 bones – Composed of o 8 Cranial bones o 14 Facial bones Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 7  8.2a General Anatomy of the Skull Cavities of the skull – Largest, cranial cavity (endocranium) o Encloses, protects and supports brain – Orbits (eye sockets) – Oral cavity – Nasal cavity – Paranasal sinuses Frontal Ethmoidal Maxillary Sphenoidal Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 8  Paranasal Sinuses Figure 8.13 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 9  Inferior View of the Skull Remember : Figure 8.7b foramen magnum is important as the passageway for the spinal cord occipital condyles articulate with ATLAS to enable nodding of head Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 10  Figure 8.14 Hyoid bone Greater cornu Lesser cornu Body Anterior view Lateral view Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Atlas and Occipital Condyles Atlas (C1) o Supports the head o Articulates with occipital condyles at the atlanto- occipital joint ˗ Permits nodding “yes” o Lacks body and spinous process Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 12  Atlas and Axis Axis (C2) o Dens--Acts as a pivot for lateral rotation between atlas and skull o Atlantoaxial joint between atlas and axis ˗ Permits shaking the head “no” Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13  Vertebral Anatomy Superior View This Is a thoracic vertebra (see where ribs articulate?) RIB contact RIB contact Figure 8.17a Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 14  Vertebral Anatomy Posterior and Lateral Views Intervertebral (“between vertebrae”) Intervertebral foramen allow Spinal nerves to enter/exit spinal cord Intervertebral disc made of Fibrocartilage and other material (Chapter 9—what kind of joint?) Figure 8.17b,c Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 15 Sacrum 5 fused vertebrae Completely fused by age 20–30 Coccyx Fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae Begins about age 25 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 16  Ribs 12 pairs of ribs—all attach to thoracic vertebrae – Some also attach to sternum by their own cartilage (true) – Some attach by hitching onto another rib’s cartilage (false) – Some don’t attach to the sternum at all (false and floating!) Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 17  Figure 8.20 Which part of the sternum could break off while Manubrium doing chest Suprasternal notch compression in CPR? 1 Clavicular notch Costal notch 2 Sternal angle True ribs 3 Sternum (1–7) Body 4 Costal notch Which part of the 5 sternum Is most superior? 6 Xiphoid process 7 11 8 T12 Costal cartilages 9 12 False ribs L1 (8–12) 10 Floating ribs 11 Which part of the (11–12) sternum allows most of the ribs to attach? Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Figure 8.21 Head Neck Crest Tubercle Costal facet for rib 6 Superior Angle Articular facets for vertebral bodies Inferior Costal Articular facet facet for transverse process Tubercle Neck Rib 6 Costal Head demifacet for rib 6 T6 Junction Costal groove with costal cartilage Shaft Rib (posterior view) Superior view T8 Head This image shows how ribs Neck T9 Angle articulate with vertebrae Tubercle of rib articulating with vertebral transverse T10 process 9 rib t of S haf Lateral view (c) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Christine Eckel Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 8.7 Upper and Lower Limbs: Similarities Proximal part of each limb : one large bone – Attached to axial skeleton by a “girdle” of bones o Pectoral girdle holding upper limbs in place o Pelvic girdle articulating with lower limb Distal part of each limb : two bones o Able to slightly pivot Wrist and proximal foot : multiple bones o Allow for range of movement Feet and hands o Both with 5 metacarpals or metatarsals o Each with total of 14 phalanges Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 20 8.7 The Upper and Lower Limbs: Differences – Lower limb weight bearing o Some mobility sacrificed for greater stability – Upper limb not weight bearing o Arm and forearms relatively lighter o Relatively more mobile o Can be used for multiple activities o More mobile joints less stable, more frequently injured Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 21  8.8 The Pectoral Girdle and Its Functions Pectoral girdle – Articulates with the trunk – Supports the upper limbs Clavicle= “Collarbone” – Elongated S-shaped bone – Connects manubrium _________________________ – Connects to acromion ___________________________ Scapula= “shoulder blade” – Broad, flat, triangular bone – Attaches to humerus and clavicle Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 22  8.9 Bones of the Upper Limb Bones of the upper limb—per arm 1 humerus (brachial) 1 radius and 1 ulna (antebrachial) 8 carpal bones (carpal) 5 metacarpal bones (palmar) 14 phalanges (digital) Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 23  8.9b Radius and Ulna Radius and ulna form antebrachium. – Bones are parallel – Radius located laterally – Ulna located medially It is helpful in Bio 144 and Bio 145 to know which bone is “pinky side” and which bone is “thumb side” – often that is a big clue when looking at models (ie. Radial artery, ulnar nerve) Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 24  Radius and Ulna Connected by an interosseous membrane o Dense regular CT o Keeps radius and ulna a fixed distance apart o Pivot of rotation for the forearm Figure 8.26a,b Chapter 9: Syndesmosis! Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 25  8.9b Radius and Ulna Supination – In anatomic position, palm of hand facing anteriorly Radius – Radius and ulna parallel Ulna Radius on lateral side Ulna on medial side Thumb Little finger Figure 8.26c (c) Supination of right forearm © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Christine Eckel, photographer Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 26  8.9b Radius and Ulna © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Christine Eckel, photographer Pronation Radius and ulna pivoting along interosseous membrane Palm of hand facing posteriorly Radius – Head of radius still on lateral Ulna side of elbow – Distal end of radius is more medial Thumb Little finger Figure 8.26d (d) Pronation of right forearm 27 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Pelvis: 4 bones – Sacrum, Coccyx, Right and Left Ossa Coxae – Supports viscera in inferior part of ventral body cavity Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 28  The Pelvic Girdle Male Female Pelvic girdle Left and right os coxae only Articulates with trunk Provides attachment point for lower limbs Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 29  8.10a Os Coxae= “Hip bones” 3 bones o Ilium o Ischium o Pubis – Fuse completely between ages 13 to 15 years – Articulates posteriorly with sacrum at sacroiliac joint Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 30  8.10a Os Coxae Femur articulation with acetabulum Deep, curved depression on lateral os coxae oRegion where 3 bones have fused Obturator foramen formed by pubis and ischium Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 31  Auricular surface of ileum Greater sciatic notch— passageway for sciatic nerve Lesser sciatic notch– Sacroiliac joint another sciatic nerve passage Ischial spine—between L. and G. sciatic notches Auricular surface--ilium articulates with sacrum to form sacroiliac joint Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 32  8.10c Sex Differences in the Pelvis Due to demands of pregnancy & childbirth, the female pelvis… – Is shallower and wider. ilium flares more laterally – Has acetabulum projecting more laterally – Has wider greater sciatic notch – Has shorter and wider sacrum – Has longer body of pubis and taller pubic sympysis – Subpubic angle/ Pubic arch o Angle when pubic bones aligned at symphysial surfaces o Wider and more convex in females Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 33  8.11 Bones of the Lower Limb Components of the lower limb – Thigh, leg, foot 30 Bones of the lower limb (per leg) – 1 femur – 1 patella – 1 tibia and 1 fibula – 7 tarsal bones – 5 metatarsal bones – 14 phalanges Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 34  8.11a Femur and Patella Femur – Longest, heaviest, strongest bone – Spherical head o Articulates with acetabulum – Fovea or fovea capitis o Small depression within head of the femur for small ligament – Elongated neck joins shaft of femur at an angle o Results in medial angling of the femur Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 35  8.11a Femur and Patella Patella – “Kneecap” – Large, triangular sesamoid bone – Housed within tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle – Allows tendon to glide more smoothly – Protects knee joint – Superior broad base – Inferior pointed apex – Articular surface on posterior aspect o Articulates with patella surface of the femur Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 36  8.11b Tibia and Fibula Lower leg – Two parallel bones – Thick, strong, medially placed tibia o Only weight-bearing bone in the crural region – Slender, laterally placed fibula – Connected by interosseous membrane (SYNDESMOSIS!) o Stabilizes relative positions of tibia and fibula o Provides pivot of minimal rotation for the bones Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 37  8.11b Tibia and Fibula Tibia: Tibial tuberosity o Anterior surface near proximal condyles o Attachment site for patellar ligament Medial malleolus o Large process on medial distal border o Palpated on medial side of the ankle Fibula – Long, lateral, non-weight-bearing bone – Distal tip, lateral malleolus o Provides lateral stability o Palpate on lateral side of the ankle Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 38  8.11c Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges Tarsals – 7 bones of the ankle and proximal foot – Similar to the eight carpal bones – Proximal row: talus, calcaneus, navicular bone – Talus, most superior and second largest o Articulates with the tibia – Calcaneus, largest… forms heel o Posterior end with projection for attachment of calcaneal tendon Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 39  8.11d Arches of the Foot – Help support weight of the body – Ensure blood vessels on sole of foot not pinched when standing – Shape maintained primarily by foot bones themselves – Bones shaped so they can support their weight in an arch – Strong ligaments and tendons also helping maintain arches’ shapes Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 40