RT-104 Ethics & Jurisprudence Midterm PDF

 HOLY INFANT COLLEGE OF TACLOBAN CITY, INC. COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY RT 104 ETHICS & JURISPRUDENCE PREPARED BY: AYN TINGZON, RRT @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 Grading System & Rules Grading System R...

 HOLY INFANT COLLEGE OF TACLOBAN CITY, INC. COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY RT 104 ETHICS & JURISPRUDENCE PREPARED BY: AYN TINGZON, RRT @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 Grading System & Rules Grading System Rules 5 absences without an excuse letter/ medical certificate is considered dropped. Major exams = 50% You cannot enter the classroom without Quizzes = 25% wearing a proper uniform and hairnet. Recitation = 15% Proper hygiene is a must! No excuse letter is considered absent. Reporting Attendance = 10% If you miss the quiz on the scheduled date, you must complete it within that same week. Otherwise, you will not be permitted to take the quiz. +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com PROFESSIONAL ETHICS  Ethics and Its Nature Derived from the Greek word “ethos” which means “a characteristic way of acting”. Ancient romans translated the Greek word “ethos" to the Latin word “mos/moris”, from which the English term “morality” is derived. Ethics is the study of right and wrong and how to tell the difference between them. Ethics serves as a science that guides human actions and decisions, aiming to make a person's actions and, by extension, the person @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com themselves, "good."  Ethics and Its Nature The World Health Organization (WHO) states that ethics is concerned with moral principles, values and standards of conduct. The field of health and health care raises numerous ethical concerns. Example: health care delivery, professional integrity, data handling @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com  Ethics and Morality Ethics is often more about the systematic study and application of principles that help distinguish right from wrong. Ethics is concerned with all human actions, especially those that involve moral questions or dilemmas. Morality refer to personal or cultural values regarding what is considered right or wrong behavior. Moral principles are often internalized and personal, ethics involves a broader, more systematic approach to evaluating and guiding @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com human behavior. ETHICS Set of principles that governs one’s course of action MORAL PRINCIPLES Set of standards that established what is right or wrong. BIOETHICS Pertains solely to the ethics in the field of healthcare CODE OF ETHICS Governs professional behavior +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com  BASIS OF ETH ICAL PRINCI PLES UTILITARIANISM It is often called consequentialism Advocates that actions are morally correct or right when the large number of people is benefited by the decision made The morality of an action is judged solely by its outcomes or consequences. If an action leads to positive results for many people, it is considered morally good. @reallygreatsite www.reallygreatsite.com Examples: TTRIAGE EMERGENCY SITUATIONS A large accident occurs, and several people are critically injured. The triage team assigns a higher priority to the less injured patients and attends last to those who are critically injured, since the chance of survival is less for the most severe injured. @reallygreatsite www.reallygreatsite.com  TTRIAGE Examples: EMERGENCY SITUATIONS In a situation where medical resources are limited, such as during a natural disaster or in an overwhelmed emergency room, healthcare providers might prioritize treatment for patients with the best chance of survival.  BASIS OF ETH ICAL PRINCI PLES DEONTOLOGY Comes from the Greek “deon” word meaning “duty” Deontology upholds the philosophy that rules are to be followed consistently by all individuals because they represent moral duties. Deontology is about following moral duties or rules. In healthcare, this means a provider has a duty to “do no harm”. Giving a low priority to the most critical patients would be considered wrong because it violates the duty to help those in the most need, @reallygreatsite www.reallygreatsite.com even if it might make sense in other contexts. Example: DO NO HARM A physician is bound by the duty to do no harm. For instance, a doctor might refuse to administer a potentially life-saving treatment if it has a high risk of causing significant harm, even if some believe the benefits could outweigh the risks. The duty to avoid harm guides their decision. Example: Imagine a healthcare provider discovers that a patient has a terminal illness. The patient’s family requests that the provider withhold this information from the patient to prevent emotional distress. However, the patient has previously expressed a desire to be fully informed about their health condition, no matter the circumstances. The deontological approach would emphasize the provider's duty to respect the patient’s autonomy and right to know the truth about their health. According to deontological ethics, the provider has a moral obligation to inform the patient about their diagnosis, even if doing so might lead to emotional distress. The provider’s duty to tell the truth and respect the patient's wishes would take precedence over the potential consequences of delivering bad news.  BASIS OF ETH ICAL PRINCI PLES VIRTUE Virtue ethics is a branch of ethical philosophy that emphasizes the role of an individual's character and virtues in determining ethical behavior, rather than focusing solely on rules (deontology) or consequences (utilitarianism). Instead of asking "What should I do?" virtue ethics asks, "What kind of person should I be?" @reallygreatsite www.reallygreatsite.com Example: Instead of simply following a protocol that prioritizes patients based on the severity of their condition or likelihood of survival, a virtue ethics approach would also consider how the decision affects the patients' families and friends. This means that a patient who may have a significant impact on their family or community will be given higher priority for treatment, not just based on their medical condition but also on the emotional and social consequences of the decision. @reallygreatsite Example Scenario Scenario: Imagine a hospital emergency room overwhelmed by victims of a natural disaster. Among the patients are an elderly community leader, a young mother with small children, and a homeless person with no known family. All three require immediate care, but the resources are limited, and only one can be treated at a time. @reallygreatsite Example Scenario Virtue Ethics Approach: The healthcare provider, considering virtue ethics, might prioritize: 1. The young mother first, not only because of her condition but also due to the impact on her children if she were to not survive. 2. The elderly community leader might be treated next, recognizing the significant role they play in the community. 3. The homeless person would also be considered with compassion and dignity, but the decisions would factor in the broader social implications and the relationships each patient has with others. @reallygreatsite  NEEDS FOR PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Professional ethics is a branch of moral science that focuses on the ethical obligations and responsibilities of individuals within a specific profession. Professional ethics embraces the basic principles of right action or norms of conduct which is exemplary and honorable in the practice of a profession. In the field of Radiologic Technology, professional ethics is highly important to provide the physician with high quality radiograph while providing the high-quality health care delivery system to the patient. TERMS RELATED TO ETHICS HABIT Is an acquired mode of behavior involving the tendency to repeat and to reproduce certain actions. An act which has been repeated frequently, it is done almost automatically without much conscious effort. CUSTOM It is as an ordinary or usual manner of doing or acting, or the habitual practice of a community or people. Established practices or behaviors that are widely accepted and followed within a community or society. Custom is the habitual practice of the people so long @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 established that it has the force of law.  IDEALS It pertains to perfection Represent the concept of perfection or the highest standard of excellence that one strives to achieve. Ideals serve as guiding principles or benchmarks, inspiring individuals and communities to strive for betterment and excellence. Influenced by external forces  ETIQUETTE Comes from the French word meaning "ticket" or "label." Historically, it was associated with rules of behavior that were related to following the instructions on a "ticket.” Etiquette encompasses the guidelines for proper and respectful behavior in various social and professional contexts. These rules help maintain order, respect, and consideration among people.  TRADITION The process by which knowledge, beliefs, customs, practices, and values are passed down from one generation to the next. Traditions encompass a wide range of beliefs, practices, and rituals that form the core of a community’s or society’s cultural heritage. These may include religious doctrines, social customs, and everyday practices  ETHICAL & LEGAL ISSUES TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES AUTONOMY Person’s self –reliance, independence, liberty, right, privacy, individual choice, freedom of the will, and the self-contained ability to decide. Right to make rational decision free from external pressure. BENEFICENCE All act must be meant to be beneficial An action done for the benefit of others Charity or act of mercy @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES CODE OF ETHICS Set of guiding principles that helps a company and its employees maintain a high standard of ethical behavior and integrity. Governs professional behavior. CONFIDENTIALITY Belief that health-related information about individual patients should not be revealed to others, it implies privacy. Concept of privacy @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES DOUBLE EFFECT Refers to the fact that some action may produce both good and bad effect The principle helps determine whether it is ethically permissible to perform an action that has both positive and negative consequences. CRITERIA 1. The action itself is good or morally neutral. 2. The intent is good, not evil, although a bad result may be foreseen. 3. The good effect is not achieved by means of evil effects. 4. The good effect must be more important than the evil effect, or at least there is favorable @reallygreatsite balance between +123-456-7890 good over bad. www.reallygreatsite.com TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES FIDELITY Strict observance of promises or duties, loyalty and faithfulness to others. To fulfill one’s commitment and promises. JUSTICE Equitable, fair or just conduct in dealing with others. All person must be treated equally @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES LEGAL RIGHTS Rights that are recognized and protected by the legal system of a country or jurisdiction. Rights of individuals or group that are established and guaranteed by law. NON-MALEFICENCE Ethical principle that places high value on avoiding harm to others. Do no harm/ not to cause harm @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES PATERNALISM Refers to the attitude that sometimes prompts health care workers to make decisions regarding a person’s care without consulting the person affected. While the intention may be to protect or benefit the person, it can conflict with the ethical principle of respecting an individual's autonomy and right to make their own choices. TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES RESPECT TO PROPERTY Refers to keeping the belongings of patients safe and taking care not to intentionally damage or waste equipment or supplies with which one works. RIGHTS Justified claims that an individual can make on others within a society. Divided into legal rights and moral rights @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com TERMS RELATED TO ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES SANCTITY OF LIFE Refers to the belief that life is the highest good and nobody has the right to judge that another person’s quality of life is so poor that his or her life is not of value and should be terminated. TRUTHFULNESS Honesty in all aspect of professional life VERACITY The commitment/duty to telling the truth and providing accurate information. RT’S ETHICS RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST’S ETHICS It is a branch of moral philosophy which deals with the relationship of a Radiologic Technologist with patient and the family of the patient, his associates and fellow workers and the community. The term connotes that conduct or behavior of Radtech practitioners, by reason of public approval or practice of the group, has become customary among practicing RadTech. Radtech ethics has to do with the ideals, customs and habits which the members of the profession, to a certain degree, accumulate. RT’S ETHICS RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST’S ETHICS It will be to the advantage of the RadTech student or professional if he/she remembers the following: three things to govern = tongue, temper and conduct three things to cultivate = courage, affection and gentleness three things to commend = cruelty, arrogance and ingratitude three things to wish = health, friends and contentment three things to admire = dignity, gracefulness and intellect three things to give = aims to the needy, comfort to the sad, and appreciation Health ETHICS HEALTH ETHICS Also referred to as medical ethics It is a system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine. It encompasses its practical application in clinical settings as well as work on its history, philosophy, theology and sociology. Health ethics addresses topics like patient rights, professional conduct, informed consent, confidentiality, end-of-life care, and the equitable distribution of healthcare resources.  RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY CREED @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com  REVISED CODE OF ETHICS @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com  REVISED CODE OF ETHICS @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com  REVISED CODE OF ETHICS @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com  REVISED CODE OF ETHICS @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com  REVISED CODE OF ETHICS @reallygreatsite +123-456-7890 www.reallygreatsite.com RIGHTS OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGISTS AND PATIENTS  RIGHT A claim to particular privilege RESPONSIBILITY An obligation to answer for an act done An obligation on the person to perform some act for which he becomes accountable RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGISTS 1. To promote health 2. To prevent illness 3. To restore health 4. To alleviate suffering 1.) Radiologic/X-ray technologists are responsible to those people that require nursing care RIGHT OF 2.) Promotes an environment in which the values, customs and spiritual beliefs of the individual are respected PATIENT 3.) Needs confidence, personal information and uses judgment in sharing this information  CONTRACT An agreement mutually arrived by two or more individuals to do a particular thing in LEGAL MATTERS exchange for some consideration RELEVANT TO RADIOLOGIC Meeting of minds between two or more parties TECHNOLOGISTS Must have employers and employee's relationship  FORMAL CONTRACT Those which cannot be perfected without compliance with the special formalities required by the law such as donations & mortgages of real property. TYPES OF Formal contracts provide clear legal CONTRACT protection and reduce ambiguity. They ensure that all parties are aware of their rights and obligations. Formal contracts typically involve detailed written agreements that clearly outline the terms and conditions.  INFORMAL CONTRACT Result of written document or correspondence which the law does not require special formalities. TYPES OF These contracts can be either written or CONTRACT oral and are often based on the mutual agreement of the parties involved. However, the lack of formal documentation can lead to disputes, so it’s often wise to have some written record of the agreement.  EXPRESS CONTRACT Those contract where the consent of the parties is given expressly in writing or verbally. TYPES OF Both parties explicitly agree to the terms of CONTRACT the contract. This agreement can be communicated either in writing (such as a signed document) or verbally (such as a spoken agreement.  IMPLIED CONTRACT Those contracts where the consent of the parties is not given expressly but is deducible from the conduct or acts of the TYPES OF parties such as an implied agency Both parties explicitly agree to the terms of CONTRACT the contract. This agreement can be communicated either in writing (such as a signed document) or verbally (such as a spoken agreement.  REQUISITES OF CONTRACT Two or more person must participate Consent – freely given Object or subject matter must be specified Cause of obligation is established In every obligation, there’s always a corresponding right Contracting parties must have the legal capacity in entering a contract Below 18 y/o, immediate relative will sign the contract Parties must be in sound mind They must not in any way be forced in contract Parties involved must consent to the contract  BREACH OF CONTRACT Where a contract exist and either party violating its terms Prevention of performance Failure to perform because of inconvenience of difficulty Abandonment of duty LUCID INTERVAL The person is in sound mind During lucid interval, the consent given is valid NLRC National Labor Relation Commission Resolves disputes between employers and employees  VOIDABLE/ANNULLABLE CONTRACT Those where the contract of the party is defective either because of incapacity to give consent or where the consent is vitiated by mistake, violence, intimidation, undue CLASSIFICATIONS influence or fraud. OF DEFECTIVE CONTRACT VOID/INEXISTENCE CONTRACT Void Ab Initio Those which produce no legal effect for they do not exist in the eyes of the law Not subjected to ratification It is valid until there is a judicial declaration  UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACT Those which cannot be enforced in the court because of the existence of the following reasons: o They were entered into the behalf of another w/o authority or in excess of CLASSIFICATIONS authority o There’s non-compliance with the statue of OF DEFECTIVE frauds CONTRACT o Both contracting parties are incapacitated RESCISSIBLE CONTRACT Those validity entered into by the contracting parties, but for having caused economic damage or lesion to one party or to a third party or for having been entered into a fraud of creditors or w/o knowledge & approval of the judicial authority  a contract wherein the patient voluntarily gives permission to someone to perform a procedure CONSENT Can also be called as INFORMED CONSENT Consent is not legal if the patient is not informed of all aspects of the procedure to be performed.  Patient can be more cooperative. Better examination is more likely to PURPOSE result. To be considered the standard of care for OF each patient, to fulfill not only legal mandates, but also professional and CONSENT humanistic obligations. If the patient, or family or legal representative denies knowledge of the procedure, physician must be notified, and the procedure should be postponed.  VERBAL CONSENT Used in situations where the patient is conscious, able to understand the procedure, and can give immediate consent verbally. CONSENT WRITTEN CONSENT CAN BE: Required before any examination that involves greater than usual risk. IMPLIED CONSENT If it’s not possible to obtain consent (IMPLIED CONSTRUCTIVE CONSENT) *previously granted or presumed consent can be withdrawn at any time*  SIMPLE CONSENT A matter of obtaining a patient’s permission to perform a procedure. LEVELS a. EXPRESS CONSENT b. IMPLIED CONSENT OF INADEQUATE CONSENT CONSENT occurs when the patient has not been informed adequately to make responsible decision Can also be called as IGNORANT CONSENT  are legal documents that are formulated by a competent person that provide written information concerning the patient’s desires if the patient is unable to make the decision ADVANCE on his or her own HEALTHCARE Patient rights can be exercised on the patient’s behalf by a designated DIRECTIVES surrogate or proxy decision maker. Many people believe that potential legal and ethical issues can be avoided by creating an advance health care directive or living will.  ADVANCE HEALTHCARE DIRECTIVES There are three instruments through which the patient’s wishes are dictated. They are as follows: A living will - Expresses the patient’s wishes concerning their future medical care. - These may be altered by a competent patient at any time. - Each state has different rulings concerning changes in a living will by an incompetent patient. Directive to physician - A physician is appointed by a person to serve as his proxy on a prescribed form. - The physician verifies that the patient is competent at the time of signing. This is much like a living will  There are three instruments through which the patient’s wishes are dictated. They are as follows: Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care (DPAHC): - Unlike the two previous documents, this document appoints a person other than the physician to act as the patient’s agent and make health care decisions if the patient is unable to do so. - The patient may alter this document if competent to do so. - No physician certification is required  When copies of these documents have been completed, they should be copied and given to the agent appointed and included in the patient’s hospital chart. The radiographer may find a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order on his patient’s chart. This may also be called a “no code” order. A DNR order is often included as part of the patient’s advance health care directives In this case, there will often be an order for a “full code” that indicates full cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This is referred to as a “code blue” in most institutions