Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare PDF

Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Prelims LESSON 1: Healthcare Environment TYPE OF HEALTHCARE FACILITIES HEALTH CARE ENVIRONMENT...

Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Prelims LESSON 1: Healthcare Environment TYPE OF HEALTHCARE FACILITIES HEALTH CARE ENVIRONMENT AMBULATORY SURGICAL CENTERS Health care – is a maintenance or improvement of - Also called as the out patient surgical facilities, allow health via prevention the prevention, diagnosis, patient to receive certain surgical procedure outside treatment, or cure of disease, Illness, injury and other physical and mental impairments in people. a hospital environment. These environment often offers surgeries at a lower cost than hospitals while also reducing the risk of exposure infection. HEALTHCARE SYSTEM AND ORGANIZATIONS - Don’t provided diagnostic services or clinic hours instead they take patient who have been referred for Healthcare and medical terminology surgery by hospital or physicians. Managed care models, structures, and environment The interdependency, integration and competition among healthcare sectors Levels of healthcare along the continuum of care Levels of service from a business perspective Evidence-based management practice Healthcare economics Requirements for nonprofit healthcare organizations The interrelationships among access, quality,cost, resource allocation, accountability and community What is an ambulatory surgery center? Funding and payment mechanism of the It’s an outpatient setting for surgeries that do not healthcare system. require an overnight stay for recovery. This is best for patients and families to transition to the comfort of their own home as soon as it is medically safe to do so. GAIN HEALTHCARE KNOWLEDGE 1. ACHE readings, programs, assessments and BIRTH CENTERS self-study courses Is a health care facility for childbirth that focuses 2. Reputable publications (i.e., WSJ, Bloomberg, on the midwifery model. They aim to create a birth Businessweek, Journals, Healthcare websites environment that feels more comfortable to the 3. Mentors mother and allows for a cost-effective. 4. Healthcare Experience Family-inclusive birth. 5. Professional Organizations Only cater/ accommodate healthy pregnancies 6. Google is your friend without any known risk or complication factors. These facilities are guided by principles or prevention, sensitivity, safety. Cost-effective and appropriate medical intervention when needed. BLOOD BANKS Allows donor to donate blood and platelets while also storing and sorting blood into components that can be used most effective by patients These facilities provide or build the supply of blood for patients who need it. 1  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Prelims LESSON 1: Healthcare Environment disease often needs regular treatment Comprehensive renal replacement therapy (dialysis) options are available to people with chronic kidney disease. CLINICS AND MEDICAL OFFICE A facility that diagnose and treat out patients. Perform routine doctor’s appointment and check-ups. This health care facilities can be a HOSPICE HOMES/PALLATIVE CARE physician’s private practice, a group practice Designation for specific health care facilities that setting or a corporate. specialized in end-of-life care. Covers a lot of areas and grounds under health care Provide not only medical support, but also like Dental Clinics, Derma, Ophthalmology. emotional and even spiritual support for the Physical therapy clinic, speech therapy, pediatrics patient and their families. and Rural health units are the like. The goal of these clinics is to give people preventive care and important diagnoses with such convenience. HOSPITALS Are ultimate catch-all health care facility. Their service can vary greatly depending on their size and location, but is goal is to save life. Wide range of units that can be loosely or divided DIABETES EDUCATION CENTER into intensive and non-intensive care units. Offers classes, education support group and a variety or resources to help patient manage their diabetes and lives as complication-free possible Help patient to manage their disease and to help people at risk for diabetes to avoid it as possible IMAGING AND RADIOLOGY CENTER It is part of the healthcare environment that deals with the applications of energy through diagnosis and treatment. This includes modalities like, CT Scan. MRI. Ultrasound. X-rays. DIALYSIS CENTERS This is used to deliver services to client with kidney disease because client with this kind of 2  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Prelims LESSON 1: Healthcare Environment MENTAL HEALTH AND ADDICTION CENTER Exist as a general institution for any mental health issues. TELEMEDICINE/TELEHEALTH/REMOTE HEALTH Designed to assist patient through different stages CARE of their healing processes. Can promote a digital type of healthcare facilities Addiction centers typically deal with drug and Refers to the use of electronic communication alcohol addiction as well as problematic behaviour technology to facilitate long distance health care like gambling. Work, shopping or internet. and health education. Looks like video conferencing between patient and physician. NURSING HOMES A living station situation for patient whose medical needs aren’t severe enough for hospitalization but are to serious to manage at home. Enable patient with injuries, acute illness or post URGENT CARE operative care needs to recover in an environment Urgent care (UR) facilities exist for on-demand out side the hospital. healthcare needs that aren’t severe enough for the Offers long term medical care ranging from simple emergency room, but are too severe or concerning to complex level of needs in an environment built to wait for a scheduled appointment at the doctor’s for residential to live ling term. office. Providers in the UR are experts in acute care. They can set broken bones, treat limb fracture; diagnose a viral illness; run strep tests, blood tests; urine labs; and provide treatment for injuries. If a problem is too severe, then urgent care practitioners will call an ambulance or refer patients to a hospital or specialist. ORTHOPEDIC AND OTHER REHABILITATION Deals with muscles and bones Deals also from athletic injury for patient with disabilities Offers evaluation and diagnosis of the problems as well as prevention, treatment and rehabilitation work involving bone, tendon, ligament, muscles and joint condition. HEALTH CARE SETTING In focuses on the delivery of health care which includes but are not limited to acute-care hospitals, long-term health facilities such as nursing homes, urgent care, outpatient clinics, home health care. This includes all activities whose primary purposed is to promote, restore, or maintain health 3  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Prelims LESSON 1: Healthcare Environment ❖ The role of district hospitals in primary health care has been expanded beyond being dominantly curative and rehabilitative to include promotional, preventive, and educational roles as part of a primary health-care approach. The district hospital has the following functions: it is an important support for other health services and for health care in general in the district; it provides wide-ranging technical and administrative support and education and training for primary health Hospital care; is a health care institution providing patient it provides an effective, affordable health-care service for a treatment with specialized medical and nursing defined population, with their full participation, in staff and medical equipment. There are two cooperation with agencies in the district that have similar best-known type of hospital is the: concerns. General hospital, which typically has an emergency department to treat urgent health Primary health-care centre. A centre that provides problems ranging from fire and accident victims to services which are usually the first point of contact with a a sudden illness. A district hospital typically is the health professional. They include services provided by major health care facility in its region, with many general practitioners, dentists, community nurses, beds for intensive care and additional beds for pharmacists and midwives, among others. patients who need long-term care. DIFFERENT INFRASTRUCTURES RELATED TO HEALTHCARE SETTINGS AND DELIVERY General hospital. A hospital that provides a range of different services for patients of various age groups and with varying disease conditions. Specialized hospital. A hospital admitting primarily patients suffering from a specific disease or affection of one system, or reserved for the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting a specific age group or of a long-term nature. Specialized hospitals include trauma centers, rehabilitation hospitals, children's hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs such as psychiatric treatment (see psychiatric hospital) and certain disease categories. Specialized hospitals can help reduce health care costs compared to general hospitals. Hospitals are classified as general, specialty, or government depending on the sources of income received. ❖ And there are special type of hospital known as teaching hospital combines assistance to people with teaching different programs or courses related to medicine. District/first-level referral hospital. A hospital at the first referral level that is responsible for a district or a defined geographical area containing a defined population and governed by a politico-administrative organization such as a district health management team. 4  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Prelims LESSON 2: Healthcare Personnel Teamwork - Nurses, doctors, surgeons, and technicians all relay information to each other MEMBERS OF THE ALLIED HEALTH CARE TEAM constantly. That's why your ability to interact and build relationships with your colleagues is THE MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS essential in building a harmonious working - A person who is skilled in the science of environment. medicine (Merriam Webster) Resilience - Being in the healthcare industry can - A physician or a medical doctor be really tiring and stressful. Resilience will help you continue during tough times. TO BECOME A DOCTOR THE ALLIED HEALTH CARE TEAM Finish any allied health premed course Pass the National Medical Admission Test - The 1. Midwives. All persons who have completed a National Medical Admission Test (NMAT) is a programme of midwifery education and have standardized test designed to upgrade the acquired the requisite qualifications to be selection of applicants seeking admission to registered and/or legally licensed to practise Philippine medical schools. midwifery, and are actually working in the Finish 4 years MEDICAL DEGREE country. The person may or may not have prior Pass the Physician Licensure Examination nursing education. Start your residency 2. Nurses. All persons who have completed a programme of basic nursing education and are qualified and registered or authorized to provide responsible and competent service for the promotion of health, prevention of illness, the care of the sick, and rehabilitation, and are actually working in the country. 3. Pharmacists. All graduates of any faculty or school of pharmacy, actually working in the country in pharmacies, hospitals, laboratories, industry, etc 4. Dentists. All graduates of any faculty or school of dentistry, odontology or stomatology, actually working in the country in any dental field. 5. Radiologic technologist. A persons involve in the used or specialized electromagnetic energies for treatment and diagnosis. They are known as the eye of medicine who helps physician in aid of the providing images. EQUIP YOURSELF WITH THESE SKILLS 6. Medical laboratory Scientist – it is also known as Aside from having a top-notch degree program and the medical technologist or clinical laboratory best training, Healthcare employers will also be looking at scientist works to analyze a variety of biological your clinical skills. Here are some of the important skills to specimen. They are responsible for performing help you succeed in your career: scientific testing on samples and reporting results Hunger for learning - Aside from the grueling to physicians exams that you need to undergo to earn your medical license, you also need to have a strong 7. Physical Therapist – help injured or ill people capacity for learning because medicine is such a improve movement and manage pain. They are dynamic and ever-changing field. Habang buhay often an important part of preventive care, kang mag-aaral at matututo. rehabilitation and treatment for patients with Problem-solving skills - As a medical chronic conditions, illnesses or injuries. professional, it’s important for you to be as accurate as possible to provide the best care for 8. Respiratory Therapist – trained to help people your patient so being a natural problem solver is a with lung diseases or disorders that can result crucial part of the job. from a myriad of issues. They treat patients dealing with pulmonary distress due to 5  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Prelims LESSON 2: Healthcare Personnel complications with asthma, bronchitis, Chronic country, especially regarding social Obstructive Pulmonary diseases, oneumonia, services which involve a significant, but chest trauma, prematurity, lung cancer and more. not dominant, healthcare component such as, for example, long-term care for SPECIAL TERMS RELATED TO HEALTH CARE dependent older people. ❖ Inpatient. A person who is formally admitted to a health-care facility and who is discharged after INSIGHT one or more days ❖ Outpatient. A person who goes to a health-care ❖ Health care environment plays important role in facility for a consultation, and who leaves the the total contributions on the improvement of facility within three hours of the start of health of individual, thus this should be consultation. An outpatient is not formally maintained. Maintaining it made possible by admitted to the facility. understanding its different environmental factors ❖ Ambulatory care. All types of health services and its classification of delivery. And it is closely provided to patients who are not confined to an related with the hospital settings. Thus health care institutional bed as inpatients during the time delivery system are obviously different from services are rendered. Ambulatory care delivered different region, places, and specially country. in institutions that also deliver inpatient care is ❖ Health care delivery system in the Philippines usually called “outpatient care”. Ambulatory care there are several health care delivery in the services are provided in many settings ranging country which offers same as presented in the first from physicians’ offices to freestanding part of the topic but it can be differently term. Not ambulatory surgical facilities or cardiac like other countries the home care, nursing homes, catheterization centres. In some applications, the and others are common, in the Philippines what is term does not include emergency services common is purely extensive delivery and it was provided in tertiary hospitals. been incorporated in hospital delivery system. You ❖ Day care. Medical and paramedical services cannot see or if there it is few in the country delivered to patients who are formally admitted providing special services like nursing homes, for diagnosis, treatment or other types of health hospice, home healthcare, and others, bec. care with the intention of discharging the patient Majority of the focus under healthcare were the same day. devoted into development of hospitals, and ❖ Long-term care. Long-term care encompasses a delivery of health services to the far flung areas in broad range of help with daily activities that small clinics and hospitals, or even RHU (rural chronically disabled individuals need for a health units). If there are special services in the prolonged period of time. country it may be operated by a NGO (n Long-term care is primarily concerned non-government organization) or it is minimally with maintaining or improving the ability funded by the government. of elderly people with disabilities to ❖ Hospitals in the country deliver quality health function as independently as possible for services that can compete with other world wide. as long as possible; it also encompasses There are classifications of hospital in the country social and environmental needs and is which is primary regulated by the Department of therefore broader than the medical model Health (DOH) as its major regulating agency which that dominates acute care; it is primarily also provide standards on procedures of the low-tech, although it has become more hospital. complicated as elderly persons with complex medical needs are discharged to, HOSPITALS CAN BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR or remain in, traditional long-term care SERVICE: settings, including their own homes; General-which provide basic services and caters services and housing are both essential to all kind of cases, the development of long-term care policy Specialty- which only cater specific case and and systems. provide basic services. Nursing homes, visiting nurses, home intravenous and other services provided As the regulating agency provide standards of to chronically ill or disabled persons procedure and provide classification of hospital ❖ Social care. Services related to long-term according to bed capacity: inpatient care plus community care services, such Level 1- most basic level provide basic service like as day care centres and social services for the first aid this are RHU’s and clinics they don’t admit chronically ill, the elderly and other groups with patient all are ambulatory or outpatient. special needs such as the mentally ill, mentally Level 2- referral units for level 1 in case they can’t handicapped, and the physically handicapped. provide extensive care this can be classified under The borderline between health care and district hospitals, they can admit and provide social care varies from country to basic services under imaging. Pharmacy, 6  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Prelims LESSON 2: Healthcare Personnel laboratory and surgery. provide with at least 25-75 bed capacity. Level 3- deliver extensive which can have at least 100-200 bed capacity. Level 4- considered as training and research institution where students under field of medicine takes their trainings and conduct researches. Which can have at least 200-500 bed capacity. HOSPITALS ALSO CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE OWNERSHIP: Public/government - which is owned by the government funds and other needs are provided by the government. Private- which is owned by a private corporations or groups, funds are usually provided through solicitations and donations 7  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Prelims LESSON 2: Healthcare Organization ❖ BOARD OF TRUSTEES HOSPITAL ORGANIZATION The board of trustees, “or governing board operates the hospital in trust for An organization is any collection of persons, the community and has a fiduciary duty materials, procedures, ideas, or facts arranged and to protect the assets of the hospital ordered that the combination of parts makes a through efficient operation. meaningful whole that work towards achieving The trustees are responsible for organizational objectives. The process of organization establishing the hospitals mission and implies to the arrangement of human and non-human establishing its by-laws and strategic resources in an orderly fashion to make a meaningful policies. whole that accomplishes organizational objectives. Trustees select the administrative leader of the hospital and delegate the hospitals daily operations and budgeting to the MISSION STATEMENT appointed executive. A mission statement defines the hospital’s business, its objective and its approach to reach those ❖ EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATION objectives. The chief executive officer (CEO) reports to the governing board and provides Sample of Hospital Mission: leadership in implementing the strategic - To provide high-value, patient-centered care. goals and decisions set by the Board. - To advance hospital care through research and The CEO also represents the hospital to quality improvement the external environment and the - To provide rigorous training for the next community. generation of physicians. In these tasks, the CEO must coordinate the collective effort of the hospital’s personnel. VISION STATEMENT ❖ THE MEDICAL STAFF Describes the desired future position of the The physician is the leader of the clinical hospital. team and the major agent working on behalf of the patient. Sample of Hospital Vision: The physician’s responsibility is to - A community in which all people achieve their full diagnose the patient’s condition potential for health and well-being across the accurately and to prescribe the best and lifespan. We work to be trusted by patients, a most cost-effective treatment plan. valued partner in the community, and creators of The medical staff is a formally organized positive change. self-governing unit within the hospital, primarily comprised of physicians, but may also include other doctoral-level HOSPITAL PHILOSOPHY health care professionals such as dentists - Strive to maintain balance in our pursuit of or psychologists. excellence in clinical care, quality improvement, research, and education. - Seek out well-trained physicians with excellent ❖ NURSING SERVICES clinical skills as academic interest. Nursing services employees are - Support those interests through hands-on responsible for carrying out the mentorship, and tailored opportunities for treatment plan developed by the professional development. physician. - The result is a diverse and exceptional group of Nursing services, also called patient care faculty that will enjoy successful academic careers services, is the largest component of the in Hospital Medicine hospital. ❖ ALLIED HEALTH SERVICES A number of department perform support HOSPITAL ORGANIZATION functions that help with diagnosis and 1. Board of Trustees treatment. 2. Executive Administration The clinical laboratory is a diagnostic 3. The Medical Staff center that performs a variety of 4. Nursing Service functions, including autopsy, clinical 5. Allied Health Services cytology and clinical pathology 6. Clinical Support Services Also medical technologists, radiology 7. Administrative Support Services department and rehabilitation services. ❖ CLINICAL SUPPORT SERVICES 8  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Prelims LESSON 2: Healthcare Organization The hospital pharmacy purchases and RADIOLOGY ORGANIZATION dispenses all the medications used to treat patients in the hospital. The pharmacist works directly with the SUB-DEPARTMENT OF RADIOLOGY: medical staff in establishing a formulary, - Radiography the listing of drugs chosen to be included - Ultrasound in the pharmacy. - Nuclear medicine ❖ ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT SERVICES - Positron emission tomography (PET) Non-medical administrative services are - Computed tomography (CT) necessary to the hospitals business and - Vascular ultrasound physician plant management. - Interventional radiology The CEO leads there administrative - Radiation therapy. services and is directly responsible of the day-to-day operations of the facility. ADMINISTRATIVE DIRECTOR OF RADIOLOGY: Business services manages the hospitals Administrative director-reports to senior hospital admitting and discharge functions, administration and has direct responsibility and records charges to a patients account, authority for operation and organization of the and handles accounts receivables with department. third party payers such as insurance Key traditional responsibilities include planning, companies. organizing, directing, coordinating The finance department advises the communication, educating, staffing, maintaining CEO on financial policy and long-range safety, minimizing hazards in the workplace. planning, establishes procedures for accounting functions, receives and RADIOLOGIST deposits all monies received by the They help other doctors diagnose and treat illness. hospital and approves the payments of They interpret x-ray imaging film that may be salaries and other expenditures. needed to answer a doctor’s question about Accounting is central to the hospitals symptoms, disease, injury or treatment, etc., and financial business. Detailed and sound also when imaging is unlikely to be helpful. accounting practices are fundamental to Communicate the results if diagnostic and maintaining important organizational interventional imaging to the doctor who has sent statistics for administrative you for the test or procedure, by a written report decision-making. sent to the doctor. Admitting services is often where the Discuss the report verbally (e.g. over the patient first has contact with hospital. telephone) with the doctors. The sensitivity and efficiency of this Works as part of the clinical team taking care of department can greatly influence the the patient so that they can participate actively in patient’s perception of the quality of care decision-making about imaging tests that the received. doctor is considering. Information services and medical record maintenance are core functions of RADIOGRAPHERS hospital management. Important member of the diagnostic health care The human resources department team. They are responsible for the producing interacts with all departments in the high-quality medical images that assist medical hospital to ensure the quality and specialists and doctors to diagnose or monitor a motivation of personnel working at the patient’s injury or illness hospital. They operate extremely technologically advanced Other important administrative and equipment such as CT (computed tomography), business function may include marketing MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and mobile and planning public relations, plant and X-ray machines. Their roles are diverse and material management, fund-raising, challenging, as radiographers are often trained in housekeeping and security. several specialist areas such as: ○ Trauma radiography – challenging examinations on injured individuals. RADIOLOGY OR MEDICAL IMAGING DEPARTMENT ○ Mobile radiography – for patients too - Plays an important role in the care of the patient. sick to travel to the X-ray department. - The quality of care provided to the patient by ○ Computed tomography – radiology is directly related to the quality of the three-dimensional X-ray imaging set coordination and cooperation that exists between ○ Magnetic resonance imaging – the department and all the other departments and three-dimensional imaging test powered services that make up the organization. by a large magnet 9  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Prelims LESSON 2: Healthcare Organization ○ Fluoroscopy – X-ray test that examines up of basic management functions. The process is ongoing the internal body and shows moving and continuing. It assumes a cyclical character. images on a screen like a movie. Planning: Denotes the determination of ○ Angiography – imaging of blood vessels short-to-long-range plans to achieve the and the heart objectives of organization. ○ Operating theatre – assisting surgeons Organizing: Indicates the development of sound during operations with special X-ray organization structure according to predetermined equipment. plans. Direction: Means stimulating and motivation of Radiographers need to show care, compassion and personnel of the organization according to empathy to their patients. Whilst the role is highly predetermined plans. technical, radiographers focus their efforts on Controlling: Offers assurance that directs action patient care and welfare to ensure positive patient i.e., plan-in-action, is taking place as per plan. experiences. The radiographer works in highly We have an ongoing cycle of planning – action – advanced technical profession that also requires control – re-planning. Control function closes the system excellent people skills. It is an exciting and loop by providing adequate and accurate feedback of rewarding profession to be a part of. significant deviations from planned performance in time. Radiographers have an extremely thorough Feedback can affect the inputs or any of the managerial understanding of the structure of the body, how functions or the process so that deviations can be removed the body can be affected by injury, and causes and and goals can be accomplished. effects of disease when taking X-ray images. However, they are not responsible for interpreting MANAGERIAL FUNCTIONS the images they produce. This is the role of a radiologist, who is a specialist doctor with a A. Manager is called upon to perform the following medical degree, and who has completed clinical managerial functions. training and then specialized in interpreting 1. Planning images and writing a diagnostic report for 2. Organizing referring doctors. Radiologists rely on the input of 3. Staffing radiographers and there is a very close working 4. Directing relationship. 5. Motivating Radiographers work in a variety of situations 6. Controlling including radiography/medical imaging 7. Co-coordinating and departments of large public hospitals with busy 8. Communicating emergency departments, private hospitals and large and small private radiology practices, Planning sometimes with only a couple of rooms and a few - When management is reviewed as a process, staff. planning is the first function performed by a manager. The work of a manager begins with the setting of objectives of the organization and goals PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT in each area of the business. This is done through Management is an activity consisting of a distinct planning. A plan is a predetermined course of process which is primarily concerned with the important action to accomplish the set objectives. It is task of goal achievement. No business enterprise can todays projection for tomorrows activity. Planning achieve its objectives until and unless all the members of includes objectives, strategies, policies, the enterprise make an integrated and planned effort under procedures, programmes etc. As it involves the directions of a central coordinating agency. This making choices, decision-making is the heart of central coordinating agency is technically known as planning. ‘management’ and the methodology of getting things done is known as ‘management process’. Organizing The process of management involves the - Organizing includes putting life into the plan by determination of objectives and putting them into action. bringing together personnel, capital, machinery, According to McFarland, “Management is the process by materials etc., to execute the plans. While which managers create, direct, maintain and operate planning decides what management wants to do, purposive organizations through systemic, coordinated and organizing provides an effective machine for cooperative human effort” achieving the plans. According to G.R Terry – “Management is a distinct process consisting of planning, organizing, Staffing actuating and controlling, performed to determine and - Staffing involves filling the position needed in the accomplish stated objectives by the use of human beings organization structure by appointing competent and other resources”. Under management as a process, and qualified persons for the job. This needs management is considered as a continuing activity made manpower planning, scientific selection and 10  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Prelims LESSON 2: Healthcare Organization training of personnel, suitable methods of remuneration and performance appraisal. Directing - Direction involves managing managers, managing workers and the work through the means of motivation, proper leadership, effective communication as well as coordination. A manager must develop the ability to command and direct others. Motivating - Motivation is a managerial function to inspire and encourage people to take required action. Motivation is the key successful management if any enterprise. Motivation can set into motion a person to carry out certain activity. Controlling - Control is the process of measuring actual results with some standard of performance, finding the reason for deviations of actual desired result and taking corrective action when necessary. Thus, controlling enables the realization of plans. A manager must adopt the following steps in controlling: 1. Identify potential problems. 2. Select mode of control. 3. Evaluate performance in terms of planning. 4. Spot significant deviations. 5. Ascertain causes of deviations. 6. Take remedial measures. Coordination - Co-ordination is concerned with harmonious and unified action directed toward a common objective. It ensures that all groups and persons work efficiently, economically, and in harmony. Co-ordination requires effective channels of communication. Person-to-person communication is most effective for coordination. Communication - It means transfer of information and understanding from person to person. Communication also leads to sharing of information, ideas and knowledge. It enables group to think together and act together. 11  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Midterms LESSON 1: The Radiologic Technology Profession - It is often used by chemists to perform a nondestructive elemental analysis and by OVERVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF RADIATION IN law enforcement agencies when it is MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY necessary to know what elements are Majority of the application of Radiation is seen in present in a sample of hair or blood or the field of medicine that is commonly used in some other material being used as therapeutic and diagnosis. evidence in a criminal investigation. Most applications of X rays are based on their 3. INDUSTRY ability to pass through matter. Photographs made - X rays are used in business and industry with X rays are known as radiographs or in many other ways. For example, x-ray skiagraphs. pictures of whole engines or engine parts Radiography has applications in both medicine can be taken to look for defects in a and industry, where it is valuable for diagnosis non-destructive manner. and non-destructive testing of products for - Similarly, sections of pipe lines for oil or defects. natural gas can be examined for cracks or Another use of radiography is in the examination defective welds. Airlines also use x-ray and analysis of paintings, where studies can reveal detectors to check the baggage of such details as the age of a painting and passengers for guns or other illegal underlying brushstroke techniques that help to objects. identify or verify the artist. X rays are used in several techniques that can provide enlarged images of the structure of opaque objects. These techniques collectively HISTORY OF RAD. TECHNOLOGY referred to as X-ray microscopy or microradiography can also be used in the In the beginning: quantitative analysis of many materials - We can only speculate about human practice of pre-historic medicine - All of the ancient cultures had various beliefs APPLICATION OF RADIATION about healing and medicine. 1. MEDICINE - The embalmings of the ancient Egyptians have - X rays are widely used for diagnostic provided us with much of our knowledge of purposes in these fields. Examples might ancient medicine. include the observation of the broken - The ancient cultures shared a common bond in bones and detection of cancer with the medicine religion was always linked to the use of other radiologic science machines medicinal practices. to supplement the diagnosis and therapeutic approaches. HIPPOCRATES - Since x rays can be produced with energies sufficient to ionize the atoms The “Father of Medicine” making up human tissue, it is not His ideas revolutionized medicine from the surprising that x rays can be used to kill ancient past and began turning it into an objective these cells this is the principles that science. governs the application of radiation in His teachings were: medicine for treatment. ○ Observe all - This is just what is done in some types of ○ Study the patient rather than the disease cancer therapy in which the radiation is ○ Evaluate honestly directed against the malignancy in the ○ Assist nature hope of destroying it while doing minimal damage to nearby normal tissue. CHRISTIANITY AND MEDICINE Dawn of Christianity changed many attitudes 2. INVESTIGATION about medicine - It is found that various natural elements The healing message of Christ started to spread can be identified by measuring the and the church dominated medicine during the energy of their characteristic x rays. This Dark ages with prayer, exorcism, holy oil, relics of fact makes a useful form of elemental saints, suernaturalism, and superstition. analysis possible. Measurement of the Jesus’ ministry did not differentiate healing into energy of these x rays permits a physical, mental, or spiritual categories. Luke the determination of the elements present in physician was the author of one of the gospels in the sample. This technique is known as the Bible- here compassion, forgiveness, and x-ray fluorescence analysis. 12  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Midterms LESSON 1: The Radiologic Technology Profession concern for the unfortunate and dispossessed is Michael Faraday emphasized. ○ Electromagnetic induction ( led to production of better generators and transformers for use in X-ray tubes) THE RENAISSANCE Johann Wilhelm Hittorf Paracelus ○ Experiments with cathode rays ○ Father of Pharmacology William Crookes Andreas Versallus ○ Furthers studies of cathode rays (Crookes ○ Father of Anatomy Tube) Lots of medical discoveries were made during this William Goodspeed time period. ○ Produced first radiograph in 1890 (not credited for discovery of x-rays) RL Maddox THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ○ Produced film with gelatin silver bromide Giovanni Battista Morgagni emulsion (1871) ○ Father of Physiology George Eastman Jenner ○ Produced and patented roll-paper film ○ Formulated the smallpox vaccine (1884). John Hunter ○ Through experimental surgery, he RADIOLOGY: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE developed a way to close aneurysms. Discovered on November 8, 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Roentgen worked at the University of Wurzburg Autopsies were a major focus of medicine during and did many experiments in the physics the nineteenth century department with the cathode ray ‘Crookes Tube’ Advances in surgery X-ray: X is the mathematical symbol for unknown Joseph Lister discovered that bacteria were often quantity the origin of disease Roentgen proved that by continuously producing Pasteur discovered that the decay of food could the fluorescent effect of barium platinocyanide, he be forestalled by heating and destroying the had produced some sort of x-ray. bacteria Gregor Mendel was the founding Father of X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Genetics in 1886 Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) who was a Professor at Nov 8, 1895 Wilhem Roentgen founded x-rays Wuerzburg University in Germany. Working with a while working in his lab. cathode-ray tube in his laboratory, Roentgen observed a fluorescent glow of crystals on a table near his tube. The tube that Roentgen was working with consisted of a glass PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY envelope (bulb) with positive and negative electrodes Evangelista Torricelli encapsulated in it. The air in the tube was evacuated, and ○ Produced the first recognized vacuum when a high voltage was applied, the tube produced a with the intention of the barometer(1643) fluorescent glow. Roentgen shielded the tube with heavy Guericke, Boyle and Sprengel black paper, and discovered a green colored fluorescent ○ Experiments with vacuum tubes (1659, light generated by a material located a few feet away from 1865) the tube. Isaac Newton He concluded that a new type of ray was being ○ Built and improved the static generator emitted from the tube. This ray was capable of passing Benjamin Franklin through the heavy paper covering and exciting the ○ Conduction of many electricity phosphorescent materials in the room. He found that the experiments new ray could pass through most substances casting Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet shadows of solid objects. Roentgen also discovered that the ○ Significant improvements of the ray could pass through the tissue of humans, but not bones electroscope ( a forerunner of the x-ray and metal objects. One of Roentgen's first experiments late tube) in 1895 was a film of the hand of his wife, Bertha. It is William Watson interesting that the first use of X-rays were for an industrial ○ Demonstrated a current of electricity by (not medical) application, as Roentgen produced a transmitting current from a jar through radiograph of a set of weights in a box to show his wires and a vacuum tube. colleagues. Roentgen's discovery was a scientific bombshell, and was received with extraordinary interest by both scientist and laymen. Scientists everywhere could 13  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Midterms LESSON 1: The Radiologic Technology Profession duplicate his experiment because the cathode tube was ○ She continued to study radioactivity and very well-known during this period. Many scientists developed approx. dropped other lines of research to pursue the mysterious ○ 20 mobile radiographic units and 200 rays. Newspapers and magazines of the day provided the installations for the army. public with numerous stories about the properties of the ○ After training herself as an X-ray newly discovered rays. technician, she trained French soldiers Prior to 1912, X-rays were used little outside the and gave X-ray classes to American realms of medicine and dentistry. The reason that X-rays soldiers. were not used in industrial application before this date was because the X-ray tubes (the source of the X-rays) broke NUCLEAR RADIOLOGY down under the voltages required to produce rays of satisfactory penetrating power for industrial purposes. Nuclear radiology However, that changed in 1913 when the high vacuum ○ Is the branch of radiology that deals with X-ray tubes designed by Coolidge became available. using radioactive materials for medical diagnosis and treatment. ❖ Roentgen made the first successful radiograph of Ernest Lawrence 1932 his wife’s hand using a cassette loaded with a ○ He invented Cyclotron photographic plate in which he directed the rays ○ It made it possible to accelerate particles from the tube. to high speeds for use as projectiles. ❖ The bones in her hand as well as two rings were Enrico Fermi 1942 clearly visible ○ Result of his breakthrough at the ❖ This was a major breakthrough in the history of University of Chicago, atomic devices medicine. were built and tested experimentally. ○ Shortly after, these devices were YOU CAN’T SEE, TOUCH, TASTE, SMELL, OR HEAR….. introduced as weapons and used on the The public did not understand the principle cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan behind the x-ray production ( and they still don’t) Entrepreneurs tried to capitalize on the discovery with items such as x-ray glasses, bone portraits, and x-ray units for the home to provide entertainment for guests Finally, Thomas Edison questioned the effects of x-rays after his eyes were sore and red after working with a fluorescent tube. After these reports emerged in the US and Europe, serious efforts were made to protect those who worked with the rays. Today, a career in x-ray is as safe as any other career ( with the proper work habits and precautions). ADVANCEMENTS OF THE ROENTGEN RAYS First x-ray in the US was made by Michael Idvorsky Pupin (professor at Columbia University) on January 2, 1896. Thomas Edison ○ did work focused on fluoroscopy (real-time x-ray) Clarence Madison Dally ○ Was Edison’s assistant and suffered severe radiation damage due to the experiments in Fluroscopy; Edison Immediately stopped his experiments. Pierre and Marie Curie ○ Are credited with studies in radioactivity (the property of certain elements to spontaneously emit rays or subatomic particles from matter) Marie Curie ○ Received the Nobel Prize in 1911 for her work in chemistry 14  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Midterms LESSON 2: Becoming a Radiologic Technologist PREPARING TO BECOME A RAD TECH QUALITY TELEPHONE ETIQUETTE CUSTOMER SERVICE Answer a ringing phone in the department within The patient is healthcare’s customer 3 rings if possible. Radiology is an expensive department within the Answer professionally hospital (equipment, procedures) ○ Radiology Department, this is Amber, Becoming aware of your surroundings enables you may I help you? to better understand your role as a student Speak clearly technologist Use caller’s name (if you know) Quality customer service including quality If you must put the caller on hold, ask their management is very important in radiology permission. When you return , thank them for holding. Become comfortable with the telephone system so JCAHO that you can properly us it’s functions ( The Joint Commission on Accreditation of transferring, etc.) Healthcare Organlzations When the call has ended, thank the caller and wait They stipulate that a patient/famlly complaint for them to hang up first. system must be in place and made available to all paients and families CONFLICT RESOLUTION You as a student are a part of the healthcare delivery system and must become familiar with it's This is the age of consumer awareness and functions. increased competition ( and lawsuits); it is imperative that patients are handled in the most professional manner possible. PATIENT’S PERSPECTIVE AND PATIENT Conflict resolution is important when dealin wih SATISFACTION patients, coworkers and physicians. By knowing what the public perceives about 2 most important tools use in conflict resolution hcalth care delivery we can attempt to focus on are: how to provide services. ○ Effective listening- tells others we This is accomplished regularly in hospitals by respect what they have to say and are passing out surveys to patients (and also to here to help them. employees) ○ Empathy- understanding and accepting In one survey performed, the top two factors that others person’s position without PATIENT SATISFACTION were important to necessarily agreeing or disgagreeing; patients when choosing a hospital were: very difficult in stressful situations. ○ #1-latest technology and equipment ○ #2-courtesy of hospital staff DATA VALUES CUSTOMERS Conflicts stem form: Conflicts relate to: lack of information; day-to-day values; and Outside customers aro palients, families, different information; self-definition physicians and other within the community · different interpretations Inside customers are members of other of data; and different assessment departments coworkers, radiologists, procedures Remember that coworkers are customers too; this makes for a better working environment. RELATIONSHIP STRUCTURAL Project a professional image to all outside customers (suppiers,sales reps, etc.) They spread Conflicts stem form: Conflicts relate to: the word about what kind of service they observe misperceptions; how a situation is set up; while at your facility. stereotypes; and who is involved in making poor communication decisions: geographical and physical MOMENTS OF TRUTH relationship; and unequal power and Moments of truth are the points at which patients authority form perceptions about the quality of service being given and the quality of care. Moments of truth are affected by physical appearance of the work area,appearance of the technologist and the professional behavior of everyone involved in their visit to the hospital. 15  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Midterms LESSON 2: Becoming a Radiologic Technologist 1. SELF AWARENESS Reflect on your own approach and the approach of others Find people you trust to discuss potential solutions Think about who may challenge your perspective rather than who would agree with you 2. RAISING THE ISSUE Decide to raise the issue with the other person(s) when it is important or affect you personally. Raise the issue at an appropriate time HINDER CRITICAL THINKING Commit to a change in your own behavior(s) that contributes to resolution. Background beliefs (religious, cultural traditions, When raising the issue, use specific examples to parents, past teachers) limit confusion. Speaking from your Faulty reasoning (From biased or false perspective will reduce defensiveness. Use “I” information ) language rather than “you”. Group loyalty ( social groups with sets of acceptable bahaviors) 3. FOLLOW UP Frozen mind-set ( closed-minded) Follow up with others and asses if change has Emotional Baggage ( logic vs. emotion) been made. Determine if the change is continuing to work If the changes is not working, decide what STEPS FOR BECOMING A CRITICAL THINKER adjustments need to be made. Approach learning humbly and with an open-minded 4. WHEN CHANGE IS NOT IMPLEMENTED Have respect for others Self-awareness Raise the issue again if necessary Use further problem solving by focusing on ○ When we are aware of our own standards what each person needs to create the necessary and ethics, we can objectively make change and discuss any available options. decisions and act responsibly While problem solving, compare the options Hone your skills presented with the necessary outcome (i.e, ○ Practice makes perfect; even in critical what is needed) thinking If resolution cannot be reached by others, determined what change(s) you can make that would bring some resolution to you personally. CRITICAL THINKING “Making wise decisions based on a set of universally accepted values” The JRCERT ( Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology) ○ Requires critical thinking as part of our curriculum to further enhance student competence. CHARACTERISTIC OF A CRITICAL THINKER Humane Analytical Rational Open-minded Systematic Inquisitive 16  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Midterms LESSON 2: Becoming a Radiologic Technologist RADIOGRAPHER The term diagnostic radiography is used to describe a variety of radiographic or x-ray examinations. Most people are familiar with chest x-rays and also know that x-rays are the best way to diagnose broken bones. The radiographer performs these procedures as well as procedures that require the use of contrast agents that make it possible to study organs that otherwise cannot be seen on x-rays. Radiographers are valued members of the healthcare team. Career Opportunities: Career opportunities vary at this level. Positions are available in hospitals, imaging centers, private medical offices, sales, research, and commercial areas COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) TECHNOLOGIST Computed tomography (CT) technologists are CAREER OPPORTUNITIES responsible for taking detailed cross sectional images of the internal structures of the human Medical imaging technology is a science body. combining advanced technology and human They are able to do this with advanced compassion. computerized xray equipment. These members of Medical imaging technologists use their the healthcare team work closely with radiologists knowledge of physics, human anatomy, and to provide radiographic studies that assist with physiology to create permanent medical images. patient diagnosis and treatment. This profession requires a dependable personality Career Opportunities: Opportunities for CT with a mature and caring nature. technologists are available in hospitals, imaging Medical imaging services are offered in various centers, mobile imaging companies, sales, settings such as hospitals, healthcare facilities, applications, and marketing. physicians’ offices, mobile imaging companies, industrial plants, research centers, and government agencies. Commercial sales and DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHER marketing positions are also available in the field. A diagnostic medical sonographer combines creativity with advanced knowledge of human GRADUATES OF BS RAD TECH anatomy and advanced ultrasound imaging equipment to produce images of the human body. Graduates of BS in Radiologic Technology may Sonographers use high-frequency sound waves pursue a career path in different tertiary hospitals. (much like sonar) to demonstrate body structures They may apply as a: and organs. ○ radiologic technologist These images assist the physicians in the ○ computed tomography technologist diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. ○ magnetic resonance imaging technology The sonographer must be able to work ○ ultrasound technologist independently to provide high quality images. ○ positron emission tomography Career Opportunities: Career opportunities are technologist available in hospitals, imaging centers, ○ cardiovascular technologist educational institutions, private medical offices, ○ mammography technologist clinical research labs, sales and marketing. ○ interventional radiologic technologist Sonographers may work in departments of ○ nuclear medicine technologist radiology, cardiology, obstetrics, and vascular ○ radiation therapy technologist, or a imaging. digital subtraction angiography technologist. MAMMOGRAPHER Mammographers use ionizing radiation to produce images of the breast for screening, diagnosis, and treatment purposes. 17  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Midterms LESSON 2: Becoming a Radiologic Technologist A mammographer is responsible for creating a clear image that can be read by a radiologist, RADIATION THERAPIST oncologist, etc, to make an accurate diagnosis. Even routine mammograms can be stressful for The radiation therapist is responsible for treating patients. Therefore, mammographers must be patients with a radiation beam or source. proficient in making the patient as comfortable as This healthcare professional will also assist the possible throughout the process. radiation oncologist with the set up and dosage Career Opportunities: Career opportunities are that the patient will receive during the treatment. available in hospitals, imaging centers, Radiation therapy patients are treated for cancer, educational institutions, private medical offices, and the therapist who works with the patients clinical research labs, sales, and marketing. usually develops a special, supportive relationship with the patient and family members. Radiation therapists must possess a high degree of NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGIST sensitivity and caring in addition to excellent Nuclear medicine technologists are specialized technical skills. members of the imaging healthcare team. Career Opportunities: Areas of opportunities They perform procedures that analyze both the include hospitals, freestanding clinics, research, anatomy and physiology of the human body. sales, and marketing. These procedures involve administering a radioactive drug to the patient and then analyzing RADIOLOGY INFORMATION SYSTEMS (RIS) the distribution and concentration of that SPECIALIST radioactive drug with gamma cameras. Nuclear medicine technologists also administer Radiology information systems (RIS) specialists radioactive drugs to treat certain cancers. are responsible for implementing, maintaining, Career Opportunities: Career opportunities are and updating radiology information computer available in hospitals, imaging centers, systems. educational institutions, private medical offices, Working with radiology staff, they oversee the clinical research labs, sales, and marketing. computer systems that provide information about patient exams, results, and histories. Career Opportunities: Opportunities for RIS MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) specialists are available in hospitals, imaging TECHNOLOGIST centers, sales, applications, and marketing. MRI technologists use radio waves, powerful magnets, and computers to create images of the PICTURE ARCHIVAL AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS body. Technologists who work in this field must (PACS) ADMINISTRATOR have good computer skills and a strong knowledge of cross sectional human anatomy. Picture archival and communication systems Career Opportunities: Opportunities for MRI (PACS) administrators are responsible for technologists are available in hospitals, imaging implementing, maintaining, and updating centers, mobile imaging companies, sales, radiologic PACS. applications, and marketing. Working with radiology staff, they oversee the computer systems that provide images and information about patient exams, results, and SPECIAL PROCEDURE TECHNOLOGIST histories. PACS connect to different radiographic Special procedure technologists work closely with and imaging equipment and make images physicians in evaluating and treating certain produced on that equipment available to diseases. They use specialized x-ray equipment to authorized users. study the blood vessels of the body. Career Opportunities Opportunities for PACS These technologists also assist physicians who administrators are available in hospitals, imaging perform procedures to widen narrowed blood centers, sales, applications, and marketing vessels. This fast-paced specialty requires quick and sometimes independent thinking and an RADIOLOGIST ASSISTANT (RA) advanced knowledge of human anatomy. The technologist must also be able to handle Radiologist assistants (RAs) function as radiologic sophisticated X-ray, computer, image processing, technologists who extend the capacity of the and patient-monitoring equipment radiologist, falling between the role of radiologist Career Opportunities: Opportunities as a special and radiographer. RAs manage and assess procedure technologist are available mainly in a patients, perform certain imaging procedures, hospital setting. Special procedure technologists evaluate images, and make image observations may also work in sales, applications, marketing, or on mobile van systems. 18  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Midterms LESSON 2: Becoming a Radiologic Technologist Career Opportunities: Opportunities for RAs are OTTO van GUERICKE- he invented an AIR PUMP available in hospitals, imaging centers, sales, that was capable of removing air from vessel or applications, and marketing. tube in 1646 WILLIAM GILBERT- he was one of the first man to extensively study Electricity & Magnetics MANAGEMENT/EDUCATION/MARKETING ○ he was also noted for inventing Radiologic technologists may also progress to ELECTROSCOPE different levels of opportunity in the areas of ISAAC NEWTON- (discovers Gravity) build & education, management, and marketing. improve static generator. Positions are available as department directors CHARLES DUFAY- he was working with glass, silk and supervisors as well as education program & paper, distinguish two kinds of electricity. directors. Some may choose to seek positions WILLIAM WATSON- demonstrated a current of using their imaging experience in sales, electricity by transmitting electricity from a marketing, or consulting with a medical oriented Lynden Jar through wires & vacuum tubes. business. MICHAEL FARADAY- induced an electric current Others who gain a bachelors degree and go on to by moving a magnet in & out of a coil. pursue a masters degree in health administration BENJAMIN FRANKLIN- he conducted many may choose to seek a position as a hospital electrical experiments. administrator, a vice president in a hospital, or a WILHELM HITTORF- conducted several manager of a business for radiologists. experiments with cathode rays, streams of Most people in management positions hire and electrons emitted from the surface of a cathode. supervise all non-physician employees. They WILLIAM CROOKES- furthered the study of develop strategic plans, prepare budgets, and cathode rays and demonstrated that matter was investigate and implement future technologies. emitted from the cathode with enough energy to Most universities require radiology educators who rotate a wheel placed within a tube. teach on a bachelors level (or higher) and have a PHILIPP LENARD- he did a tremendous amount of masters in education and/or masters in radiology research with cathode rays and determined their science. This is also a new requirement for all energies by measuring the amount of penetration. radiology technology program directors. WILLIAM GODSPEED- produced RADIOGRAPH in 1890. His achievement was recognized only in retrospect after the discovery of X-RAY THE PIONEER RADIOLOGIST AND RADIOLOGIC J.H. SCHOLTZ- produced the first photographic TECHNOLOGIST copy of written material. The Image-recording ARCHIMEDES- he explained the reaction of Solid materials or the photographic recording when placed on Liquids. techniques, were very important to the DEMOCRITUS- he describes materials as investigators of the cathode rays. composed of ultimate particle. R.L. MADDOX- he produced a film with a gelatine THALES- discovers some effects of electricity. as a silver bromine emulsion that has remained the Greek mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and basic component of film. pre-Socratic philosopher from Miletus in Ionia, GEORGE EASTMAN- he produced & patented roll- Asia Minor. paper film. PIERRE CURIE- he noticed radium killed decease cell while he was experimenting with radium on THE PHILIPPINES PIONEER IN RADIOLOGIC animals, which was the first suggestion of the TECHNOLOGIST medical utility of radioactivity. MARIE CURRIE- she refined the knowledge of Norberto Palomo - first President of Philippine radioactivity & purified the radium metals. Association of Radiologic Technology (P.A.R.T) ○ In 1911, she received a Nobel Prize for her ○ Father of Radiologic technology in the work in Chemistry. Philippines ○ she continued to study radioactivity until Almario Lutap (AFP) -first President of Philippine she suffered a severe illness that required Institute of Radiologic Technology (P.I.R.T.) a kidney operation. ○ she trained herself as an x-ray technician. HENRI BECQUEREL- he had been interested in the phosphorescence, the emission of light following body’s exposure to light of another color., ELECTRICITY, VACUUMS & IMAGE RECORDING MATERIALS. EVANGELISTA TORRICELLI- he produced the first recognized vacuum when he invented a BAROMETER in 1643. 19  Introduction to Radiologic Technology and Healthcare First semester | Semi-Finals LESSON 1-3: The Concept of Radiation NON-IONIZING EXAMPLES RADIATION Ultraviolet – Black light – induced In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of fluorescence in some materials energy in the form of waves or particles through space Vision – very small portion that animals use or through a material medium. t