Chinese Political System F3 Integrated Humanities PDF

Chinese political system F3 INTEGRATED HUMANITIES In this chapter, we are going to learn….. - the functions and powers of the following organs of the state ◦ NPC ◦ President ◦ State Council ◦ People’s courts and people’s procuratorate - the leadership role of CPC - the roles performed by the CPPC...

Chinese political system F3 INTEGRATED HUMANITIES In this chapter, we are going to learn….. - the functions and powers of the following organs of the state ◦ NPC ◦ President ◦ State Council ◦ People’s courts and people’s procuratorate - the leadership role of CPC - the roles performed by the CPPCC - the channels for people’s supervision of the government The Central Authoritie s A. Functions and powers of main state organs National People’s Congress (NPC) - National People’s Congress - Highest organ of state power - First convened in 1954 🡪 held a national session every year after then - 2980 deputies with a 5-year term of office National People’s Congress Method of composition ◦ Representatives elected from provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities, army and special administrative regions 🡪 based on the ratios of the population ◦ The deputies are generated by means of indirect election National People’s Congress There are 36 deputies from Hong Kong.  Formation of the National People’s Congress Formation of the National People’s Congress Study the sources below carefully and answer the following questions. Source 1 Percentage of member composition of the 12th and 13th National People's Congress (2013-2023) Source 2 Opinions from different deputies Ethnic minorities enjoy guaranteed quotas in the NPC, we could express our own opinions and protect our own interests, enhancing harmony among ethnic groups. Ethnic minority Representatives from workers and peasants only occupy around 10% of all members while representatives from authorities occupy almost 35% of all members, the ratio is imbalanced. Peasant  The deputies to the NPC are generated by means of indirect election, they are not elected by the public, so the NPC is not able to reflect interests of people from different classes. Scholar A Most of the deputies from NPC have their own jobs, they could express their opinions according to their work experiences and reflect livelihood of the society, which helps enhance connection between various classes. Scholar B 1 Compare the changes among the two NPC according to source 1. Analyse data and compare workers and peasants According to source 1, representatives from _________________ has increased _____ 2.28 percentage points from _____ 13.42 % to 15.7%; representatives form _________________ intellectuals 20.57 % among occupied _____ all representatives, the number had slightly increased _____ 0.15 percentage points. Also, representatives from _________________ authorities had declined from _____ 34.88 % to _____ 33.93 %, yet they are still the majority among all representative groups. 2 Is the formation of NPC able to reflect interests from different classes? Explain your answer with reference from the sources. Understand source and use own According to source 1, representatives of the NPC include different ethnic groups and social classes, such as workers, peasants, Able authorities and ethnic minorities 🡪 cater for the benefits of different groups. According to source 2, each representative has got their own jobs and is closed to their own social groups 🡪 they can collect opinions from their own groups and connect all classes. According to source 1, the ratio of members from the NPC is imbalanced, as authorities are the majority during the 12th and the 13th National People’s Congress, occupying 34.88% and 33.93% of Unable all deputies 🡪 difficult for the Congress to balance the interests of different classes. According to source 2, the deputies to the NPC are not elected by the public 🡪 not be able to reflect the true opinions from the society. National People’s Congress Standing organ ◦ The Standing Committee of the NPC ◦ exercises functions and powers of the NPC when the NPC is between sessions ◦ convenes a session once every one and half to two months for 7 to 10 days ◦ has 175 members National People’s Congress Functions and powers of the NPC 1) To amend the constitution and oversee its enforcement 2) To enact and amend laws of the state National People’s Congress Functions and powers of the NPC 3) To elect or appoint based on nomination or remove members of the state bodies and organisations 4) To examine and approve major state issues, reports and plans, including government work reports, the state financial budget, etc 5) To supervise the work of the State Council, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate. National People’s Congress According to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China: ‘All power in the People’s Republic of China belongs to the people’ ‘The organs through which the people exercise state power are the National People’s Congress and the local people’s congress at different levels’ ‘The National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at different levels are instituted through democratic election. They are responsible to the people and subject to supervision’ President - the nominal head of state - both the President and the Vice President are elected by the NPC - citizens of the PRC who have the right to vote and to stand for election and who have reached the age of 45 are eligible for election - no term limit President Main duties ◦ Internal affairs ◦ To promulgate laws; ◦ To appoint and dismiss officials above the ministerial level of the State Council; ◦ To grant state medals and titles of honour; ◦ To issue orders of special pardons; ◦ To declares states of emergency; and ◦ To proclaim a state of war and issue mobilisation orders ◦ Foreign affairs ◦ To receive diplomatic representatives ◦ To appoint and recall representative abroad ◦ To approve or repeal treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states State Council - the executive body of the highest organ of state power - the highest organ of state administration - composed of the Premier, the Vice- Premiers, the State Councillors, the Ministers in charge of ministries, the Ministers in charge of commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General - 5-year term of office, serve no more than two consecutive terms State Council Functions and powers of the State Council - To formulate and issue administrative rules and regulations and to adopt administrative measures; - To submit proposal to the NPC or its Standing Committees; - To direct and administer the affairs of national defence, culture, education, economy, etc., and to administer foreign affairs; - To lead and supervise the ministries, commissions directly under it and local administrative organs at all levels State Council - To appoint or remove administrative officials, and reward or punish them; - To approve the geographic division of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government; and - To exercise such other functions and powers as the highest organ of state power (namely the NPC or the NPC Standing Committee) may assign it Judicial organs People’s courts - the people’s court is composed of the president, vice president, chief judge, associate chief judge, presiding judge etc. - The term of office of the president is the same as the people’s congress which created them - The President of the Supreme People’s Court serves no more than two consecutive terms Judicial organs People’s court ◦ Judicial organs of the state ◦ Includes the Supreme People’s Court, the people’s courts at different local levels and other special people’s courts, e.g. Military Court, Railway Transportation Court, Intellectual Property Court, Internet Court Judicial organs People’s court ◦ Judicial organs of the state ◦ Includes the Supreme People’s Court, the people’s courts at different local levels and other special people’s courts, e.g. Military Court, Railway Transportation Court, Intellectual Property Court, Internet Court Judicial organ Supreme People’s Court ◦ the highest judicial organ in China and is located in Beijing ◦ Examine and approve death penalty cases ◦ Bringing to trial the wrong judgment made by the subordinate court ◦ Provide judicial interpretation 🡪 ensure unified application of laws Local people’s courts ◦ Accept and hear cases of the first instance and also cases and appeals of the first instance submitted by the people’s court at the next lower level ◦ Handle civil disputes and mild criminal cases that do not need to open a court session  Judicial organ People’s procuratorates ◦ The state organs for legal supervision ◦ Prosecute all actions that violate the state laws ◦ Includes the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, the people’s procuratorates at different local levels and other special people’s procuratorates, e.g. Military Procuratorate, Railway Transportation Procuratorate, Intellectual Property Procuratorate, Internet Procuratorate ◦ have chief procurator at different local levels with terms of service same as that of the people’s congress which created the people’s procuratorate. ◦ Procuratorate-General of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate serve no more than two consecutive terms Ying Yung Secretary for Justice Paul Lam Ting-Kwok Deputy Secretary for Justice CHEUNG Kwok-kwan B. Leadership role of the Communist Party Communist Party of China - founded in 1921 - the ruling party in China - the political party with the largest number of members in the world - implement decisions of the Party Central Committee from the top down to the grass roots Communist Party of China Principle: Four “subordinates” under democratic centralism - individual Party members are subordinate to the Party organisation - the minority is subordinate to the majority - the lower Party organisations are subordinate to higher Party organisations; and - all the constituent organisations and members of the Party are subordinate to the National Congress and the Central Committee of the Party Stakeholders Stance Viewpoint University No Our spending data both inside and outside the students campus is our privacy. The university collect those data. Students Yes By collecting the spending data of the students, we counsellors can offer timely assistance for students if there is any sudden change in their spending together with a significant drop in grades. Parents Yes Our children have just grown up to be a young adult. They are not willing to reveal their consumption pattern or grades to us. We will be less worried if the students counsellors can help monitor their performance. - The mainland government should shorten the school hours.(1) Students in mainland have long school hours. Students have high pressure with school work. (1) By shortening the school hours, students can have a more balanced learning and rest time, which could make their learning more effective. (1) The mainland government can extend the 9-year compulsory education to 12 years. (1) This can raise the overall education level of mainland China (1) and prevent students from failing to continue to study because of unfavrouable financial conditions. (1) This also provides talents to support the development of tertiary and quaternary industries in mainland China. a) Highest organ of state power b) Highest organ of state administration c) Receive diplomatic representatives d) Provide judicial interpretation e) State organ for legal supervision f) The deputies are generated by means of indirect election g) To direct and administer the affairs of national defence, culture, education, economy, etc. h) To amend the Constitution and oversee its enforcement i) Lead and supervise the ministries, commissions directly under it and local administrative organs at all levels j) To examine and approve the government work reports and the state financial budget k) Examine and approve death penalty l) To elect or appoint based on nomination or remove members of the state bodies and organisations m) To proclaim a state of war and issue mobilisation orders n) Submit proposal to the NPC or its Standing Committee o) Prosecute all actions that violate the state laws p) Headed by the Premier q) To appoint and dismiss official above the ministerial level of the State Council r) To supervise work of the State Council, The Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate s) To grant state medals and titles of honour t) The executive body of the highest organ of state power Communist Party of China National Congress ◦ the top leadership organ of the CPC ◦ decides on the major issues of the Party ◦ elects members of Central Committee ◦ Held once every five years Central Committee ◦ carries out decisions and directs the entire work of the party when the National Congress of the CPC is not in session ◦ elects members of the Political Bureau and its standing Committee, and the Central Military Commission and the General Secretary of the Central Committee Communist Party of China Political Bureau and its Standing Committee ◦ Exercise the functions and powers of the Central Committee when it is not in session ◦ The core power of the CPC ◦ The political core of China as a whole Communist Party of China Central Commission for Discipline Inspection ◦ Maintain the constitution and discipline of the Party ◦ Supervise the organisations and members of the Party ◦ Punish members of the Party who commit corruption and promote anti-corruption work Communist Party of China Government under leadership of the CPC ◦ CPC is the only ruling party in China ◦ CPC takes charge of directing the Chinese People’s Liberation Army ◦ The head of state is always the top leader for the Party, administration and army ◦ The President is the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and General Secretary of the CPC ◦ CPC has the leading status in the State Council ◦ A great number of government departments and organisations of the Party are led by the same group of people Communist Party of China Before the Reform and Opening-up ◦ All issues should be decided by the Party After the Reform and Opening-up ◦ In terms of policies and personnel, the state follows the decisions of the CPC ◦ However, the decisions of the Party cannot be the state policies unless they have been confirmed by the NPC or its Standing Committee Communist Party of China System of multi-party co- operation under the leadership of the Communist Party ◦ Express opinions through democratic consultative conference ◦ Submit written proposals ◦ Make appointments with the Central Government leaders to discuss national political issues Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) ◦ Set up by the CPC to unite people from circles and sectors all over the country ◦ 5-year term of service ◦ Participation in and deliberation of state affairs and supervision Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) - hold meeting in March every year when NPC holds sessions Called the two sessions - No right to vote Do not participate in passing resolution Channels for people’s supervision of the government Channels for people’s supervision of the government National Human Rights Action Plan of China was passed in 2009-2010 ◦ The state should guarantee the people’s right’s of supervision and improve the prevailing supervisory system Channels for people’s supervision of the government 1. People’s congresses ◦ Government implements regulations stipulated by the standing committees of people’s congresses at all levels ◦ Supervision over the administrative organs, judicial organs and procuratorial organs at all levels 2. The CPPCC ◦ The government has to carry out the proposals and suggestions of the CPPCC in respect of democratic supervision ◦ The government has to give timely reply to the proposals and suggestions put forward by the CPPCC Channels for people’s supervision of the government 3. Social organisation ◦ The government is committed to carrying out the role of social organisations in supervising the state organs and their functionaries. ◦ Therefore, it guarantees the rights of the people to criticise, make suggestions, appeal, accuse and inform against the state organs and their functionaries. Channels for people’s supervision of the government 4. News media ◦ The State Council requests its departments and organs and local governments to take the initiative to publicise information allow the news media to voice their opinions Channels for people’s supervision of the government 5. Opinions surveys and hearings ◦ Opinion surveys, public opinion assessments and hearings are adopted to strengthen people’s supervision Channels for people’s supervision of the government 6. Internet ◦ online news broadcast industry is encouraged to provide people with ample news and information ◦ allows people to voice their opinions on various current social affairs. ◦ guarantees the citizens' rights `to be informed, to participate, to be heard and to supervise'. Channels for people’s supervision of the government 7. Petition system - letters and visits An administrative system for hearing complaints and grievances from individuals in the PRC. It is the primary tool for dispute resolution in the country - people can make comments and lodge complaints ◦ Dealt with by the relevant administrative departments State Bureau for Letters and Visits Self-checking 1. Which organ is the highest organ of state power? State three functions or powers of it. 2. State two duties of the President of the PRC. 3. What is the State Council? State two functions of it. 4. What is the top leadership organ of the CPC? 5. Who is the core of power of the CPC? 6. What are the positions of Xi Jinping play in the Government and the Party? 7. What are the functions of the CPPCC? 8. State the three channels for Chinese citizens to supervise the government? Vocab List 1. National People’s Congress (NPC) 11. Premier 2. Chinese People’s Political Consultative 12. judicial interpretation Conference (CPPCC) 3. Communist Party of China (CPC) 13. Political Bureau 4. State Council 14. multi-party co-operation 5. Supreme People’s Court 15. political consultation 6. Supreme People’s Procuratorate 16. democratic supervision 7. municipalities 17. petitions 8. Standing Committee 9. highest organ of state power 10. indirect election