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MAIN TOPIC I: INTRODUCTION HISTORIAN TO HISTORY →an expert or student of history, Lesson 1: History: Introduction and especially that of a particular period, Historical Sources geographical region, or...

MAIN TOPIC I: INTRODUCTION HISTORIAN TO HISTORY →an expert or student of history, Lesson 1: History: Introduction and especially that of a particular period, Historical Sources geographical region, or social At the end of this lesson, the student phenomenon. should be able to: 1. understand the meaning of history HISTORIOGRAPHY as an academic discipline and to be →is the study of how history was familiar with the underlying philosophy written, by whom, and why it was and methodology of the discipline, recorded as such. 2. know the difference between primary →It is concerned with how historians and secondary sources, have presented history. 3. examine and assess critically the value of historical evidences HISTORICAL METHOD and sources. and →It is the core protocol historians' use 4. appreciate research methods in for handling sources. An agreed ground history. rules for researching and writing academic research or professional HISTORY history, → refers to the study and interpretation by a historian of the data and other An OBJECTIVE HISTORIAN must sources of the past human activity, verify sources, to date them, locate the people, societies, and civilizations place of origin and identify their intended leading to the present. functions. It is important for historians to →etymologically, the word history came base their accounts on source materials. from the Greek word Historia which means inquiry. Sources of History: 1. Primary Sources 3 Important concepts in defining History: 2. Secondary Sources 1. Based on the past events. 3. Tertiary Sources 2. Interpreted by someone usually by historians. PRIMARY SOURCE 3. History relies on data and documents a testimony of an individual who was a which historians call Historical sources. participant in or a direct witness to the event that is being described. History's subject matter: 5 Main Categories of Primary Sources: It is a social science 1. Written Sources The subject matter of history is the life → They are written or printed materials of people and humanity. that have been produced in one form or another sometime in the past. (Ex:Travelogue,Newspapers,Archival MAIN TOPIC II: INTRODUCTION materials, and Memoir) TO HISTORY Lesson 2: Historical Criticisms 2. Numerical Records At the end of this lesson, the student Includes any type of numerical data in should be able to: printed or handwritten form. (Ex: Printed 1. provide ideas that guide the discipline Numerical Graph) of history, 2. develop critical and analytical skills 3. Oral Statements with exposure to primary sources, Includes any form of a statement made 3. Evaluate primary sources for their orally by an eyewitness. (Ex: Video credibility, recordings audio recordings, or authenticity and provenance, and transcribed) 4. opportunities to improve critical thinking. 4. Relics →Any objects whose physical or HISTORICAL CRITICISM characteristic visuals can provide Known as the historical-critical method. information about the past (Ex: Artifacts, A branch of criticism that investigates Ruins, and Fossils). the origin of a text or source in order to 5. Images understand the word behind the text. →It includes photographs, posters, paintings, drawing cartoons, and maps. Goals of Historical Criticism: 1. The primary goal of historical criticism SECONDARY SOURCES is to discover the text's primitive or → Interprets and analyzes primary original historical context and its literal sources sense. Ex:(Biographies, critical reviews, 2. The secondary goal seeks to textbooks). establish reconstruction of the historical situation of the author and recipients of TERTIARY SOURCES the text. →Provides third-hand information by reporting ideas and details from 2 Types of Historical Criticism: secondary sources (Ex: Dictionaries, 1. External criticism (investigates the encyclopedias, and handbooks). documents form) 2. Internal criticism (investigates the content of the documents). EXTERNAL CRITICISM MAIN TOPIC III: CONTENT AND → Looks or the obvious sign of forgery CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF or misrepresentation. SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES → Tests the authenticity of the sources. At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to: Test of Authenticity: 1. properly interpret primary sources 1. Determine the date of the document through examining the content and to see whether it is Anachronistic. context of the documents, 2. Determine 2. familiarize oneself with the primary the author's handwriting, signature, or documents in different historical periods seal. of the Philippines, 3. Looking for the anachronistic style. 3. determine the contribution of different 4. Look for the anachronistic reference kinds of primary sources in to events. understanding Philippine history, and 5. Look for the provenance or custody of 4. learn history through primary sources. the document. A. Background of the Author/Creator Another way to test Authenticity: The researcher must provide a brief 1. Semantics - the linguistic study of biographical sketch of the author or meaning. creator of the primary source. 2. Hermeneutics - theory, and Special Attention must be given to the methodology of interpretation. first four steps of the test of credibility. INTERNAL CRITICISM B. Background of the → Looks for deeper or more intense Document/Primary Source study of sources. Basic Background of the Source. a. Parts/chapter Test of Credibility: b.Time allotted 1. Identification of the author. c.Location of the source 2. Determine the approximate date. Locate where the primary source can 3. Ability to tell the truth. be found. 4. The willingness to tell the truth. Check the provenance or origin of the 5. Look for corroboration. said document. Determine the intended audience Look for the purpose or motive of the source. C. Content Analysis of the Important Historical Che Parisian Life - Content and Context Information Found in the Document Analysis - Primary source: Image Look for corroboration between the research you gather from the internet A. Background of the Author- Juan Luna and the primary source that your (1857-1899) instructor has given to you. Born on October 24, 1857 in Badoc Look for Bias. Ilocos Norte Analyze the Historical Perspective or Third among seven children Point of View a creator describes the The parents: Joaquin Luna and event. Laureana Novicio. Analyze the historical context of the Educational Background: document. Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo de Municipal D. Contribution and Relevance of the Marine Transportation (sailor) from Document in Understanding the Escuela Nautica de Manila. Grand Narrative of Philippine History Drawing lesson from Lorenzo Look for the cause and consequences Guererro. of the primary sources. 1878 - Exposición National de Ballas Look for the turning point that was Artes' artistic talent was established. caused by the Achievements and Recognition: Luna became engrossed in painting E. Relevance of the documents to the and produced a present time. paintings Look for the historical significance or that he exhibited during what modern people consider to be several expositions from 1881. important from the past. He won a gold medal from Madrid > Novelty- when something is new or Exposition for his has never been seen before. Spoliarium after his death in 1904. Applicability- when it is similar to The Parisian Life won the silver medal the present. at St. Louis Memory- how it has been (USA) Exposition. remembered over time. 1883 - Blood Compact to fulfill his Effect- how people have been pensionado obligation from the affected. Ayuntamiento (Manila Council). He also developed a friendship with Example of Content and Contextual the king of Spain so that the Spanish Analysis Type of Primary Source: Senate commissioned the painting La Images Painting- Juan Luna's The Batalla de Lepanto. Parisian Life.  During this period, he became part of Juan Luna also experiences personal the propaganda movement and dificulties at that time with his insulated befriended several members of the wife, Paz. Soon after the La Liga organization like Jose Rizal and Trinidad foundation, Rizal was arrested and Pardo de deported to Dapitan. Tavera. Family Background: Thereafter Juan Luna must be affected Married Maria de la Paz Pardo de by what happened to his best Tavera. disappointment with his wife so the One son Andres and a daughter Maria subject matter of this masterpiece must de la Paz who died when she was have been the result. three-year-old. After the death of his daughter, the couple had marriage C. Content Analysis of the Important difficulties. It culminated in the killing of Historical Information Found in the his wife, and mother-in-law and the Painting wounding of Felix, one of his One interpretation claims the lady is the brothers-in-in law.September 16, 1896 mirror image of the Philippine -He and his brother Antonio were archipelago. arrested by Spanish autorities for being involved with the KKK, Superimposition of the Philippine map's - He was pardoned by the Spanish court mirror image of the lady highlights the on May 27, 1897, and he traveled back following: to Spain in July, The contour of Northern Luzon 1899 - he was appointed by the Malolos follows the same contour of the lady's Republic as a member of the Paris bodice: the distance between delegation which was working for the Infanta. diplomatic recognition of the Republic. Quezon and San Antonio, Zambales He traveled back to the Philippines is exact to the small waistline of the upon hearing of the death of his brother, lady Antonio. All islands of Visayas and Mindanao He traveled to Hong Kong but died are evenly there aged 42 on spread out within the pink gown of the December 7, 1899, from a heart attack. lady What is the motive of the painter? The island of Palawan has exactly the If we look at the historical context, the same incline and shape as the arm of year 1892 was the year when Rizal went the lady back to the Philippines to The mountain range that separates Establish La Liga Pilipino because he Surigao from was disappointed with the Propaganda movement.  Agusan and Davao 18 exact to the The newspaper L'Echo De Paris is dark told to the lady 8 gown from folded behind the lady, the newspaper north to south signifies the Cry of Bastille or the French The site of the birth of 1898 Revolution. Philippine Independence. D. Contribution and Relevance of the Kawit Cavite is exact on the lady's Document in Understanding the womb, the site of a woman's birthing: Grand Narrative of Philippines the site of the declaration of the History 1899 Constitution, Malolos. Juan Luna was able to convey a Bulacan is exact on the navel of the multitude of messages in a very limited lady. space on an otherwise simple subject. Constitution is the bloodline of the Although his character was not a hero, nation and the umbilical cord is the he has many character flaws. But then infant's bloodline to his mother he used his great talent to advance the and Cebu covers the knee of the Filipino cause. This painting and other lady. visual arts can be used as primary Cebu is the site of the first sources to motivate our students to do Christianization in the country. the move for our nation. The message Simply the interpretation contends of this painting can be a cause while the lady is our motherland. simple compliance with the new The motherland is awkward, poised, normal can be the consequence. disturbed with a blank stare, unsure whether to stand up or remain E. Relevance of the Document to the seated. Present time Worth this contention, it integrates The significance of this work of art is cohesively with other elements in the that it is one of the products of the painting. genius of Juan Luna. He was one of the The three heroes are discussing the first international celebrities that disturbed state of the motherland in highlighted Filipino talent. 1892. The year 1892 is one of the turning July 3, 1892 - La Liga Filipina was points in our history. formed The failure of the propaganda July 7, 1892 - The Katipunan was movement and the establishment of the formed when Jose Rizal was Katipunan is very important in our banished to exile in Dapitan history. The year 1892 was the eve of the Many propagandists like Juan Luna Philippine Revolution. and Rizal contributed their talents to advance Filipino aspirations.  In doing so many of them suffered MAIN TOPIC IV: ONE PAST BUT personal tragedies. As to the MANY HISTORIES katipuneros, many of them died in their At the end of this lesson, the student quest for freedom. should be able to: 1. interpret historical events using Today 2021 is another turning point in primary sources, our history, the Covid 19 pandemic 2. recognize the multiplicity of caused death and an economic interpretation that can be read from a downturn never seen in our history. historical text, and 3. identify the advantages and If the Katipunero and propagandists disadvantages of employing critical tools gave their lives for our freedom, we can in interpreting historical events. contribute by cooperating with the guidelines of government agencies. A. The First Mass Site in the Philippines The painting caused controversies Background of the Author - Antonio when it was purchased by GSIS in Pigatetta 2002. Many members of GSIS accused Francisco Antonio Pigafetta or Antonio Winston Garcia (then President of Lombardo GSIS) of corruption. Born between the 1480s and 1490s Native Vicenza Republic of Venice in Now in 2020, another government Italy owned and controlled corporation is in Parents: Giovani Pigafetta and Angela the midst of scandal. Zoga Philhealth President Ricardo The eldest child among his siblings of Morales was forced to resign because 2 of the so-called Mafia inside the agency. He had an aunt named Elisabetta who The painting is not the most married Valerio Chierecati recognizable of Juan Luna's many Died in 1531 paintings. But by spreading its message, Educational Background: the painting could encourage us to be He is an Italian researcher and patriotic and nationalistic. explorer. And maybe the message of this He studied the following: painting can also influence students to Astronomy understand history better and love it as Geography well. Cartography According to Pigafetta, the fürst Mass was celebrated on March 31, 1521, an Easter Sunday. Pigafetta referred to the venue as "Mazaua".  reference to the said event. All Filipinos Concepcion was one of the most must know the different sides of the significant Spanish wrecks of all time, story-since this event led to another serving the Spanish with a loss of over tragic yet meaningful part of our 100 tons of silver and gold treasure. history-the execution of GOMBURZA which in effect was a major factor in the At the end of the voyage, Pigafetta was awakening of nationalism among the on board the last ship among the five, Filipinos. the Victoria, which made it back to Spain. Pigafetta kept a detailed journal, What was the real reason for the the original of which is lost; this caused Cavite Mutiny? the situation where what language used The Cavite Mutiny is the aim of the to write the libretto to be unknown. natives to get rid of the Spanish government in the Philippines, due to - His libretto, The First Voyage Around the removal of privileges enjoyed by the the World, was originally for the laborers of the Cavite arsenal such as Spaniards as documentation of the exemption from the tribute and forced expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan, labor. but it also serves as an important piece of literature in studying Philippine What happened during the Cavite History. Mutiny of 1872? Cavite Mutiny, (January 20, 1872), the What is the Motive of the Author? brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and Antonio Pigafetta's primary reason for workers at the Cavite arsenal, became writing the document is to discover and an excuse for Spanish repression of the learn more about the world. embryonic Philippine nationalist He desired to record details and movement. Ironically, the harsh reaction account information about their journey of the Spanish authorities served or expedition. ultimately to promote the nationalist cause. B. The Two Faces of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny C. Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Two major events happened in 1872: Lawin? first was the 1872 Cavite Mutiny the martyrdom of the three martyr TURNING POINT OF HISTORICAL priests in the persons of Fathers CONTROVERSY Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos and The former residence of Juan Ramos Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA). was clearly defined. There was an old However, not all of us knew that dap-dap tree at the site when the NHI there were different accounts in conducted its survey in 1983. Teodoro Agoncillo, Gregorio Zaide and Pio Valenzuela do not mention a dap-dap POSITION PAPER tree in their books. As a result, → an essay that presents an arguable Valenzuela's main proponent of the opinion about an issue typically that of "Pugad Lawin" version, was dead by the the author or some specified entity. time the committee conducted its research. The goal of a position paper is to convince the audience that your opinion Writer and linguist Sofronio is valid and defensible. Ideas that you Calderon, conducting research in the are considering need to be carefully late 1920s on the toponym "Pugad examined in choosing a topic, Lawin," went through the municipal developing your argument, and records and the Census of 1903 and organizing your paper. 1918, could not find the name, and concluded that "Isang pagkakamali ang The purpose of a position paper is to sabihing mayroong Pugad Lawin sa generate support for an issue. It is Kalookan." (It would be a mistake to say based on facts that provide a solid that there is such as Pugad Lawin in foundation for your argument. Kalookan). The controversy among historians continues to the present day. The "Cry of Pugad Lawin" (August 23, 1896) cannot be accepted as historically accurate. It lacks positive documentation and supporting evidence from the witness. The testimony of only one eyewitness (Dr. Pio Valenzuela) is not enough to authenticate and verify a controversial issue in history. Historians and their living participants, not politicians and their sycophants, should settle this controversy.