RPH Notes Introduction to History PDF

**INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY** **HISTORY** \- from the Greek noun "**historia'** meaning ' (knowledge aquired through) inquiry or research (research). \- Historia became known as the account of the past of a person or of a group of people through written documents and historical evidences. \- Accor...

**INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY** **HISTORY** \- from the Greek noun "**historia'** meaning ' (knowledge aquired through) inquiry or research (research). \- Historia became known as the account of the past of a person or of a group of people through written documents and historical evidences. \- According to *Aristotle* -- "systematic account of a set of natural phenomena, whether or not chronological ordering was aq factor in the account." \- The term "[history]" is applied to accounts of events that are narrated in a chronological order, and deal with the past of mankind. \- it provides us with personal and social identity, helping us to understand how we came to be who we are. *Thucydides and Heredectus* -- Father of History **HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN** History is influenced by historians' contexts and biases, making complete objectivity impossible. It is the historian's job not just to seek historical evidences and facts but also to interpret these facts because facts cannot speak for themselves. More often historians used timeline to mark significant events. And explain what happened during a certain period of time or to a particular person, starting with the earliest event and moving forward through time. **HISTORY and HISTORIOGRAPH** **History** refers to the actual events and actions that have occurred in the past. It encompasses the events themselves. Study of how history is written and how our historical understanding changes over time. On the other hand, **Histography** is the study of how history is written and interpreted. It involves analyzing the methods, perspectives, and biases of historians who record and interpret historical events. Historiography considers the approaches used by historians and seeks to understand how and why their theories and interpretations differ. Overall, history is the record of past events, while historiography is the study of how these records are created and interpreted. **RELEVANCE OF HISTORY** 1\. Understand people and societies: it offers a storehouse of information about how individual and societies behave.pl mo 2\. Understand change and how the society we live: through history we can grasp how things change, we can understand what elements of an institution or social persist despite change. 3\. Expand moral understanding: through history we can test our moral sense 4\. Assess conflicting interpretation 5\. Develop the ability to asses evidence HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE \- a means of understanding the social, cultural, intellectual and emotional settings that shapes people lives and actions in the past. \- Understanding historical perspective is a key historical-perspective taking. \- though it is sometimes called "historical empathy" historical perspective is very different from common sense of notion identification with another person. *Perspective* -- the point of view from which the creator of a sources describe historical events. Every person sees and understand events differently. [FACTORS THAT AFFECTS ONE'S PERSPECTIVE ] First step determining perspective is the know who the creator was. 1\. Nationality (ex. American & japanese) 2\. Profession (ex. University, professor) 3\. Political Persuasion (ex. Conservative, communist) 4\. Cultural Background (ex. European, Egyptian) 5\. Gender (M,F) 6\. Religious Beliefs (ex. Christianity, Muslim) 7\. Educational background (ex. What university they work for. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES **PRIMARY SOURCE** -- documents or artifacts created by a witness to or participant in an event. They can be first hand testimony or evidence created during the time period that you are studying. (diaries, letters, interviews, oral histories, photographs, news paper article, government documents. \- The collection and analysis of primary sources is central to historical research. \- Main text or works that you are discussing. Actual data or research results, historical documents also first hand testimony. (journals, speeches) **SECONDARY SOURCES** -- analyze scholarly questions and often use primary sources as evidence. (books and articles about a topic) (list of sources, i.e bibliographies that may lead you to other primary or secondary sources Records generated by an event but written by non-participants in the event , base from primary sources but have been interpreted, or analyze (Biographies, encyclopedia) **TWO CATEGORIES OF SOURCES** [Written Sources ] \- published materials (ex. Books, magazine, journals) \- Manuscript (hand written) [Non -- Written Sources ] - Oral history, artifacts, Art works, vid **HISTORICAL CRITICISM** - The task of the historian is to prove the authenticity and credibility of every document and evidence. In order for a source to be used as evidence in history, basic matters about its form and content must be settled meaning it should be critically tested. **Two types of criticism:** 1. External Criticism; lower type of historical criticism ( Primarily document; who was the real author, when written, where it was written, why did it survive) \- it is a less intellectual type of criticism of the document. \- it includes examination of the documents like manuscript, books, maps, etc. this test is to prove the authenticity of the document in the case of manuscript than printed coz printed documents has already been authenticued by the editor. Test of authenticity of the document 1\. Authorship 2\. Date of document 3\. Textual errors 4\. semantics 2\. Internal Criticism; higher type of historical criticism \- deals on the object or manuscript itself. \- fucoses more on the man who wrote the manuscript. \- This test is to prove the credibility of the author/person who wrote the manuscript. Test of credibility of the author and the document 1\. Identification of the author 2\. Identification of the approximate date 3\. Ability to tell the truth 4\. Willingness to tell the truth 5\. corroboration Others: -**Positivism** is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the use of scientific methods and empirical data to understand and solve societal problems. -**Post-Colonialism** refers to the critical study of the effects and aftermath of colonialism on formerly colonized countries. In the context of Philippine history, post-colonialism examines how the colonial past (including Spanish and American rule) has influenced contemporary Philippine society, culture, and identity. -"**White Man's Burden**" was a concept used to justify imperialism by suggesting that it was the duty of Western powers to civilize and uplift non-Western societies. In the context of American colonization of the Philippines, this narrative depicted Filipinos as needing Western control to become "civilized," thereby legitimizing the colonizers' actions and disguising exploitation as a mission. The colonizers aimed to portray their actions not as undermining Philippine sovereignty, but as a civilizing mission to fulfill what they referred to as the "white man's burden." WEEK 1: FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD by Antonio pigafetta **ANTONIO PIGAFETTA (1491-1534)** born in 15 Century in Vicenza, Venice Italy He studied Astronor Geography, Cartogra He accompanied Mo Chiericati (Spain 1519 Written; The First Voyage around the World \- a venetian scholar and explorer \- he joined the expedition of the spice island led by Ferdinand Magellan under king Charles of Spain and Magellan's date. \- During expedition, he serves as Magellan's assistant and kept an accurate journal translated in Cebuano. \- One of the 18 men survivors who returned to Spain in 1522 under the command of Juan Sebastian Elcano **FERDINAND MAGELLAN** Born in February 4, 1480, Ferdinand received an excellent education which included mathematics, astronomy, and navigation he is Best known for Leading the 1519 Expedition he discovered and proved that the earth is in a sphere shape [Francisco Albo] (Victoria's last pilot) The only other sailor to maintain a journal during the voyage And kept a formal fogbook. THE 5 SHIPS **Trinidad** (Ferdinand Magellan) Crew; 62 members onboard Rank; Carracks Description; Flagship San Antonio (Juan De Cartagena) Crew; 57 members onboard Rank; Carracks Description; Largest Ship Conception (aspar De Quesada) Crew; 44 members onboard Rank; Carracks Description; Burned Santiago (Juan Rodriguez Serrano) Crew; 31 memebers onboard Rank; Caravel Description; Smallest Ship Victoria (Luiz Mendoza) Crew; 45 memebers on board Rank; Carracks Description; Carry Supplies, Antonio \- Only the Victoria survived and The completion of the voyage marks find circumnavigation of the world. \- The Santiago was destroyed in a terrible storm in the middle of 1520. **ARRIVAL** August 1519 In Seville, Pigafetta, heard of Magellan's planned expedition and decided to join and accept the title of supermumerary (sobresaliente), Sept. 20, 1519, \- Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, with five ships and a crew of 270 men, set sail from Sanlucar de Barrameda in southen Spain, on what would become the first circumnavigation of the world \- Magellan faced a mutiny led by Spanish officers convinced he was leading them to their doom. Mar Pacifico, "the peaceful sea", or Pacific Ocean. Ladrones Islands or the "Islands of the Thieves" Presently known as Marianas Islands March 16, 1521 They reach the island of Zamal, now Samar, but Magellan decided to land in another uninhabited island for greater security where they could rest for a few days. After two days, March 18, nine men came to them and show joy and eagerness in seeing them and welcomed them with food, drinks, and gifts. The natives gave them: Fish Palm wine ( uraca) figs 2 cochos Rice (umai) cocos "This palm produces a fruit names cocho, which is large as the head, or thereabouts: its first husk is green, and two fingers in thickness, in it they find certain threads, with which they make the cords for fastening their boats. Under this husks there is another very hard, and thicker than that of a walnut. They burned this second rind, and make with it a powder which is useful to them. Under this rind there is a white marrow of a fingers thickness, which they eat fresh with meat and fish, as we do bread, and it has the taste of almond, and if anyone dried it he might make bread of it. ***Ballangai(balangay)*** \- A long boat full of people in Mazzava/ Mazaua. \- The leader (king) (Raia Siagu) sent his men to the ship of Magellan. \- The king offered to give Magellan a bar of gold and chest of ginger, Magellan declined. Instead Magellan asked for money for the needs of his ships. The king responded by giving them the needed provisions and food in chinaware. \- "very familiar and friendly" \- Willingly showed them different islands and the names of this islands. \- They went to **Humunu** Island (Homonhon) (Watering Place Good Signs) where they found the first signs of gold in the island. \- They named the island with the nearby islands as the Archipelago of St. Lazarus **March 25** They saw two ballangai (balangay) Magellan exchanged gifts of robes in Turkish fashions, red cap, knives and mirrors. The two men expressed their desire to become brothers. Magellan also boasted of his men in an armor who could not struck with swords and daggers. The king was fascinated and remarked that men in such armor could be worth one hundred of his men. Magellan showed other weapons, helmets and artilleries. He also shared his charts and maps and how they found the islands. RAIA CALAMBU \- King of Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan and Caragua) \- Pigafetta described him as the most handsome of all men that he saw in this place. \- He was adorned with sick and golden accecories like golden dagger, which he carried with him in a wooden polished sheath. March 31 (Easter Sunday) \- Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a Mass by the shore. \- The king sent two dead pigs and attended the Mass with the other king. When the offertory of the mass came, the two kings, went to kiss the cross like us, but they offered nothing, and at the elevation of the body of our Lord they were kneeling like us, and adored our Lord with joined mass After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be brought with nails and crowned in place. The cross, the nail, and the crown were the signs of his emperor and that he was ordered to plant it in the places that he would reach and the cross would be beneficial for their people because once the Spaniards saw this cross, then they would know that they had been in this land and would not cause them troubles, and any person who might be held captives by them would be released. April 7, 1521 \- Magellan and his men reached the port of Cebu --- the largest and the richest of the islands with the helped of Raia Calambu. \* The king of Cebu (Rajah Humabon) demanded that they pay tribute as it was customary but Magellan refused because he was the captain himself and thus would not pay tribute to the other king. Magellan's interpreter explained to the king of Cebu that Magellan's king was the emperor of the great empire and that it would do them better to make friends with them than to forge enmity. The king consulted his council and the next day, together with the other principal men of Cebu, they met in an open space and the king offered a bit of his blood demanded that Magellan do the same. "Then the king said that he was content, and as a greater sign of affection he sent him a little of his blood from his right arm, and wish he should do the like. Our people answered that he would do it. Besides that, he said that all the captains who came to his country had been accustomed to make a present to him, and he to them, and therefore they should ask their captain if he would observe the custom. Our people answered that he would: but as the king wished to keep up the custom, let him begin and make a present, and then the captain would do his duty April 14 \* The people gathered with the king and other principal men of the island. \* Magellan spoke and encouraged the king to be a good Christian by burning all the idols and worship the cross instead. \* The king of Cebu was baptized as Christians. "To that the king and all his people answered that thy would obey the commands of the captain and do all that he told them. The captain took the king by the hand, and they walk about on the scaffolding, and when he was baptized he said that he would name him Don Charles (Carlos), as the emperor his sovereign was named: and he named the Prince Don Fernand (Fernando), after the brother of the emperor, and the king of Mazavva Jehan: to the Moor he gave the name of Christopher, and to the others each a name of his fancy After eight days, all of the islands inhabitant were already baptized. Pigafetta admitted that they burned a village down for obeying neither the king nor Magellan. \* The Mass was conducted by the shore everyday. \* When the queen (Hara mihan) came to the Mass one day, Magellan gave her an Image of the Infant Jesus made by pigsfetta himself April 26 The battle of Mactan \* Zula, a principal man from the island of Matan (Mactan) went to see Magellan and ask him a boat full of men so that he could fight the chief name Silalapulapu (Lapulapu). \* According to Zula, Lapulapu refused to obey the king and was also preventing him from doing so. \* Magellan offered three boats and went to Mactan himself to fight Lapulapu. They arrived in Mactan in daylight with 49 in numbers while the islanders of Mactan were estimated to number 1500. " When we reached land we found the islanders fifteen hundred in number, drawn up in three squadrons; they came down upon us with terrible shouts, two squadrons attacking us on the flanks, and the third in front. The captain then divided his men in two bands. Our musketeers and crossbow-men fired for half an hour from a distance, but did nothing, since the bullets and arrows, though they passed through their shields made of thin wood, and perhaps wounded their arms, yet did not stop them, The captain shouted not to fire, but he was not listened to. The islanders seeing that the shots of our guns did them little or no harm would not retire, but shouted more loudly, and springing from one side to the other to avoid our shots, they at the same time drew nearer to us, throwing arrows, javelins, spears hardened in fire, stones and even mud, so that we could hardly defend ourselves. Some of them cast lances pointed with iron at the captain-general. Magellan's death -- APRIL 27, 1521 Magellan died in the battle. The natives perceiving that the bodies of the enemies were protected with armors, aimed for their legs instead. Magellan *was pierced with a poisoned arrow in his right leg.* A few of their men charges at the Natives and tried to intimidate them by burning an entire village but this only enraged the natives further. Magellan was specifically targeted because the native knew he was the captain general. Magellan was hit with a lance in the face. Magellan retaliated and pierced the same native with his lance in the breast and tried to draw his sword but could not lift it because of his wounded arms. One native with a great sword delivered a blow in Magellan's left leg, brought him face down and the natives ceaselessly attacked Magellan with lances, swords and even their bare hands. \* The king of Cebu who was baptized could have sent help but Magellan instructed him not to join the battle and stay in the balangay so that he would see how they fought. \* The king offered the people of Mactan's gifts of any value and amount in exchange of Magellan's body but the chief refused. They wanted to keep Magellan's body as a momento of their victory. \* Duarte Barbosa is elected as the new captain. \* Henry/ Enrique de Malacca Magellan's slave and interpreter betrayed them and told the king of Cebu that they intended to leave as quickly as possible. The slave allegedly told the king that if he followed his advice, the king would acquire the ships and the goods of Magellan's fleet. \* The two conspired and betrayed what was left of Magellan's men. The King ivited tese men to a gathering where he said he would present the jewels that he would send for the King of Spain. Twenty-four men attended while Pigafetta was not able to joined because he was nursing his battle wounds. The natives had slain all the men except the interpreter and Juan Serrano who was already wounded. The fleet departed and abandoned Serrano. They left Cebu and continued their journey around the world. The original document was not preserved. But, it was not through Pigafetta's, writings that Europeans first learned of the circumnavigation of the globe. Rather, it was through an account written by e Flanders- based writer Maximiliacus Transybcanus, which was published in 1523. Antonio Pigaletta also wrote a book, in which a detailed account of the voyage was given. It is quite unclear when it was first published and what language had been used in the first edition. The remaining sources of his voyage were extensively studied by Italian archivist Andrea da Mosto, who wrote a critical study of Pigafetta's book in 1898 (promo viaggio intoma al globo di Antonio Pigaletta, e le sue manis suillade del pavigans) and whose conclusions were later confirmed by J. Décuce. Today, three printed books and four manuscripts survive. One of the three books is in French, while the remaining two are in italian language. Of the four manuscripts, three are in French (two stored in the Bibliotheque nationale de France and one in Cheltenham), and one in Italian At the end of his book, Pigatetta, stated that he had given a copy to Charles V. Pigafetta's close friend. Francesco Chiptical, also stated that he had received a copy and it is thought that the regent of France may have received a copy of the latter. It has been argued that the copy Pigafetta had provided may have been merely a short version or a draft. It was in response to a request, in January 1523, of the Marquis of Mantua that Pigafetta wrote his detailed account of the voyage. **WEEK 2: THE KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN** KATIPUNAN KKK --- Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan KKK is the arguably the most important organization formed in the Philippine History - Only the KKK has the envisioned a united Filipino Nation that would revolt against the Spaniards and want the total independence of the country from Spain In the conduct of their struggle, katipunan created a complex structure and a define value system that would guide the organization as a collective aspiring for a single goal. One of the most important katipunan documents was the "Kartilya Ng Katipunan" the original title of the document was "Manga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B" or "Lesson of the Organization of the sons of Country" The document was written by Emilio Jacinto in 1896 Jacinto was only 18 years old when he joined the movement He was a law student at the Universidad de Santo Tomas THE KARTILYA The first group contains the rules that will make the members an upright individual. The second group contains the rules that will guide the way he treats his fellow men. **THE KATIPUNAN CODE OF CONDUCT BY EMILIO JACITO** 1\. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a poisonous weed. 2\. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue 5\. It is rational to be charitable and love once fellow creatures, and to adjust one's conduct, act and words to what is in itself reasonable. 4\. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth and beauty are to be understood, but not security by nature. 5\. The reasonable man prefers honor to personal gain; does scoundrel, game to honor. 6\. To the honorable man his word is sacred. 7\. Do not waste die time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost. 8\. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field. 9\. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets. 10\. One that thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if the guide leads to the precipices, those whom he guide will also go there. 11\. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who will share with thee penalties of life, her (physical) weakness will increase thy interest in her and she will remain thee of the mother who bore thee and reared thee. 12\. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brother, and sister, that do not unto the wife, children, brother, and sister of thy neighbor. 13\. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because he's knows is aquiline, and his color white, not because he is a priest, a servant of god, nor because of the high prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but he is worth most who is a man of proven and real value, who does good. Keep his words, is worthy and honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to being oppressed, she who loves and cherishes his fatherland, do he be born in the wilderness and know no tongue but his own. 14\. When these rules of conduction be known to all, the longed for son of liberty shall rise brilliant over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among the confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of those who have gone before, fatigues and the well paid suffering will remain. If he who desire to enter has informed himself of all his and believes he will be able to perform what will be his duties, he may fill out the application for admission. **WEEK 3: PROCLAMATION OF THE PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE** Annual Independence Day Celebration -- June 12 The celebration of Independence Day is rooted in the historic event which took place in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898. It signaled the end of 333 years of Spanish colonization. **PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE CHARACTERISTICS** It tells of the kind of government that was created under General Emilio Aguinaldo; The document is 2000-word document; It summarizes the reason behind the revolution against Spain, the war for independence, and the future of the new republic under Emilio Aguinaldo. SOME ABUSES DURING THE SPANISH REGIME AS MENTIONED IN THE FIRST PART OF THE PROCLAMAΠΟΝ Arbitrary arrests; Harsh treatment; Killing of prisoners under the pretext that they were attempting to escape; Unjust deportations; and Absence of due process. IN GENERAL Abuses of the Civil Guards; Unequal protection of the law; Avarice and greed of the clergy; and Unjust deportations without proper hearing. **SOME NARRATIONS IN THE PROCLAMATION** Historical narrative from Magellan's arrival to the Philippine revolution; The spread of the movement (Katipunan) through different towns and provinces in Luzon (Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, etc.) The spread of the revolt in the Visayas ensured the success of the revolution; Narration of the unjust execution of Dr. Jose Rizal, done to "please the greedy body of friars in their insatiable desire to seek revenge upon and exterminate all those who are opposed to their Machiavellian purposes, which tramples upon the penal code prescribed for these islands." The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 and the infamous execution of Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA) GENERAL EMILIO AGUINALDO He was born in Kawit, Cavite on March 22, 1869. He came from a well-to-do family. He was educated in the Colegio de San Juan de Letran but was not able to finish college due to an outbreak of cholera in 1882. He joined the Katipunan in 1895 and used the call-sign Magdalo after Mary Magdalene. He became the supreme leader of the Dictatorial Government when the Philippines became independent in 1898 and the President of the First Republic pursuant to the Malolos Constitution of 1899. THE PRESIDENCY OF EMILIO AGUINALD "In the town of Cavite Viejo, in this province of Cavite, on the twelfth day of June eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, before me, Don Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Auditor of War and Special Commissioner appointed to proclaim and solemnize this act by the Dictatorial Government of these Philippine Islands, for the purposes and by virtue of the circular addressed by the Eminent Dictator of the same Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy." "We acknowledge, approve and confirm together with the orders that have been issued therefrom, the Dictatorship established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo, whom we honor as the Supreme Chief of this Nation, which this day commences to have a life of its own, in the belief that he is the instrument selected by God, in spite of his humble origin, to effect the redemption of this unfortunate people, as foretold by Doctor Jose Rizal in the magnificent verses which he composed when he was preparing to be shot, liberating them from the yoke of Spanish domination in punishment of the impunity with which their Government allowed the commission of abuses by its subordinates." **PHILIPPINE FLAG** "And finally, it was unanimously resolved that this Nation, independent from this day, must use the same flag used heretofore, whose design and colors and described in the accompanying drawing, with design representing in natural colors the three arms referred to. The white triangle represents the distinctive emblem of the famous Katipunan Society, which by means of its compact of blood urged on the masses of the people to insurrection; the three stars represent the three principal Islands of this Archipelago, Luzon, Mindanao and Panay, in which this insurrectionary movement broke out; the sun represents the gigantic strides that have been made by the sons of this land on the road of progress and civilization, its eight rays symbolizing the eight provinces of Manila. Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna and Batangas, which were declared in a state of war almost as soon as the first insurrectionary movement was initiated; and the colors blue, red and white, commemorate those of the flag of the United States of North America, in manifestation of our profound gratitude towards that Great Nation for the disinterested protection she is extending to us and will continue to extend to us." The white triangle - The distinctive emblem of the famous Katipunan Society. The three stars -- The three principal Islands of this Archipelago (Luzon, Mindanao and Panay). The sun -- The gigantic strides that have been made by the sons of this land on the road of progress and civilization. The eight rays symbolize -- The eight provinces of Manila. Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna and Batangas. **ANALYSIS OF THE DOCUMENT** -The document reflects the general revolutionary sentiment of that period. -The proclamation also gives us the impression on how the victorious revolutionary government of Aguinaldo historicized the struggle for independence. -There were mentions of past events that were seen as important turning points of the movement against Spain. -However, the Katipunan as the pioneer of the revolutionary movement was only mentioned once toward the end of the document. There was no mention of the Katipunan's foundation. Bonifacio and his co-founders were also left out. The enmity between Aguinaldo's Magdalo and Bonifacio's Magdiwang in the Katipunan is no secret in the pages of our history. -The point is, even official records and documents like the proclamation of independence, while truthful most of the time, still exude the politics and biases of whoever is in power. This manifests in the selectiveness of information that can be found in these records. -The task of the historian, thus, is to analyze the content of these documents in relation to the dominant politics and the contexts of the people and institutions surrounding it. **WEEK 4: PHILIPPINE CARTOONS:\ POLITICAL CARICATURE OF THE AMERICAN ERA (1900-1941)\ Alfred W. McCoy** What is caricature? The word caricature comes from the word Italian words "*carico*" and "*caricare*" means, '*[to load' or to 'exaggerate'.]* A picture, description or imitation of a person in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect. Can be insulting or complimentary and can serve a political purpose or be drawn solely for entertainment. **ALFRED W.MCCOY** age: 72 years old birthday: june 18,1945 birthplace: massachusetts,u.s.a occupation: educator (harrington professor of history) university of wisconsin -madison Citizenship: american known for: politican caricature of the american era \- a professor of History at the University of Wilconsin were he also serve as Director of Center Foro Southeast Asian Studies specialized in Philippine Political History and Global Opium Trafficking. \- He spend the last chapter of his life writing about the politics and history of the opium trade. Philippine Cartoons: Political caricature of the american era (1900-1941) Modern art form that turned away from classical art by exaggerating human features and prodding fun at it's subjects. It is also known as editorial cartoon that expresses artist opinion toward certain issues. This art became part of the print media as a form of political and social commentary that usually pin point the person's power and authority. It is unique way to present ideas and capture the audience or readers imagination. A book by Alfred W.McCoy and Alfred Roces. Shows the transition from Spanish colonial period and to the American Occupation Period. Demonstrate the different strands of changes and shift in Philippine culture, society, and Politics. HISTORY BACKGROUND OF "PHILIPPINE CARTOONS: POLITICAL CARICATURE OF THE AMERICAN ERA" (1900-1941) During the American era, Philippine political cartoons gained full expression during the American era. Filipino artists recorded national attitudes toward the coming of the Americans as well as the changing mores and times. While the 377 cartoons compiled in this book speak for themselves, historians Alfred McCoy's extensive research in Philippine and American archives provides a comprehensive background not only to the cartoons but to the turbulent period as well.