RPH Midterm Reviewer PDF

Lesson 1: Introduction and Historical Perspective - Subjective view in reconstructing the Historical Sources past,...

Lesson 1: Introduction and Historical Perspective - Subjective view in reconstructing the Historical Sources past, fallible and possibly with error –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– - A historian is influenced by his own History refers to the study and interpretation by environment, ideology, and education a historian on the data and other sources of the - Interpretation of the historical fact is past activities leading to the present day. affected by his context and circumstances It came from the Greek word “Historia” which - Indian Parable of an Elephant and The means “Inquiry” Blind Men Three Important Concepts in History’s Historiography Definition - Study of how history was written, by 1. It is based on past events whom, and why it was recorded as such 2. It is interpreted by someone, usually by - It is concerned with how historians have historians presented history 3. It relies on data and documents called - The liars of history are usually quite historical sources transparent A version of the past that cannot be supported by Historical Method the evidence is worthless - It is the core protocol historians’ use for handling sources Taong Ahas Story - An agreed ground rules for researching - A half human, half snake creature that and writing academic research or supposedly stalked the ladies room of professional history one of the department stores in Manila - An objective historian must verify - The most famous victim of this creature sources, to date them, locate the place of was supposedly the actress Alice Dixson origin and identify their intended - It happened three decades ago when functions Alice Dixson was only 21 years old - It is important for a historian to base their accounts on source materials A historian is an expert or student of history, especially that of a particular period, Historical Sources are tangible remains of the geographical region, or social phenomenon. past. It is an object from the past or testimony Their duties include: concerning the past on which historians depend 1. Seeking not only historical evidence and in order to create their own depiction of the past facts but also to interpret these facts 2. Giving meaning to these facts and See next page for different types of sources. organize them chronologically 3. Recognize the evidence, decide how useful it is and come to a conclusion based on what he has found out 4. Responsibility of reconstructing the past Primary Sources Secondary Sources - A testimony of an individual who was a - Interprets and analyzes primary sources participant in or a direct witness to the - These sources are one or more steps event that is being described removed from the event. - A document or physical object which - It is prepared by an individual who was was written or created during the time not direct witness to an event, but not under a study who obtained his or her description of - Present during an experience or time the event from someone else period and offer an inside view of a - May have pictures, votes or graphics of particular event primary sources in them - Characterized by its content Types of Secondary Sources Five Main Categories of Primary Sources 1. History Textbook 1. Written Sources 2. Printed Materials (serials or periodicals a. Most common form of source which interpret previews research) b. Written or printed materials that 3. Biographies have been produced in one form 4. Nonfiction text (newspaper, magazine, or another sometime in the past journals, works of criticism, and c. Travelogue, transcription of interpretation) speech, autobiographies, journals or newspapers Tertiary Sources d. Manuscript form or any - It provides third hand information by handwritten or type record that reporting ideas and details from has not been printed. Archival secondary sources materials, memoirs, diary, - An eyewitness is more reliable than personal letter of testimony at second hand, which is more correspondence reliable than hearsay or tertiary sources 2. Numerical Records - Includes potential for an additional layer a. Any type of numerical data in of bias printed or handwritten form 3. Oral Statements Types of Tertiary Sources a. Any form of statement made 1. Encyclopedia orally by an eyewitness 2. Almanac b. Video recordings, audio 3. Wikipedia recordings, or any transcribed 4. YouTube 4. Relics 5. Dictionaries a. Any objects whose physical or 6. Message Boards visual characteristics can 7. Social Media Sites provide some information about 8. Other search sites the past b. Artifacts, ruins and fossils 5. Images a. Photographs, posters, paintings, drawing cartoons and maps kola Lesson 2.1: Historical Criticisms Steps in The Test of Authenticity 1. Test a source is to determine the date of –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– document to see whether it is Historical Criticism anachronistic - Also known as the historical-critical a. Anachronism means out of method time or order, something that - A branch of criticism that investigates could not have been there at that the origin of text or source in order to particular time (person, thing, or understand the word behind the text idea placed in a wrong time) - Primary Goal: To discover the text b. Spotting anachronism helps us primitive or original historical context test the reliability of a source and its literal sense 2. Determine the author’s handwriting, - Secondary Goal: To establish a signature, or seal reconstruction of historical situation of a. This can be done through the author and recipients of the text comparison of the handwriting - Two types of Historical Criticism: of a particular author to his 1. External Criticism investigates other writings the document’s form b. Obvious sign of forgery: 2. Internal Criticism investigates 1. Patch writing the content of the documents 2. Hesitation as revealed by ink blobs Addition Goal 3. Pauses in the writing - Seeks greater understanding of the texts 4. Tremor causing poor by analyzing the historical and social line quality and erasures contexts in which they developed c. Even a skilled forger can be - Traditionally, it tries to understand the caught because no one can text’s meaning in its original context and duplicate all of the intricate to answer questions about the text subconscious writing habits of - Answers the authorial intent: What did another the author intend for this text to mean in 3. Looking for the anachronistic style his or her time and place? a. Examines the following: b. Idioms are an expression, word External Criticism or phrase that has a figurative - The first test (test of authenticity) the meaning historian employ to ascertain sources c. Orthography is a set of validity conventions for writing a - Looks for obvious sign of forgery or language (norms of spelling, misinterpretation hyphenation, capitalization, - Interested in the writing styles of the word breaks, emphasis, and eyewitness and his ignorance of the punctuation) facts 4. Anachronistic reference to events - Analyzes the original manuscript; its 5. Provenance (place of origin) or custody integrity, localization and the date it was of the document written kola Other test of Authenticity Main Topic II: Content and 1. Semantics determine the meaning of the Contextual Analysis of Primary text and words of the source 2. Hermeneutics is the theory and Sources methodology of interpretation. It is used –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– when immediate comprehension fails Background of the Author/Creator Internal Criticism - Provide a brief biographical sketch of - This type of criticism tests the the author or creator of the primary credibility of the source source - Looks for a deeper and more intense - Family background, educational study of sources attainment, religion and many more - Investigates the content or substance of - Pay attention to the first four steps of the a document and the author’s point of test of credibility view Background of the Document/Primary Source Steps in The Test of Credibility - What type of primary source 1. Identification of the author - How long (chapters or parts) is the a. Determines if the witness is document reliable or if he is consistent by - Where can it be found (library, archive, comparing his other work museum, historical society or special b. Examines the mental process of collection of private individuals) the witness c. Looks at the personal attitude Checking Authenticity of a Primary Source d. Uses a rubric test - Check provenance 2. Determine the approximate date - Determine the intended audience (type 3. Checking their ability to tell the truth of source: audience letter: recipient, a. How near the eyewitness is to diary: author’s own self, academic the event (closer means more journal: students, books: general public) accurate description) - Find out who the creator is and the time b. The competence of the of creation eyewitness (education, health, age, or social status) Finding the Purpose or Motive of a Primary c. Degree of the attention of the Source eyewitness (witnessed the event - Understand the historical context partially or fully) - Do background research 4. Willingness to tell the truth - Look at important historical events at a. Coerced, forced, or threatened the time the source was made witnesses can not have a valid - Ascertain intended audience account or claim 5. Look for Corroboration a. Independent Testimony (multiple people saying the same thing makes the event valid and proven) kola Content Analysis of the Important Historical c. Determining the historical Information Found in the Document context: 1. Look for corroboration between the 1. Look when the source is research you gather from the internet made (exact date) and the primary source given 2. Look where the source a. Same information expressed in was created different ways can still be used 3. What event occurred at as corroboration the time b. Does your source agree with 4. Then read the source to information from different identify specific sources? language c. Pay attention to the intended audience and purpose Contribution and Relevance of the Document 2. Look for bias in Understanding the Grand Narrative of a. Is the information unbalanced or Philippine History prejudiced? 1. Look for the cause and consequences of b. Two Kinds of Bias: Strongly the primary sources positive (in favor of) and a. Cause is a person or thing that Strongly negative (against) makes something happen c. For Written Sources: Find b. Consequences are a direct word choice that are extreme in result of the cause their description 2. Look for the turning point or dramatic d. For Visual Sources: Look for moment of change that was caused by depictions that are clear the event or primary source exaggerations e. How to Point out Bias: Provide Relevance of the Document to Present Time a direct quote, explain the 1. Look for the historical significance or creator’s perspective, then the what modern people consider to be creator’s purpose. important from the past 3. Analyze the historical perspective or the a. Significance is a decision we point of view where the creator describe make. Hence, different people the event can decide the importance of a. Do a background check on the different things author (nationality, social status, political persuasion, cultural Determining the Significance of an Event background, religion, or ABB. MEANING EXPLANATION education) 4. Analyze the historical context of the N Novelty Never been seen before document a. Context is the awareness that A Applicability Similarity to the Present sources were created at times M Memory How it is remembered which was different to our own b. Historical empathy E Effect How are people affected understands the past without judging it by modern standards. kola Contextual Analysis of The Parisian Life Historical Background of The Parisian Life - It is also known as Inside a Cafe Background of The Painter (1857-1899) - Made in Paris, France - Juan Luna was born on October 24, - 1892 Oil on canvas painting (22” x 31”) 1857 in Badoc, Ilocos Norte - Considered to be one of the last major - He is the third among seven children works Luna has done during his post - Father: Joaquin Luna academic and life in Paris - Mother: Laureana Novicio - Currently housed in the National - Wife: Maria de la Paz Pardo de Tavera Museum, Provenance of Dr. Ariston - Children: Andres and Maria (dead at Bautista Lin three years old) de la Paz - Currently owned by GSIS (Bought in 2002 for Php 46 Million) Education - The woman in the painting is Caucasian - College: Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo de - This art belongs to the impressionistic Municipal and Marine Transportation movement originated with the group of from Escuela Nautica de Manila Paris-based artist - Drawing Lessons: Lorenzo Guererro and Agustin Saez Content Analysis of the Important Historical - He went to Europe in 1877 Information Found in the Painting - Painting Lessons: Escuela de Bellas de - One interpretation claims the lady as the San Fernando in Madrid (but dropped mirror image of the Philippine out to work with painter, Alejo Vera) archipelago. The interpretation contends the lady as our motherland. The Career motherland is awkwardly poised, - He won a gold medal from Madrid disturbed with a blank stare, unsure Exposition or Exposicion National de whether to stand up or remain seated. Ballas Artes for his Spoliarium (1884) - Parisian Life won the silver medal at the Contribution and Relevance of the Document St. Louis Exposition (1904, after death) in Understanding the Grand Narrative of - Part of a propaganda movement and Philippine History befriended several members of the - Juan Luna used his great talent to organization like Jose Rizal and advance the Filipino cause. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera - The message of this painting can be a cause while a simple compliance of the Other Dates new normal can be the consequence - September 16, 1896 - Him and Antinio Luna were arrested by Spanish Relevance of the Document to the Present Time authorities for being involved with KKK - He was one of the first international - May 27, 1897 - He was pardoned by the celebrities that highlight Filipino talent Spanish court - The year it was created was a turning - 1899 - He was appointed by the Malolos point in Philippine history (1892) Republic as a member of Paris - Him and other propagandists delegation (working for the diplomatic contributed their talents to advance the recognition of the Republic) Filipino aspirations - December 7, 1899 - He died in Hong Kong at 42 due to a heart attack kola Main Topic III: One Past But Many Order of the Pagkasira ng Ships 1. Santiago Histories 2. San Antonio –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 3. Concepcion 4. Trinidad The First Mass Site in the Philippines 5. The only surviving ship: Victoria - According to Pigafetta, the first Mass was celebrated on March 31, 1521, an From Pigafetta’s Travelogue Easter Sunday. - March 16, 1521 - Arrived at Zamal - officiated by the Augustinian Friar, - March 17, 1521 - Landed on Humunu Pedro Valderrama - March 25, 1521 - Left Humunu - Pigafetta referred to the venue as - March 29, 1521 - Arrived at Mazaua “Mazaua” - March 31, 1521 - First Mass - Some say that the venue is the island of - April 4, 1521 - Left Mazaua Limasawa in Leyte. Others, however, - April 7, 1521 - Arrived at Subu claim it is in Butuan. (Check PPT for a more detailed outline) The First Voyage Around the World Enrique of Malacca Antonio Pigafetta - Magellan’s slave from Sumatra or - A Venetian scholar and explorer Taprobana - Member of the expedition around the - He was listed as supernumerary or an world (1519 to 1522) interpreter and was being paid 1,500 - A chronicler and a friend of Ferdinand maravedis per month (Pigafetta was Magellan only being paid 1,000 per month) - Wrote in his manuscript or diary the first - He disappears from history after the voyage around the world Battle of Mactan (April 27, 1521) The Voyage Port of St. Julian - It was headed by Ferdinand Magellan - A mutiny (rebellion) led by Juan - From 1519 to 1522 Cartagena against Ferdinand Magellan - Westward route to Asia - Three ships– San Antonio, Concepcion, - Originally had 270 crews but only 18 and Victoria– were part of the mutiny returned to Seville - Magellan was able to gain back control - Had a total distance of 460 leagues of the three ships - August 10, 1519 - Magellan sets sail - After the mutiny trial, Magellan’s crew from Seville with five ships (Trinidad leaves Port of St. Julian to go to Puerto the flagship, Conception, Santiago, San Santa Cruz Antonio, and Victoria) - October 21, 1520 - Strait of Magellan - April 27, 1521 - Magellan was killed by Islanders in the Battle of Mactan - September 6, 1522 - Only one ship returns to Seville kola