WEEK 1.pdf

Orientation and Overview of the Human Body By: Honeylee C. Villarmia, RMT House with solid fill Exit with solid fill Definition of Anatomy, Physiology, and...

Orientation and Overview of the Human Body By: Honeylee C. Villarmia, RMT House with solid fill Exit with solid fill Definition of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology “Ana-” — up “-tomy” — process of cutting The science of body structures and the relationships among them. “Physio-” — nature “-logy” — study of The science of body functions — how the body parts work. House with solid fill Exit with solid fill Definition of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology BRANCH OF STUDY OF PHYSIOLOGY Neurophysiology Functional properties of nerve Endocrinology Hormones and how they control body functions. Cardiovascular physiology Functions of the heart and blood vessels. immunology The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents. Respiratory physiology Functions of the air passageways and lungs. Renal physiology Functions of the kidneys. Exercise physiology Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity. Pathophysiology Functional changes associated with disease and aging House with solid fill Exit with solid fill Levels of Structural Organization and Body Systems House with solid fill Exit with solid fill  How many organ systems do we have, and what are their names? House with solid fill Exit with solid fill  Introduction to Different Body Systems Components Functions 1. Skin 1. Protects body 2. Hair 2. Regulate body temperature; 3. Fingernails 3. Eliminates some wastes 4. Toenails 4. Make vitamin D 5. Sweat gland 5. Detects sensations 6. Oil glands 6. Stores fat 7. Provides insulation. House with solid fill Exit with solid fill  Introduction to Different Body Systems Components Functions 1. Bones 1. Supports and protects body 2. Joints 2. Provides surface 3. Cartilages 3. Area for muscle attachments 4. Body movements 5. Houses cells that produce blood cells 6. Stores minerals and lipids (fats) House with solid fill Exit with solid fill  Introduction to Different Body Systems Components Functions 1. Skeletal muscle 1. Body movements tissue 2. Maintains posture 2. Smooth muscle 3. Produces heat tissue 3. Cardiac muscle tissue House with solid fill Exit with solid fill  Introduction to Different Body Systems COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS 1. Brain 1. Generates action potentials 2. Spinal cord 2. Detects changes in body’s 3. Nerves internal and external 4. Special sense environments organs (such as the 3. Interprets changes eyes and the ears) 4. Responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions House with solid fill Exit with solid fill  Introduction to Different Body Systems COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS 1. Hormone-producing glands Regulates body activities by 2. Hormone-producing cells in releasing hormones. other organs House with solid fill Exit with solid fill  Introduction to Different Body Systems COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS 1. Blood Heart: pumps blood through blood 2. Heart vessels 3. Blood vessels Blood a. carries O2 and nutrients to cells and CO2 and wastes away from cells b. regulates acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids Blood components: a) helps defend against disease b) repair damaged blood vessels House with solid fill Exit with solid fill  Introduction to Different Body Systems COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS 1. Lymphatic fluid and vessels 1. Returns proteins and fluid 2. Spleen, thymus, lymph to the blood nodes, and tonsils 2. Carries lipids from the GI 3. Cells that carry out immune tract to the blood responses 3. Contains site of maturation and proliferation of T cells and B cells that protect against pathogens House with solid fill Exit with solid fill  Introduction to Different Body Systems COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS 1.Lungs Transfers oxygen and carbon 2.Air dioxide passageways: Helps regulate acid-base Pharynx balance Larynx Produces sound Trachea Bronchial tubes House with solid fill Exit with solid fill  Introduction to Different Body Systems COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS 1. Mouth Achieves physical and chemical 2. Pharynx breakdown of food 3. Esophagus Absorbs nutrients 4. Stomach Eliminates solid waste 5. Small intestine 6. Large intestine 7. Anus 8. Accessory organs: Salivary glands Liver Gallbladder Pancreas House with solid fill Exit with solid fill  Introduction to Different Body Systems COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS 1. Kidneys - Produces, stores, and 2. Ureters eliminates urine 3. Urinary bladder - Eliminates wastes and 4. Urethra regulates volume and chemical composition of blood - Helps maintain the acid- base balance of body fluids - Maintains body’s mineral balance - Helps regulate production of red blood cells House with solid fill Exit with solid fill  Introduction to Different Body Systems COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS 1. Gonads 1. Gonads produce Testes (males) gametes—such as the Ovaries (females) sperm or oocyte—that 2. Associated organs unite to form a new Uterine tubes organism Uterus 2. Release hormones Vagina 3. Associated organs: Mammary glands transport and store Epididymides gametes Ductus deferens 4. Mammary glands: Seminal vesicles produce milk Prostate Penis House with solid fill Exit with solid fill The Anatomical Position Body Positions Prone- lying facedown Body Positions Supine- lying faceup The principal regions are: Regional Names 1. Head Regional Names 2. Neck 3. Trunk 4. Upper limbs 5. Lower limbs Directional Terms Directional Terms Position of one body part relative to another. House with solid fill Exit with solid fill The Anatomical Position House with solid fill Exit with solid fill The Anatomical Position House with solid fill Exit with solid fill The Anatomical Position Which directional terms can be used to specify the relationships between 1. Elbow and the shoulder 2. Left and right shoulders 3. Sternum and the humerus House with solid fill Exit with solid fill Planes and Sections 1. Sagittal plane- divides the body or an organ into right and left sides. 2. Midsagittal plane or median plane - plane passes through the midline and divides it into equal right and left sides 3. Parasagittal plane- if the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left 4. Frontal or coronal plane -divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. 5. Transverse plane/ cross-sectional/ horizontal plane - divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. House with solid fill 6. Oblique plane- passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle Exit with solid fill Body Cavities ✓ Body cavities- spaces that enclose internal organs ✓ Diaphragm- the dome- shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. ✓ Viscera- Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities House with solid fill Exit with solid fill Body Cavities House with solid fill Exit with solid fill  Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes PLEURA Serous membrane of the pleural cavities 1. Visceral pleura- clings to the surface of the lungs 2. Parietal pleura- lines the chest wall Serous membrane Covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities PERICARDIUM Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity 1. Parietal layer - lines the walls 1. Visceral pericardium -covers the of the cavities surface of the heart 2. Visceral layer- covers and 2. Parietal pericardium- lines the chest wall. adheres to the viscera within the cavities. PERITONEUM Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity 1. Visceral peritoneum- covers the abdominal viscera, 2. Parietal peritoneum- lines the abdominal wall, covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrant Subcostal line- top horizontal line Transtubercular line- bottom horizontal line Left and right midclavicular lines- two vertical lines House with solid fill Exit with solid fill LET'S TEST YOUR UNDERSTADING Locate the nine abdominopelvic regions and the four abdominopelvic quadrants on yourself. House with solid fill Exit with solid fill  THANK YOU SO MUCH House with solid fill Exit with solid fill