Transport in Animals PDF

# Transport in Animals ## Transport in Animals ### Components of the human circulatory system - Heart - Blood vessels - Blood ### The heart Is a muscular pump made of cardiac muscles which is a strong type of muscle that helps keep the heart contracting without stopping. ### The function of th...

# Transport in Animals ## Transport in Animals ### Components of the human circulatory system - Heart - Blood vessels - Blood ### The heart Is a muscular pump made of cardiac muscles which is a strong type of muscle that helps keep the heart contracting without stopping. ### The function of the heart pump blood all around the body to: 1. Supply different cells with the required nutrients and oxygen. 2. And to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells to ### The activity of the heart 1. May be monitored by ECG. 2. Pulse rate and listening to sounds of valves closing. ### The rhythmic sounds made by the heart Lob: due to closure of the two valves between arteries and ventricles. Dup: due to closure of the Semi-lunar values in the aorta and pulmonary artery ### The heart beats: Is the ripple of pressure which passes down on an artery due to heart beats The rate of pulse represents the rate of heart beats. ### Blood pressure It is the pressure created in arteries due to the flow of blood during heart beats. It is measured by an apparatus known as sphygmomanometer ### The normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm/Hg. - systolic pressure, it is the pressure during contraction of the ventricles (120). - diastolic pressure, it is the blood pressure during relaxation of the ventricles (80). ### How to measure pulse 1. Use the first two fingers of your right hand and lie them on the inside of your left wrist, 2. feel the tendon near the outside of your wrist, then you can feel the artery in your wrist pulsing your heart pumps blood through it. 3. Count the number of pulses per minute. 4. Repeat this step and take the average for accuracy. ## Transport in Animals ### Component | Adaptation | Figure ------- | -------- | -------- **4 Chambers** | 2 Upper thin walled chambers _(Atria)_<br> 2 lowered thick walled Chambers. _(ventricles)_ <br> **Explain why the left ventricle is thicker than the right one** <br> To be stronger and pump the blood with greater pressure to all the body parts. | Diagram of a human heart showing the 4 chambers and connecting vessels. **Valves** | **Types:**<br> 1. Atrioventricular between ventricles and arteries (aorta and pulmonary arteries)<br> 2. Semi lunar between the arteries and the heart <br> **Function**<br> They prevent the back flow of blood to flow in one direction. <br> **How Valves Work in the Heart?**<br> - Blood coming from atria them to open.<br> - Flaps float over blood to close the opening. <br>- The tendons prevent them from being turned back towards atria<br> **How Semi-lunar Valves work in the Blood Vessels** | Diagram showing the valves in the heart and their positions during diastole and systole. | - The flaps of Semi-lunar valves act as pockets. | - When blood tries to flow back the pockets. | - Become filled with blood and close. | - No Semi-lunar valves in arteries except at their beginning. | - As blood is not liable to flow back due to the high blood pressure in them. ### Septum Separates the oxygenated blood in the left heart side from deoxygenated blood in the right heart side. ### Coronary Arteries These are blood vessels which supply blood to heart muscle, as they need a constant supply of nutrients & 02, used in respiration to release energy needed for contraction & relaxation. ### Important questions 1. **What is meant by CHD? ** Narrowing or Blockage of coronary arteries leading to heart Attack. 2. **What are reasons of CHD.** - Smoking (nicotine) which increases blood pressure. - Diet high in salt, saturated fats' or cholesterol. - Obesity due to lack of exercising. - Stress over long period of time. - Genes. ### Explain the methods of CHD Treatment 1. **Improving Life Style by ** - Exercising which Prevents weight gain that lowers blood pressure. - Stop smoking. - Diet with less saturated fats & salt. 2. **Drugs** - Statins: can lower cholesterol. - Anti-hypertensive drugs that helps lower the blood pressure. - Aspirin that reduces risk of blood clots formation inside blood 3. **Surgery Treatment** - **Bypass** If the coronary arteries are blocked a coronary artery bypass operation may be carried out. In which the damaged coronary artery can be replaced with a length of blood vessels taken from another part of the body. (vein) - **Angioplasty** If the coronary artery is narrowed, angioplasty can help expand this artery. Where non-inflated balloon _(stent)_ is passed into a narrowed artery, and then the balloon is inflated using water. This pushes the artery open. The balloon is then removed leaving a metal cage _(stent)_ to keep the artery open allowing flow of blood. ## The Blood Circulation ### Pulmonary Circulation It starts from right ventricle pumping deoxygenated blood out of heart to lungs and returning into left atrium as oxygenated blood. ### Systemic Circulation It starts from Left ventricle pumping oxygenated blood out of heart to body and returning into right atrium as deoxygenated blood. ## Types of blood circulation ### Single It means that the blood pass through the heart once in one complete blood circulation. Ex: fish ### Double It means that the blood pass through the heart twice in one complete blood circulation. Ex: human, birds and reptiles. 1-because when the blood enters the lung, it loses some pressure given to the blood by pumping heart so it enters the heart again to raise its pressure before being delivered into the body.