Saladin Ch1 FA24.pdf

Chapter 01 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Birth of Modern Medicine Illustrations from (a) Avicenna and (b) Vesalius Figure 1.1 1-2  Anatomy and Physiology Human Anatomy is the study...

Chapter 01 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Birth of Modern Medicine Illustrations from (a) Avicenna and (b) Vesalius Figure 1.1 1-2  Anatomy and Physiology Human Anatomy is the study of body structure. Word is derived from the Greek and means “to cut” or “cutting backwards” (putting things together from slices). Human Physiology is the science of body functions. Including the study of homeostasis (keeping the organs systems of the body in balance) Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 1.1a ANATOMISTS (a) Anatomists Study the small intestine Focus on the form and including its relationship structures of the small intestine to the rest of the body Esophagus Liver Stomach Large Small intestine intestine ANATOMISTS Describe the multiple layers in the wall of the small intestine ANATOMISTS Study the tissues of the small intestine and the cells that compose them Organelles Villus Cell Section of intestinal wall  Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 1.1b Peristalsis Wave of contraction Small intestine Bolus (b) Physiologists Focus on the function of Relaxation the small intestine PHYSIOLOGISTS Examine how the muscles of the small intestine propel food through the digestive tract Propulsion of bolus forward. Anatomists and Physiologists Know form and function of the small intestine are interrelated PHYSIOLOGISTS Describe the mechanisms by which different nutrients Protein are broken down Carbohydrate Fat globules Bile salts Amino acids Monoglycerides Monosaccharides Epithelial PHYSIOLOGISTS cell of Study the mechanisms by intestinal which different nutrients are villus absorbed Blood Lymphatic capillary capillary  Anatomy and Physiology Structure and function of the body are closely related: Structure mirrors function – Example 1: Bones of the hand vs. skull – Example 2: Facial muscles vs. bicep Developmental anatomy Subdivisions of is the study of the Anatomy fertilized egg developing into its adult form. Embryology is a subcategory of developmental anatomy (conception to 8th week of gestation). Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  Subdivisions of Anatomy Histology is the study of tissues. Cytology, like histology, uses a microscope, but restricts the study to individual cellular structures. This micrograph is typical of an histological and cytological examination under light microscopy Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  Homeostasis and Negative Feedback Example: home thermostat Figure 1.6a 1-9  Homeostasis and Negative Feedback Example: Body Temperature Regulation RECEPTORS Receptors send Receptors temperature information to brain. STIMULUS CONTROL Control Center (a) Body Temperature Falls Below Normal CENTER A decrease in body temperature Effectors stimulates a negative HOMEOSTASIS Directs response to effectors EFFECTORS Heat is conserved.  Homeostasis and Negative Feedback Example: Body Temperature Regulation RECEPTORS Receptors send temperature information Receptors to brain. STIMULUS CONTROL Control Center CENTER An increase in body temperature stimulates a negative Effectors Hypothalamus feedback mechanism. HOMEOSTASIS Directs response to effectors Heat is given off. EFFECTORS Sweat Homeostasis and Negative Feedback Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sweating 37.5 oC Core body temperature (99.5 oF) Vasodilation 37.0 oC Set point (98.6 oF) 36.5 oC Vasoconstriction Figure 1.6b (97.7 oF) Time Shivering Homeostasis in body temperature – If too warm, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism) – If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism) 1-10 Homeostasis and Negative Feedback Example: Blood Pressure Receptors Control Center Effectors  Homeostasis and Negative Feedback How can you explain orthostatic hypotension? 1-13 Positive Feedback 3 Brain stimulates pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin Example: Childbirth 4 Oxytocin stimulates 2 Nerve impulses uterine contractions from cervix and pushes fetus Receptors transmitted to brain toward cervix Control Center Effectors 1 Head of fetus pushes against cervix Positive Feedback Example: Lactation Receptors Control Center Effectors  Organ Systems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Principal organs: Principal organs: Principal organs: Skin, hair, nails, Bones, cartilages, Skeletal muscles cutaneous glands ligaments Principal functions: Principal functions: Principal functions: Movement, stability, Protection, water retention, Support, movement, communication, control thermoregulation, protective enclosure of of body openings, heat vitamin D synthesis, viscera, blood formation, production cutaneous sensation, mineral storage, nonverbal communication electrolyte and acid–base balance Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system  Organ Systems Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Principal organs: Principal organs: Principal organs: Lymph nodes, Nose, pharynx, larynx, Kidneys, ureters, urinary lymphatic vessels, trachea, bronchi, lungs bladder, urethra thymus, spleen, tonsils Principal functions: Principal functions: Principal functions: Absorption of oxygen, Elimination of wastes; Recovery of excess discharge of carbon regulation of blood tissue fluid, detection of dioxide, acid–base volume and pressure; pathogens, production balance, speech stimulation of red blood of immune cells, defense cell formation; control against disease of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification Lymphatic system Respiratory system Urinary system  Organ Systems Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Principal organs: Principal organs: Principal organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, Pituitary gland, Heart, blood vessels ganglia pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, Principal functions: Principal functions: testes, ovaries Distribution of nutrients, Rapid internal oxygen, wastes, communication, hormones, electrolytes, coordination, heat, immune cells, Principal functions: motor control and antibodies; Hormone production; and sensation fluid, electrolyte, and internal chemical acid-base balance communication and coordination Nervous system Endocrine system Circulatory system  Organ Systems Nervous system Endocrine system Circulatory system Principal organs: Principal organs: Principal organs: Teeth, tongue, salivary Testes, epididymides, Ovaries, uterine tubes, glands, esophagus, spermatic ducts, seminal uterus,vagina, mammary stomach, small and large vesicles, prostate gland, glands intestines, liver, gallbladder, bulbourethral glands, pancreas penis Principal functions: Principal functions: Production of eggs; site Nutrient breakdown and Principal functions: of fertilization and fetal absorption. Liver functions Production and delivery development; fetal include metabolism of of sperm; secretion of nourishment; birth; carbohydrates, lipids, sex hormones lactation; secretion of proteins, vitamins, and sex hormones minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood. Digestive system Male reproductive system Female reproductive system  Body Regions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cephalic r. (head) Facial r. (face) Cervical r. (neck) Upper limb: Acromial r. Thoracic r. (chest): (shoulder) Sternal r. Axillary r. (armpit) Pectoral r. Brachial r. (arm) Cubital r. (elbow) Umbilical r. Antebrachial r. Abdominal r. (forearm) Inguinal r. (groin) Carpal r. (wrist) Pubic r.: Mons pubis Palmar r. (palm) Lower limb: Coxal r. (hip) Patellar r. (knee) Lower limb: Femoral r. (thigh) Crural r. (leg) Tarsal r. (ankle) Pedal r. (foot): Dorsum Plantar surface (sole) (a) Anterior (ventral) (b) Anterior (ventral) Cranial r.  Tarsal r. (ankle) Pedal r. (foot): Body Regions Dorsum Plantar surface (sole) (a) Anterior (ventral) (b) Anterior (ventral) Cranial r. Nuchal r. (back of neck) Interscapular r. Scapular r. Vertebral r. Lumbar r. Sacral r. Gluteal r. (buttock) Dorsum of hand Perineal r. Femoral r. Popliteal r. Crural r. Tarsal r. Calcaneal r. (heel) (c) Posterior (dorsal) (d) Posterior (dorsal) (all): ©McGraw-Hill Education/Joe DeGrandis Directional Terms  Planes Frontal plane Transverse plane (a) Sagittal section (b) Frontal section Sagittal plane (c) Transverse section Transverse Sections Fig. A.7 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Perm ission required for reproduction or display. Posterior Back muscles 2nd lumbar vertebra Kidney Spinal cord Liver Renal vein and artery Fat Inferior vena cava Dorsal mesentery Aorta Parietal peritoneum Intestine Visceral peritoneum (serosa) Peritoneal cavity Omentum or other ventral mesentery Anterior  Body Cavities Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity: Pleural cavity Thoracic cavity Mediastinum Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (a) Left lateral view (b) Anterior view Serous Membranes Parietal pericardium Parietal ple Pericardial Pleural cav cavity Visceral ple Visceral pericardium Lung Heart Diaphragm Diaphragm (a) Pericardium (b) Pleurae  Serous Membranes tal pericardium Parietal pleura ardial Pleural cavity y Visceral pleura ral ardium Lung hragm Diaphragm (b) Pleurae  Serous Membranes Diaphragm Aorta Liver Serosae Lesser omentum Inferior Vena Cava Stomach Greater omentum Pancreas Duodenum Esophagus Large intestine Dorsal Part of Stomach Adrenal glands mesentery Small intestine Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Kidneys Peritoneal cavity Urinary bladder Rectum Ureters Pancreas Ascending Colon Descending Colon Rectum (a) (b) b: ©MedicImage/Getty Image https://anatomytool.org/content/extraperiton eal-retroperitoneal-subperitoneal- Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. preperitoneal  Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions Quadrants Stomach Right Left upper upper 10th rib quadrant quadrant Right Left lower lower Anterior quadrant quadrant superior spine (a) (b) Regions Liver Hypochondriac Epigastric region Gallbladder region 10th rib Subcostal line Lumbar Umbilical Large region region intestine Small Intertubercular intestine line Hypogastric Inguinal region region Urinary Midclavicular bladder line Urethra  Clinical Use Cholecystitis Gastritis Gastritis Ascending Cholangitis Peptic Ulcer Disease Pancreatitis RLL Pneumonia Pancreatitis LLL Pneumonia Hepatitis Inferior MI Splenic Infarction AAA -abdominal aortic aneurysm Pyelonephritis Bowel Obstruction Pyelonephritis Ureteric Obstruction DKA -Diabetic ketoacidosis Ureteric Obstruction Pancreatitis Appendicitis Diverticulitis Cystitis Sigmoid Volvulus Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Inflammatory Bowel Disease Strangulated Hernia Gynecological Pathology Strangulated Hernia Gynecological Pathology 1-30 Our Basic Primate Adaptations 1-31  Anatomical Variation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Normal Pelvic kidney Horseshoe kidney Figure 1.5 Normal 1-32 Variations in branches of the aorta