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READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1ST SEMESTER rph reviewer by jang : ) DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY & SECONDARY SOURCE DISTINCTION AND EVAL...

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1ST SEMESTER rph reviewer by jang : ) DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY & SECONDARY SOURCE DISTINCTION AND EVALUATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES Primary Sources - They are created by individuals who directly experienced or participated in the HISTORY event. These sources offer direct evidence. - comes from the Greek word “histor” and examples: "historia” - histor – learned, wise man Diary & Journal entries Speeches - historia – inquiry, narrative, account; Letters Memoirs Photographs Interviews History is about listing past events in chronological Government Minutes reports manner or identifying key figures, this discipline Publications focuses on answering the question of why these Artworks Artifacts events happened. Primary sources can also include unpublished PRIMARY SOURCE VS SECONDARY SOURCE works found through historical excavations or research. Occasionally, newspaper or magazine SOURCE - A person, publication, or object that articles written soon after the events can be provides information. considered primary sources if they are not retrospective analyses. PRIMARY SOURCE - An original, firsthand account or direct evidence of an event. Secondary Sources - interpret or analyze primary sources. often incorporating the author's insights SECONDARY SOURCE - An interpretation or and interpretations. These sources offer a detached analysis of primary sources, often containing the perspective from the original event. author's insights and perspectives. examples: FIRSTHAND - Directly from the original source or Published works Biographies event, providing original and immediate information. (journals & articles) SECONDHAND - Derived from someone else’s Reviews Dictionaries account or interpretation, not directly from the Books Encyclopedias original source or event. Conference papers Magazines Documentaries Newspapers THE MEANING & RELEVANCE OF HISTORY Secondary sources can also be based on In historical research, diverse sources of interpretations of other secondary sources or a information are necessary to gain comprehensive combination of primary and secondary sources. knowledge on a topic. Researchers may use written or oral sources, and it’s crucial to evaluate which EVALUATING PRIMARY & SECONDARY sources offer accurate details about the event or SOURCES subject. Understanding the difference between Primary and secondary sources should be critically primary and secondary sources is essential, as assessed for validity and credibility. primary sources provide direct, firsthand accounts, while secondary sources offer interpretations based 1. How did the author acquire the details? Were on these primary materials. they present at the event? How quickly did they gather the information?  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1ST SEMESTER 2. Where did the information originate? Is it from historical argument, it must meet three personal experience, an eyewitness account, or preconditions: a report by another person? 1. It must be comprehensible at the most basic 3. Did the author base their conclusions on a level of vocabulary, language, and handwriting. single source or multiple sources of evidence? 2. The source must be carefully located in accordance with place and time. If a source is interpretative rather than a firsthand 3. Through the first two preconditions, the account, it is considered a secondary source. authenticity of the source must always be checked Identifying whether a source is primary or and counterchecked before being accepted as a secondary is essential for evaluating its reliability credible source in any historical findings. and usefulness in historical research. While primary sources are valued for their direct evidence, Given issues like forgery and mislabeling, secondary sources provide important context and historians evaluate sources using both external and analysis. internal criteria. SIX POINTS OF INQUIRIES TO EVALUATE THE HOWELL AND PREVENIER (2001) INTERNAL AUTHENTICITY OF A PRIMARY SOURCE CRITERIA FOR CHECKING THE AUTHENTICITY Date: When was it produced? OF THE SOURCE Localization: Where did it come from? 1. Genealogy: The document's development (original, copy, or copy of a copy). Authorship: Who created it? 2. Genesis: The context and authorities Analysis: What influenced its creation? involved in the document's creation. Integrity: What was its original form? 3. Originality: Whether the document is an Credibility: What is its evidential value? eyewitness account or just passing along existing information. EVALUATING PRIMARY & SECONDARY SOURCES 4. Interpretation: How meaning is derived from the document. Louis Gottschalk (1969) noted that historians often rely on secondary sources because primary 5. Authorial Authority: The relationship sources can be difficult to access. Secondary between the document's subject and its sources help historians build background author. knowledge and identify errors in contemporary 6. Competence of the Observer: The documents. author's ability to understand and report (1) deriving the setting wherein the contemporary information accurately. evidence will fit in the grand narrative of history; (2) 7. Trustworthiness of the Observer: The getting leads to other bibliographic data; author's integrity and whether they report (3) acquiring quotations or citations from truthfully or fabricate information. contemporary or other sources; (4) deriving interpretations with a view of testing CODE OF KALANTIAW and improving them but not accepting them as ⮚ The Code of Kalantiaw is a mythical legal outright truth. code from the epic story of Maragtas, it was written by Datu Kalantiaw in 1433. Datu Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier (2001) Kalantiaw was a chief from the Island of stated that for a source to be used as evidence in a Negros in the Philippines.  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1ST SEMESTER ⮚ Proven a historical hoax by Jose E. Marco He documented Filipino customs in Relacion de las ⮚ William Henry Scott discovered the hoax, Costumbres de Los Tagalos (1589), providing having found that Marco's claims, including insights into Filipino society before Spanish rule. the Code of Kalantiaw, were false. Scott, a TIMELINE: doctoral candidate at the University of Santo Tomas, proved on June 16, 1968, that all of 1521: Spanish arrival in the Philippines Marco's work was fabricated and should not be included in history. 1565: Establishment of colonial government in Cebu LESSON 2: CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS 1571: Government seat moved to Manila By Juan de Plasencia 1578: Arrival of Franciscan missionaries This lecture covers the practices and customs noted by Fray Juan de Plasencia in his account, 1896: Katipunan's discovery and nationalist Customs of the Tagalogs. These practices existed revolution before Spanish colonization, showing that Filipinos 1898: Philippine Independence had political, economic, and cultural systems in place. CONTENT OF CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS KEY TERMS COMMUNITY TOWN’S CHIEF - called Datos, Customs: Cultural idea that describes a governed small groups of households known as regular, patterned behavior that is barangays. considered characteristic of life in a social system. THREE CASTE SYSTEM – concepts of slavery, confusion of the caste, marriage inheritance, Juan de Plasencia: Miguel Juan de division of the properties, adoption, divorce and Plasencia was a Spanish friar of the dowries Franciscan Order. He was among the first group of Franciscan missionaries who - Nobles (Maharlica) arrived in the Philippines. The highest class, consisting of the elite or Tagalog(s): A member of a people originally noble families. of central Luzon in the Philippines. They had privileges and were highly Siglo de Oro (Golden Age): The period respected within the community. when a specified art, skill, or activity is at its Nobles had significant roles in leadership peak. and governance. Relacion De Las Costumbres De Los - Commoners (Aliping Namamahay) Tagalogs: Customs of the Tagalogs. Aliping Namamahay: Household slaves Juan de Plasencia who lived with their masters and had some personal freedom but still owed labor and service. Fray Juan de Plasencia, also known by his real name Joan This class included the ordinary people who de Portocarrero, he was a worked and contributed to the community. Spanish friar who arrived in the - Slaves (Aliping Saguiguilir) Philippines in 1578.  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1ST SEMESTER Aliping Saguiguilir: Labor slaves with ⮚ Founders: Zaihirat Banu Codelli fewer personal freedoms, working primarily (CEO), Lim Suat Yen (COO), Jason to support their master's needs. Lai (Director of Content) RELIGION - No temples for idol worship; festivals ⮚ Notable Work: Co-produced "The were held in the chief's large house. Gods Must Be Hungry" with Worshipped idols: Discovery Asia, which earned Discovery Asia's highest viewership Badhala in 10 years. Tala Lic-ha Co-production Agreement: Between the Dian Masalanta Media Authority of Singapore and the Buaya Korean Broadcasting Commission in 2007 for @ Channel Korea. Plasencia’s account is a primary source, providing firsthand information on Filipino customs. His work Distribution: Internationally by Looking is preserved in Spanish archives and has been Glass International through Discovery translated into English in various collections. Channel and History Channel (for Asia) in 2008. LESSON 3: RAIDERS OF THE SULU SEA Directed by: Idzwan Othman KEY TERMS Original Release Date: 2008 Raider(s): A person or group who attacks an enemy in their territory; a marauder. Contributors: Art Historian Icelle Gloria D. Borja-Estrada, Dr. Samuel Tan, Margarita Slave-raiding: A military raid to capture Cohuangco, and other international Asian people and make them slaves. historians. Free Trading: International trade without SLAVE RAIDING tariffs, quotas, or restrictions. Slave raiding involves attacking localities, Pirate: A person who attacks and robs capturing residents, and forcing them into ships at sea. slavery. Spaniard: A native or inhabitant of Spain, or Raiders capture people, tie them up, and a person of Spanish descent. trade them as slaves. Indigenous peoples: Groups with unique It was one of the most profitable livelihoods cultures and ways of relating to people and in the Philippines. the environment, distinct from dominant societies. PIRATES RAIDERS OF THE SULU SEA Pirates: Known for attacking and stealing from ships. BACKGROUND ABOUT THE DOCUMENTARY FILM The term "pirates" was given by the Spaniards and later adopted by the Title: Raiders of the Sulu Sea Americans for these slave raiders. Produced by: Oak3 Films Raiders of the Sulu Sea is a Historiography Documentary film focusing on Zamboanga City ⮚ Established: 1996  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1ST SEMESTER depicting how the Spaniards defended the city with ANCIENT MARITIME VESSELS the Fort Pilar. Lanong BATTLE OF FORT PILAR Garay On December 8, 1728, the Moros made their first Salisipan attempt to battle the Spaniards at Fort Pilar, where they were ultimately defeated. King Dalasi, the WEAPONS AND ARMOR OF THE MOROS Rajah of the Maguindanao Sultanate and King of Bulig, orchestrated the attack in a bid to resist Weapons: Included Barong, Kris, Kampilan. Spanish submission. The Moros had an advantage Armor: Wealthier raiders used heavy armor due to the Spaniards' guns, which had limited made from carabao horn or steel plates, rounds and required time to reload, allowing the which could deflect sword blows but were Moros a critical opportunity to strike. ineffective against firearms. CONSTRUCTION OF FORT PILAR LESSON 4: KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN Fort Pilar's main purpose, aside from being KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN the headquarters and main office of the Spaniards, was for their protection. A short note or letter of instructions written by Emilio Jacinto. It was constructed with high stone walls, built-in cannons on its sides, and a It served as the guidebook for the members ten-meter-high wall for defense. of the Katipunan. Free trading is international trade without tariffs, Focused on moral, ethical, and quotas, or restrictions, allowing unrestricted revolutionary principles. exchange of goods and services. KEY TERMS: REASONS FOR MORO OBJECTION Revolution: A forcible overthrow of a 1. Opposition to being under a foreign king. government or social order in favor of a new system. 2. Resistance to conversion to Christianity. KKK (Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang 3. Spaniards taking over their economy. Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan): A 4. Clash with their beliefs. revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish colonial Filipinos in Manila in SLAVE RAIDING IN CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES 1892, aiming for independence from Spain. 1. Balangingi / Samal: A tribe known for their Generalissimo: The commander of a maritime skills and fast attack boat. combined military force, including army, 2. Illanun: A long-standing seafaring navy, and air force units. community known for their piracy and Supremo: The highest-ranking authority in merciless nature. the Katipunan. 3. Tausug: A tribe known for its political power Liberalism: A political philosophy promoting and maritime expertise. They were the first individual rights, civil liberties, and to convert to Islam. democracy.  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1ST SEMESTER APRIL 16, 1899: Death of Emilio Jacinto from Wrote the Kartilya ng Katipunan and used malaria. the pen names Pingkian and Dimasilaw. TIMELINE RECAP: Died of malaria on April 16, 1899, at the age of 23. 1380: Muslim Arabs arrive at the Sulu Archipelago. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FORMATION OF 1521: Arrival of Spaniards, led by Ferdinand THE KATIPUNAN AND THE KARTILYA: Magellan. 1. AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT 1565: Establishment of Colonial Government in Cebu, led by Miguel López de Legazpi. ⮚ A period that emphasized reason, individual rights, and questioning 1571: The seat of the Spanish government is authority. moved to Manila. ⮚ Introduced liberalism, promoting 1578: Arrival of Franciscan Missionaries, led by individual liberty and equality, which Juan de Plasencia. greatly influenced revolutionary 1720: Moro pirates attack Fort Pilar. thinking in the Philippines. 1872: Execution of Gomburza priests. 2. FRENCH REVOLUTION 1892: José Rizal founds La Liga Filipina. ⮚ A major event of social and political upheaval in France. 1896: The Katipuneros tear their cedulas during the Cry of Pugadlawin, starting the revolution. ⮚ hIt spread ideas of radicalism, liberalism, and nationalism, 1897: General Emilio Aguinaldo becomes the first inspiring Filipinos to challenge president at Biak-na-Bato. Spanish colonial rule and fight for 1898: Philippine independence declared; Spain independence. sells the Philippines to the USA for $20M. 3. MASONRY 1946: Full independence of the Republic of the ⮚ A secret society promoting fraternity Philippines, with Manuel Roxas as president. and liberal ideals, which had a strong EMILIO JACINTO presence among Filipino revolutionaries. Known as the "Brains of the Katipunan." ⮚ Many leaders of the Propaganda Born in Tondo, Manila, on December 15, Movement and the Katipunan, 1875. including Jose Rizal and Andres Proficient in both Spanish and Tagalog. Bonifacio, were members. Studied at Colegio de San Juan de Letran ⮚ The Spanish friars viewed Masonry and University of Santo Tomas. as a threat, associating it with subversion and revolution. Joined the Katipunan in 1894 at the age of 19. 4. PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT Held various roles in the Katipunan, such as ⮚ Execution of GOMBURZA (Fathers fiscal, secretary, editor, and general. Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora) in 1872 was a  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1ST SEMESTER pivotal event that greatly influenced inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri. the Propaganda Movement. 6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa. ⮚ A peaceful reform movement led by Filipino ilustrados (educated class) 7. Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang aiming to address injustices under yamang nawala’y magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t Spanish rule. panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang magdadaan. Value of time ⮚ This movement laid the intellectual groundwork for the Katipunan by 8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi. showing the limitations of peaceful reform. 9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat 5. LA LIGA FILIPINA ipaglihim. ⮚ Founded by Jose Rizal in 1892, aimed to unite Filipinos in seeking 10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung ang reforms through peaceful means. umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng ⮚ After Rizal’s arrest and exile, La Liga iaakay ay kasamaan din. split into two factions: 11. Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay ▪ The Cuerpo de Compromisarios, na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; who continued Rizal’s peaceful gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang reform approach. kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan. ▪ The Katipunan, led by Andres Bonifacio, who believed that armed 12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at revolution was necessary for true kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at independence. kapatid ng iba. MGA ARAL NANG KATIPUNAN NG MGA A.N.B. 13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa 1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas na at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na kundi damong makamandag mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may 2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan. yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan. 3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapua at ang isukat ang 14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang na sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa Katuiran. kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang 4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang ng tao’y magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan. mahihigtan sa pagkatao. Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga 5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban kasunod nito.  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1ST SEMESTER The theme of the Kartilya ng Katipunan revolves around principles of moral integrity, equality, and the value of personal virtue.