RPH-MIDTERMS-LESSON-7 PDF - Readings in Philippine History

COMPLETE VERSION ACTIVITIES DRILLS LINKS REFERENCES LESSON OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES LEARNING DISCUSSIONS LESSON...

COMPLETE VERSION ACTIVITIES DRILLS LINKS REFERENCES LESSON OVERVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVES LEARNING DISCUSSIONS LESSON LEARNING LEARNING ACTIVITIES & LINKS & OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES DISCUSSIONS DRILLS REFERENCES READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY LESSON 7.0 PHILIPPINE COLONIAL HISTORY PART 2 EAC-CAVITE RPH TEAM  BACK NEXT BACK NEXT LESSON OVERVIEW This lesson is composed of seven discussions about the Spanish colonial ambition, strategies, motives, and purpose; how they subjugated the Filipino natives; the colonial biases from their reports and accounts about the Philippines; the rise and fall of the Galleon Trade; the aftermath of Spanish colonization, and the reactionary movements in the Philippines that eventually led to the 1896 Philippine revolution. Preparatory Activity is about the effects of the Galleon Trade in Philippine history and culture. Assigned Readings are provided to deepen the students understanding of the eventualities and realities of the Colonial Philippines.  BACK TOP NEXT BACK TOP NEXT INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES The students will be able to assess, analyze, and evaluate the context, content, and perspective of different primary sources and secondary sources on how the Spanish Empire joined the European powers of the time, Galleon Trade and political upheavals in Europe that shaped the economic and socio-geopolitical landscape during the Philippine Colonial History (1521 to 1945).  TOP BACK TOP BACK LESSON OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson using representative readings in Philippine history, the students are able to: a) discern Spanish colonial strategies, motives, and purpose from the accounts provided by the participants and interested parties to the ocean-based globalization; b) understand how the Galleon Trade shaped the history and culture of the four continents – Asia, Europe, and the Americas – and the surrounding circumstances of its decline; c) critically examine the biases from the reports and accounts of Spanish officials in the Philippines; d) discuss how Spanish colonization and colonial administration stirred reactionary movements in the Philippines that eventually led to the forging of national consciousness in the 19th century.  BACK NEXT BACK NEXT PREPARATORY ACTIVITY The goal of this activity is to ISOLATE from the given list terms or items that are native or indigenous in the Philippines and separate them from those that came from Mexico as a result of the Galleon Trade from 1565 to 1815.  BACK NEXT BACK NEXT M A N I L A mango kalabaw sampalok bigas sabong raincoat Moro-moro Moriones tukayo tiangge kakaw singkamas kamatsili bayabas Ilang-ilang tuba tsokolate abokado tamales sayote papaya pinya kabayo baka In your paper, make two columns. In the first column, list down all the words in the table that are indigenous to the Philippines and those that are non-natives in the second column.  BACK BACK PROCESSING TIME Share your outputs by answering the following questions: 1)What have you learned from this simple assessment? 2)Do you think cultural diffusion is an important aspect of civilizing and globalizing a society?  TOP BACK TOP BACK How did Spain became an empire?  MOTIVES AND PURPOSE THAT LAUNCHED SPAIN TO PARTICIPATE IN THE OCEAN-BASED GLOBALIZATION Discovery and conquest. When Prince Philip II of Asturias ascended into the throne upon the abdication of the Spanish throne by his father, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (King Philip) on January 16, 1556, he ordered an expedition mounted on Spice Islands (Moluccas). He stated that the purpose of such expedition is to ‘discover the islands of the West’ but in reality, the purpose is to conquest and colonize the Philippines which he personally ordered and oversaw. Expansion of the empire. Spain wanted to expand its own empire just like other powers in Europe. When Columbus successfully colonized the Atlantic, it gave rise to the competition and accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal. By 1600, Spain reached its Siglo de Oro or Golden Age. Protection of Eastern domains from Portuguese rivals. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 drew a north to south line through South America. Spain gained territory west of the line while Portugal retained the territories east of the line including the east coast of Brazil. Gold and spices. Spain was also interested in the Spice Trade that is almost equivalent to the price of gold during those times. Mercantilist motives. With the increasing demand for spices in Europe, Spain wanted to take part in it. But the Mediterranean waters was under the strong Venetian merchants and the eastern route is under the control of Portugal. By financing expedition to the west, it wanted to find a new route to the Spice Island (Moluccas). The expenses may be huge but the return could be very rewarding. Rivalry concerns between Portugal and Spain. Before the Iberian Union, Spain and Portugal are engaged in power rivalry in the east. When Legaspi established first Spanish settlement in Cebu, he was harassed by the Portuguese that prompted him to transfer in Panay a year after.  TOP BACK TOP BACK How the Filipinos were subjugated by the Spaniards? Spanish colonial strategies from the accounts provided by the participants and interested parties to the ocean- based globalization Introduction of new religion and new values. The source of Spanish authority and legitimacy came from its proximity to a divine power as expressed by the Catholic faith and its role as an interpreter and propagator of that faith.  Understanding local languages and cultures. The early Spanish missionaries were tasked to learn the local language and cultures in order to complete the subjugation of the natives which is done through conversion to the Roman Catholic faith. The missionaries labored hard in compiling vernacular terms as evidenced from various grammars (artes) and dictionaries (vocabularios) so that these local languages and its accompanying culture will become comprehensible to their fellow missionaries and became their sources of control over the native population.  Understanding local languages and cultures. However, they found that although they tried to render local languages into Latin script and structure, they have to contend with the local scripts such as the Baybayin which proved to be very hard to read for them. Non-native speakers found it difficult to when to omit the vowels in the syllabary at the end the words ending in consonants; the diacritical mark above or below the character modifies its ending and giving them the choice of choosing from more than one option to decipher the vowel to utter; and the context plays an important role in pronouncing a word and determining its meaning.  Divide et conquera (divide and rule). The Spanish authorities in the Philippines, through the auspice of the Roman Catholic Church who controlled the parishes use the natives against their fellow natives suppress rebellions where local forces were conscripted to the Spanish colonial forces and fight along with them. When the Ilocanos revolted for example, Kapampangan recruits will be incorporated in the Spanish contingency to suppress the rebellion. That way, the Spaniards were able to rule the colony for over three centuries.  TOP BACK TOP BACK Can we blame the Spaniards for everything that we have now as a nation?  TOP TOP BIASES FROM THE REPORTS AND ACCOUNTS OF SPANISH OFFICIALS IN THE PHILIPPINES One of the earliest accounts about the Philippines was made by Antonio de Morga, the Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in the Philippine Islands) published in Mexico in 1609 and edited many times since its publication. This is the documentation of Spanish colonial venture in the Philippines in the late 16th century. It was annotated by Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal.  TOP TOP Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas is composed of eight chapters: the first is on Magellan’s and Legazpi’s seminal expeditions, the second to seventh is a chronological report on the government administration under several Governor-Generals, and the final eighth provides a general “account of the Philippines Islands, the natives there, their antiquity, customs, and government, both in the time of their paganism and after their conquest by the Spaniards; and other particulars.” The book is based on Morga’s personal experience and documentary research in the many years that he lived in the Philippines. For instance, Morga interviewed survivors of Legazpi’s expedition in Manila.  TOP TOP For him, he wrote the book because it provides for the “achievements of our fellow Spaniards in these days, in their discovery, conquest and conversion of the Philippine Islands and the varied adventures they have had at the same time in the great heathen kingdoms surrounding these islands.”  TOP BACK TOP BACK INTRODUCTION This lesson is about the Galleon Trade between Manila and Acapulco – its contribution to Filipino nationhood and the reasons behind its decline. While the trade is happening between the New Spain and Spanish Philippines, the archipelago was embroiled with several challenges typical of the colonial problems during those times such as lack of provisions, funding, or manpower support for defense from the home country – which is Spain.  TOP BACK TOP BACK INTRODUCTION From the culmination of the trade, there are several reactionary movements that are plaguing the colony. These reactionary movements which the colonial scholars and historians called as ‘rebellions’ will be briefly discussed with their leaders and the triggers of their actions. But to better understand them, readings from several sources – primary and secondary – are supplied.  THE GALLEON TRADE Galleon Trade serves as the single economic activity of the colonial government which the economic sustenance and survival depends. The trade started in 1565 when Miguel Lopez de Legaspi was able TOP BACK TOP BACK to find a route in the Pacific back to New Spain or the present-day INTRODUCTION Mexico which is an already established Spanish colony in the New World and lasted until 1815. When King Philip II sent Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the expedition left from Mexico and not directly from Spain. WHY? Mexico is the viceroyalty of Spain, a status that officially makes it a province rather than a far-flung, destitute colony with its own viceroy or a sort of governor. https://www.britannica.com/place/Viceroyalty-of-New-Spain Mexico receives an annual subsidy from the mother country for its infrastructure projects and other development programs. The Philippines, on the other hand, is under the auspice of the viceroyalty of New Spain, its administration is through Mexico and not directly from Spain, and no direct subsidy is given to the Philippines because it is the viceroyalty that receives and allocates the Portrait of King Philip II of Spain by Peter Paul funds. Rubens, Museo del Prado. Credit...DeAgostini/Getty Images  The Galleon Trade Route The Galleon Trade Route in the Pacific passes through the Marianas and Guam before reaching Mexico. The galleon travels in a four-month journey from Manila to Acapulco and another four https://www.tillamookheadlightherald.com/community/new-exhibit-on-spanish-galleon-trade-routes-and-shipwrecks-on-display/article_c6851e4a-b444-11ec-9bfe-77e80ef9d0b2.html months to return.  The Galleon Trade Route Upon leaving the port of Manila, galleon ships are laden with oriental products such as fine porcelains from China through Macau, spices from Tidore, and luxury goods from the Far East acquired through gold and silver. In Mexico, the precious cargo will be off-loaded, transported across the land stretch of Mexico to Veracruz where ships are docked, waiting to carry the cargo to European markets and eager customers for exotic wares. In its return voyage, galleons are loaded with a huge mass It will stop over with Guam and the Marianas which was of Mexican officially taken by the Spanish Crown as one of its own silvers and making it an ideal for replenishing provisions such as water, food, and other products traded with the church Chamorros who barter them with iron products such as personnel. nails, scissors, knives, and hatchets.  TOP BACK TOP BACK Reasons why the Galleon Trade from Manila to Acapulco, Mexico in the 18 th th and 19 centuries initially prospered then eventually declined During the heyday of Galleon Trade, the port of Manila is among the greatest ports in the world. The goods exported to Europe via galleon ships from Manila carry not only Chinese silks but also other exotic and luxurious goods such as fine porcelains, cotton fabric from India, and precious stones. Arriving in Acapulco, these goods will often fetch good prices that will yield from 100% to 300% profits. https://abagond.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/dia-del-galeon.jpg  TOP BACK TOP BACK These are some of the reasons for the emergence of Galleon Trade Route from 17th to 19th century: Macro Forces Micro Motives https://abagond.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/dia-del-galeon.jpg  BACK BACK Macro Forces Geopolitical situation. Mercantilism. Technological progress. Silver from South America. https://abagond.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/dia-del-galeon.jpg  BACK BACK Micro Motives European merchants in Seville. New Spaniard merchants in Acapulco. Chinese merchants in Manila. https://abagond.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/dia-del- galeon.jpg  BACK BACK Why the galleon trade is a global event, where the Filipinos are active participants and not an isolated, insignificant economic event in Philippine history? Manila Galleon Trade is also known as Nao de China and in the Chamorros of Marianas, it is known as La Nao de China. This trade brought, according to Agoncillo, untold luxuries and wealth – spices and silks for the Americans and Mexican and Peruvian dos mundos (pillar dollar or pieces of eight) for the Asians. The trade attracted Chinese immigrants who converged at the Alcaiceria (Parian) of Manila in Binondo as early as 1637 and by 1687, there is already a community of Christian Chinese and mestizos firmly established in Binondo where retail and small credit businesses was controlled by them. Galleon Trade was able to connect four contents – Asia, North America, South America, and Europe allowing for extensive exchange of material goods and cultural dispersions making it an indomitable ‘bridge’ connecting the east to the west for two and a half centuries (250 years). It also served as stable means of communication between the two Spanish colonies through trade over the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean – which can be considered as the progenitor of globalization. Through this trade, intercultural exchanges between the Philippines and the Americas flourished allowing the influx, not only of goods for fashion and luxury, but also enriched each other’s language vocabularies, religious traditions, and cultural practices.  BACK BACK Contributing factors to the decline and eventual collapse of Spanish Philippines Galleon Trade The eventual decline and collapse of the Galleon Trade may be attributed to the following: Crossing an uncharted ocean (Pacific Ocean) with a precarious living condition at the interior of the ship. Imperial conflicts brought risks to the traveling ships. English and Dutch corsairs (pirates) sponsored by their States lurking commercial ships entering Manila. Japanese hostile ships abundant near the coast of the Philippines. Smuggling through re-exporting of a fraction of cargo to Peru and Brazil. However, the bigger picture can also be used to understand why Galleon Trade eventually declined and collapsed: Arrival of Modernity and End of Mercantilism. Decay of silver prices. American independence.  TOP BACK TOP BACK Spanish colonial rule and imperial ambition launched her into becoming one of the major European powers. The end- results of such period among the colonies such as the Philippines is so profound that its effect changed the course of Philippine history forever.  ROMAN CATHOLICISM Catholicism came to profoundly shape life in many parts of the archipelago that eventually became the Philippines as Spain spread its rule there over the course of more than 300 years from 1565 to 1898. Nonetheless, the persistence of local linguistic traditions and the world views they expressed meant Spanish domination was incomplete, as seen in early printed religious works in the Tagalog and Bikol languages or inscriptions in Mangyan on bamboo cylinders at the Library of Congress.  FROM INDIO TO FILIPINO Teodoro Agoncillo and Renato Constantino both agrees that the Spanish’s feeling of racial superiority and the exacting of tributes and the harsh methods of collection resulted to various “Indio” revolts that eventually became a national struggle for self-identity as a Filipino nation.  TOP BACK TOP BACK REACTIONARY MOVEMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES THAT EVENTUALLY RESULTED TO THE 1896 REVOLUTION For a period of more than three centuries, the Filipinos reacted to the Spanish colonial rule in many different ways. These reactions, as colonial scholars and sources reported are labeled as ‘revolts’ and ‘rebellions’ and are due to diverse reasons – agrarian-related, unfair treatment, and religious. These reactions, in the 21st century understanding, can be collective called as reactionary social movements. As the American sociologist Lewis M. Killian suggested his typology of social movements, the Philippine colonial revolts can be re-evaluated as reactionary movements – for all these revolts and rebellions ‘advocated the restoration of previous state of social affairs’ rather than revolt or rebellion because they are not advocating for the ‘replacement of existing values’.  THREE CATEGORIES OF INDIO REVOLTS Personal, led by former political (datus, maginoos, and maharlikas) and religious leaders (babaylans and katalonans); Resistance to oppressive Spanish-introduced economic (tribute and its cruel method of collection) as well as religious institutions; and Land problems. Renato Constatino agrees with Agoncillo that the struggles of the Indios or the native inhabitants gradually awakened their consciousness for their identity as a one nation. To him, each of the reactionary movement must be viewed within the context of the two societies – of the oppressor and of the oppressed – in order to better understand the type of exploitation imposed, the true extent of the suffering it caused, and the nature of the resistance it generated.  SUBSISTENCE ECONOMIES This means that these societies produced no surplus which has no basis for the existence of an institutionalized exploiting class even though there were some societies that are already in the transitioning stage to class society as resulted from the diffusion of values and practices of the Muslim communities like the Tagalogs and Pampangos. But the discernable ruling class are still bereft of the concept of private property in the sense of ownership of the means of production.  SUBSISTENCE ECONOMIES To Nick Joaquin, the native inhabitants during the Conquista (or the colonization) were culture shocked (or ‘future shocked) because of the economic crisis that happened during the colonization’s initial stage because the natives are used to subsistence economy where there is no surplus that can be transformed into export economy, then they one day awakened that they must produce products for exportation.  FAILED CAUSE? All these revolts failed because, according to Agoncillo, the Filipinos were conditioned to live and feel apart from each other for almost 333 years thus there is no sense of national unity which is attributed to the insular make-up of the Philippines. But for Constantino, each successive uprising was a step in their political awakening; each local revolt was a contribution to national consciousness.  TOP BACK TOP BACK WELL-KNOWN REACTIONARY MOVEMENTS DURING THE SPANISH COLONIAL RULE IN THE PHILIPPINES, THEIR LEADERS OR PROVENANCE, TRIGGERS, AND DATE.  DIVERSITY TOWARDS UNITY From the first successful resistance of the early Filipinos in Mactan, Cebu under the leadership of Lapulapu to the founding of Katipunan as a secret society to the millenarian movements, our people’s march towards independence is a struggle between diverse cultural groups, either by the natives themselves or with the aid of allies, sympathizers, and expectants, reactionary movements gradually became a call for a united effort towards self-identity and self-determination as a people.  REACTIONARY LEADERS/PROVENANCE TRIGGER/S YEAR MOVEMENT Dagami Revolt Chief Dagami (Palo, Leyte) - Cebu Independence from Spanish colonization 1567 Manila Revolt Rajah Lakandula/Rajah Sulayman - Regaining the lost prestige of being nobles 1574 (Lakadula Revolt or Manila Sulayman Revolt) Pampango Revolt Native Kapampangan - Pampanga Land inheritance rights as tribal chiefs 1585 Conspiracy of the Agustin de Legaspi/Martin Pangan (Kin- Regaining the lost prestige of being nobles 1587-1588 Maharlikas (Tondo related noblemen/datus from Manila, Conspiracy) some parts of Bulacan and Pampanga) Revolt against the Ilocos and Cagayan (Ilocanos, Ibanags, Abuses of tax collectors 1589 Tribute and others) Magalat Revolt Magalat - Cagayan 1596 Igorot Revolt Igorots of the Cordilleras Refusal to convert in Christianity 1601 Chinese Revolt Chinese inhabitants of Manila 1602 Tamblot Revolt Tamblot, a babaylan in Bohol Religious (return to old religious beliefs) 1621-1622 (Tamblot Uprising) Bancao Revolt Bancao, datu of Kan Gara (now Religious 1621-1622 (?) Carigara) Isneg Revolt (Mandaya Miguel Linab and Alababan – Religious 1625-1627 Revolt) Capinatan, Cagayan (now in Apayao)  REACTIONARY LEADERS/PROVENANCE TRIGGER/S YEAR MOVEMENT Cagayan Revolt Ilagan, Tuguegarao, and Cabagan Desired for independence from Spain 1639 Ladia Revolt Bulacan Oppression of the Filipinos 1643 Sumuroy Revolt Juan Ponce Sumuroy - Samar Polo (forced labor) 1649-1650 Maniago Revolt Don Francisco Maniago - Pampanga Polo and bandala 1660 Malong Revolt Andres Malong - Pangasinan Unfair treatment through polo and bandala, liberation 1660-1661 from Spain Almazan Revolt Don Pedro Almazan - Ilocos Liberation from Spain (influenced by Malong Revolt) 1661 Chinese Revolt Koxinga - Manila Anti-Chinese sentiments 1662 Panay Revolt Tapar – Panay Island Religious 1663 Sambal Revolt Zambals Liberation from Spanish oppression (influenced by 1681-1683 Malong Revolt) Caragay Revolt Caragay - Pangasinan Abuses of colonial officers 1719 Dagohoy Revolt Francisco Dagohoy - Bohol Challenging Church customs 1744-1829 Palaris Revolt Juan dela Cruz Palaris Liberation from Spanish oppression (influenced by 1762-1765 Malong Revolt) Lagutao Revolt Balladon – Angadanan, Lagutao, Cagayan Liberation from Spanish oppression 1787 Ambaristo Revolt (Basi Pedro Mateo – Piddig, Ilocos Norte Banning of the private manufacture of basi - Ilocano 1807 Revolt) wine Hermano Puli Revolt Apolinario dela Cruz – Tayabas (now Quezon) Secularization of the clergy and religious freedom 1840-41 Cavite Mutiny 1872  BACK BACK ACTIVITY NO. 01 INSTRUCTION: Using the Reading List for Lesson 7.0 attached to this presentation, read all the assigned readings and answer the guide questions for each of the reading material. Write your answer in a yellow pad paper, one inch margin on both sides. 1) Historia de la Perdida y decubrimiento del galeion San Phelipe con el glorioso martirio de los gloriosos del Japon by Fray Juan Pobre de Zamora 2) Treaty of Cebu, July 3, 1565 3)The Economics of the Manila Galleon by Javier Mejia, New York University Abu Dhabi (2019) 4)Chapter 5 Culture and History by Nick Joaquin, Anvil Publishing (2004)  BACK NEXT BACK NEXT ACTIVITY NO. 02 Try to transliterate and read a page from 1593 Doctrina Christiana, the first book printed in the Philippines. Use the transliteration guide for Baybayin on the next page. After the task, answer the following questions: 1) Did the Spaniards learn expertly the language of the natives? Support your answer. 2) What was the language used in the selected text? BACK BACK  BACK BACK Spanish Colonial Ambition Subjugating the Natives Colonial Biases The Galleon Trade Aftermath of Spanish Colonization Reactionary Movements Reactionary Movements in the Philippines Preparatory Activity Activity No. 01 Activity No. 02 BACK BACK  BACK NEXT BACK NEXT REFERENCES Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (2012) History of the Filipino People 8th Edition. C & E Publishing, Inc.: Quezon City. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Manila galleon". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Jan. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/technology/Manila-galleon. Accessed 17 October 2023. Guampedia. “Manila Galleon Trade Route – La Nao de China: A Legacy in the Marianas.” Web. https://www.guampedia.com/manila-galleon-trade-route-la-nao-de-china-a-legacy-in-the-marianas/. Accessed 17 October 2023. Joaquin, Nick. (2004). Culture and History. Anvil Publishing: Madaluyong City. Mejia, Javier. “The Economics of Manila Galleon: Working Paper #0023.” New York University Abu Dhabi. January 2019.  BACK BACK REFERENCES Official Gazette. “PH, Mexico push to nominate Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade Route to World Heritage List.” https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/04/28/ph-mexico-push-to-nominate-manila-acapulco- galleon-trade-route-to-world-heritage-list/. Accessed 17 October 2023. Wikipedia. “Maritime history.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history, 22 February 2024. Accessed 24 February 2024.