2024 Transport in Animals (Circulatory System) PDF

TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS (Circulatory System) Norfarahin Norwen | [email protected]  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Briefly describe: ▪ The circulatory system in invertebrates and vertebrates 2. Briefly explain: ▪ Human heart and its circulatory system ▪ Human cardiac cycle ▪ Human cardiac...

TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS (Circulatory System) Norfarahin Norwen | [email protected]  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Briefly describe: ▪ The circulatory system in invertebrates and vertebrates 2. Briefly explain: ▪ Human heart and its circulatory system ▪ Human cardiac cycle ▪ Human cardiac conduction system: sinoatrial node (SA) and atrioventricular node (AV) ▪ The lymphatic system in human 3. State: ▪ The common cardiovascular disorders and diseases Circulatory System Responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients to the cells It picks up wastes, which are later excreted from the body by the lungs or kidneys Heart Anatomy  Human Heart Cardiovascular system; a closed circulatory system, involving heart and blood vessels – Septum divides the heart into right; pumps O2-poor blood → lungs and left sides; pumps O2-rich blood → tissues – Chambers upper, thin-walled of atria receive blood and lower, thick-walled of ventricles pump blood away from the heart  Heart Valves Valves open and close to control blood flow through heart Atrioventricular valves between the atria and ventricles Tricuspid valve right atrium → right ventricle Bicuspid (Mitral) valve left atrium → left ventricle Semilunar valves between the ventricles and their attached vessels Pulmonary valve right ventricle → pulmonary artery Aortic valve left ventricle → aorta  Circulatory Fluid Two main parts: Plasma composed mostly of water (90–92%) and proteins (7–8%). Also contains smaller quantities of many types of molecules including nutrients, wastes, salts Formed elements; red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets Red blood cells, assist transportation of oxygen using haemoglobin White blood cells, for protection against illness and diseases – Lymphocytes help fight infections T cells regulate function of other immune cells and directly attack various infected cells and tumors. B cells produce antibodies, specially target bacteria, viruses, and othe foreign materials – Granulocytes help destroy bacteria, viruses by phagocytosis – Neutrophils “immediate response” cell Platelets, for coagulation Formation of fibrin clot, which covers wound and prevents blood leaking  ABO Blood Grouping ABO System Presence or absence of type A and type B antigens on red blood cells determines a person’s blood type Four types of blood: Human Circulatory System 1.The Pulmonary Circuit Heart and lungs deoxygenated blood from body → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → right and left pulmonary arteries → lungs Blood passes through pulmonary capillaries CO2 is given off , O2 is picked up O2-rich blood returns to heart through pulmonary veins 2.The Systemic Circuit Heart and the rest of body oxygenated blood to organs, start with the left atrium → left ventricle → aorta, branches into major arteries to the upper body. Then through the diaphragm further into the iliac, renal, and suprarenal arteries for lower body parts Hepatic portal system Venous system, transports blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen → liver Why is it needed to pass through the liver before returns back to the heart? To regulate substances in the blood by ensuring it first processed by liver before reaching the systemic circulation  Blood Vessels Arteries Thick wall, elastic tissue Smaller branch into arterioles carry blood away from the heart → capillaries Capillaries Thin walls (1 cell thick) Extremely narrow (8–10 µm wide) exchange of material with tissues Veins Thin layer of muscle Venules drain blood from the capillaries; join to form a vein return blood from the capillaries → heart Often have valves to allow blood flow → heart and to prevent the backward  Blood Circulation to Coronary Circulation System Blood in the heart chambers is not supplied to the myocardium (cardiac muscle) 2. Coronary Veins Coronary Sinus (largest) Branches feed into sinus of the heart 1. Coronary Arteries Right and Left Coronary Arteries Deoxygenated blood is emptied from myocardium → the right Branches along heart from atrium of heart the ascending aorta Carries oxygenated blood → heart muscle for cellular respiration  Cardiac Cycle 3 phases of each heartbeat; atria contract, ventricles contract, all chambers at rest Diastole = relaxation | Systole = contraction Heart beats produced “lub-dub ” sound as the valves of the heart close  Blood Pressure The beat of the heart supplies pressure that keeps blood moving in the arteries Systolic Pressure pressure in arteries when heart beating Diastolic Pressure pressure in arteries when heart rests between beats Respiratory movements Presence of valves in veins Heart pumps blood through the arteries, puts pressure on the artery walls Flow of blood from the heart → the capillaries Blood pressure falls or low in veins from limbs, resulting blood cannot flow back to the heart Skeletal muscle contraction Blood Pressure Reading Range is variable; Normal systolic 139 – 120 mmHg diastolic 89 – 80 mmHg Hypotension low systolic, below 120 mmHg often associated with illness Hypertension high systolic, above 140 mmHg can be dangerous if it is chronic  Sinoatrial Node and Atrioventricular Node Rhythmic contraction of heart is due to cardiac conduction system Cardiac contraction AV node delays cardiac triggered by SA node, impulses (signals) from SA node send signals to both left to allow atria contract and and right atria to contract, empty their contents, before pump blood to ventricles the ventricles contract electrical signals leaves AV node for ventricles to contract and pump blood to lungs and the rest part of human’s body Heartbeat is produced for every 0.85s and is called as cardiac pacemaker Electrical changes during cardiac cycle in heart is recorded by electrocardiogram  Diseases and Disorders Heart Attack myocardial infarction occurrence of atherosclerosis; cholesterol- containing deposits (plaque) also buildup of fat block the blood stream. It disrupts blood flow in arteries causes tissues in the heart muscle to die Symptoms; Chest pain, pressure, tightness, pain, squeezing, aching pain or discomfort on shoulder, arm, back, neck, jaw, teeth, upper belly Cold sweat, nausea Heartburn, indigestion Fatigue, light-headedness, sudden dizziness Treatments; limit work, limit travel. Lifestyle changes, join cardiac rehabilitation programme  Diseases and Disorders Stroke brain attack occur due to interruption of blood supply to part of the brain; Ischemic stroke also may be cause by blood vessel in the brain ruptures or bursts; Hemorrhagic stroke Symptoms; Trouble speaking and understanding, problem seeing in one or both eyes Face, arm or leg paralysis or numbness, headache, trouble walking Treatments; emergency care, call 999 Diseases and Disorders Hypertension ‘silent killer’ that usually don’t have any serious symptoms. Occur when forces of blood pushing against artery walls consistently too high due to (mostly) unhealthy lifestyle Symptoms; Shortness of breath/Chest pain Headache Blurring vision Vomiting Abdominal pain Treatments; lifestyle changes and medications Lymphatic System A group of; Drainage lymph vessels; Lymphoid tissues (Peyers’ patches) Lymphoid organs that provides protection to human from any infection and balance human body fluids in healthy state Flow accomplished by; Function; skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, Collect, drain fluid, and solutes and valves prevent backflow from interstitial tissues (lymph fluid) Transport fats absorbed from small intestine back → circulatory system Body immune system  Components; 1. Lymph fluid Similar in composition to blood plasma except; no erythrocytes and large protein molecules It contains; water, lymphocytes, granulocytes, respiratory gases, nutrients, ion, urea, hormones 90% is returned to blood capillaries 10% that does not return becomes part of the interstitial fluid Function; Intermediary between capillaries and tissue Carries nutrients and hormones to cells Removes carbon dioxide, and waste from cells 2. Lymph nodes Oval structures located along lymphatics, enclosed by a fibrous capsule 3. Lymph organs Tonsils, multiple groups of large lymphatic nodules, located at mucous membrane of the oral and pharyngeal cavities Pharyngeal tonsil - Posterior wall of nasopharynx Palatine tonsils - Posterior-lateral walls of oropharynx Lingual tonsils - Base of tongue Spleen, similar to node capsule present without afferent vessels or sinuses, located between the stomach and diaphragm Function; To filters and stores blood Thymus, capsule divides it into two lobes, located behind the sternum in the mediastinum Function; For differentiation and maturation of T cells Organization flow of Lymph Fluid Lymphatic capillaries Contain capillaries except cartilage, Central Nervous System, eyeball, spleen Epithelial cells overlap and attached loosely to allows fluid to come in but not let it out Lymphatic vessels Accompany and parallel veins in most of body excluding nails and hair Types; Lymphatic capillaries, collecting vessels, trunks, and ducts  Ultimately deliver lymph fluid into two main channels; union of lymphatic trunks the lymphatic ducts 1. Right lymphatic duct drains right side of head, thorax, and right arm (enter right subclavian vein) 2. Thoracic duct drains left side of head, thorax, left arm, and lower ½ of body (enter left subclavian vein)  Oedema Lymphadenopathy / Lymphadenitis  Circulatory versus Lymphatic Circulatory system Lymphatic system is responsible for collecting and is responsible for collecting and removing distributing oxygen, nutrients and hormones waste products left behind in the tissues to the tissues of entire body flows in a closed continuous loop flows in an open circuit from the tissues throughout the body via the arteries, into lymphatic vessels. Once within these capillaries, and veins. vessels, lymph flows in only one direction. Blood is pumped. The heart pumps blood Lymph is not pumped. It passively flows into the arteries that carry it to all of the from the tissues into the lymph capillaries. body. Veins return blood from all parts of Flow within the lymphatic vessels is aided the body to the heart. by other body movements such as deep breathing and the action of nearby muscles and blood vessels.  Circulatory system Lymphatic system Blood consists of the liquid plasma that Lymph that has been filtered and is ready transports the red and white blood cells to return to the cardiovascular system is a and platelets. clear or milky white fluid. Blood is visible and damage to blood Lymph is invisible and damage to the vessels causes obvious signs such as lymphatic system is difficult to detect until bleeding or bruising. swelling occurs. Blood is filtered by the kidneys. All blood Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes located flows through the kidneys where waste throughout the body. These nodes remove products and excess fluids are removed. some fluid and debris. They also kill Necessary fluids are returned to the pathogens and some cancer cells. cardiovascular circulation.