HISTORY REVIEWER.pdf

WEEK1: 3. We gain context for the and most of history-as-record is human experience only a fragment of the recorded, READING IN By examining the past, we gain a...

WEEK1: 3. We gain context for the and most of history-as-record is human experience only a fragment of the recorded, READING IN By examining the past, we gain a remembered, and observed part of the whole. PHILIPPINE deeper understanding of our present experiences. We recognize HISTORY recurring patterns and find comfort History can be told only from history-as-record, and history, in knowing others have faced similar challenges. as told (spoken-or-written history), is only the historians' HISTORY expressed part of the understood part of the credible part of the History is derived from the Greek Objectivity and Subjectivity in discovered part of history-as- word *historia*, meaning History record. knowledge gained through inquiry or investigation. In the 1980s, Zeus Most history is based on recollections, whether written or Historical Method, Salazar highlighted its etymology spoken testimony. These facts, Historiography, and Historians in comparison to its Western equivalent, while in Filipino, derived from testimony, are facts The historical method is the *kasaysayan* comes from the root of meaning—often subjective. To critical process of examining and be studied objectively, a thing must words *salaysay* (narrative) and analyzing the past’s records. *saysay* (meaning). Ambeth exist independently of the human Historiography is the Ocampo also discovered that in mind. reconstruction of the past based on missionary vocabularies, *history* critical examination, and historians was rendered as *salita*, which carefully interpret evidence to referred to oral narrative, and that The Incompleteness of the avoid assumptions. by 1613, *salita* could also be Historical Record translated as the verb "to Qualities of Historians For much of the past, we lack discover." complete evidence. Only a part of Historians treat sources with what was observed in the past was reservations, avoid dismissing remembered, recorded, and counter-evidence, remain even- 1. History helps us understand survived. History-as-actuality is handed, indicate speculation, change only known through history-as- weigh authenticity, and consider record, and this record is but a historical actors' motives. History is a story of change. By studying the past, we understand fragment of what historians how our world came to be and can expound upon. predict future changes and their Historical Revisionism vs. driving forces. For most of the past, we only Historical Distortion have no further evidence of the Historical revisionism updates human setting in which to place understanding with new evidence, surviving artifacts; we do not 2. We learn from past mistakes while historical distortion even have artifacts. Only a part manipulates history for false History is a roadmap for of what was observed in the narratives that benefit specific understanding the world. past was remembered, recorded, groups. Examining past events helps us see survived, caught the attention of how conflicts start, how leaders historians, proved as credible, make impactful decisions, and how and expounded or narrated by to recognize warning signs of References historians. crises, empowering us to be better Herodotus, often called the citizens. The history of the past (history- "Father of History," remains a key as-actuality) can be known to source of information on Greece, him only through the surviving Western Asia, and Egypt during record of it (history-as-record), 550–479 BCE. WEEK 2: event or a life event for that Accessibility of Primary matter. Sources Hall (2014) enumerated two ways of HISTORICAL Primary sources are those sources accessing the primary source. FACTS OR produced at the same time as the “Dusty” or Traditional event, period, or subject being SOURCES studied; these are created by an Access Libraries have eyewitness who recorded the traditionally included in their collections such materials as event or their reactions to it. historical documents, historical Historical facts or sources are Kinds of Primary Sources: atlases, collections of letters, books with photographs, and materials that have a direct - Letters, diaries, journals others; they also have volumes bearing or can be any assistance in ○Business records of popular older magazines constructing the history of a (correspondence, ledgers, micro-form versions of other particular period. According to minutes, speeches, newspaper and periodical Howell and Prevenier (2001), both invoices) articles accessible through relics and testimonies were - Poems, songs, hymns indexes. Another way of produced for specific reasons tied Photographs, paintings, accessing primary source to their period. films, advertisements, and materials is to visit an archive, other artwork museum, historical site, Relics, or physical remains, offer - Tools, machines, furniture, historical society, and historians insights into the past clothing, and other battleground monument. simply because they exist. Originally used for everyday artifacts from a particular “Digital” or Electronic purposes, they were later valued era ○Government records Access Internet users can as historical artifacts. (court proceedings, navigate virtual libraries, treaties, and trade virtual natural history Testimonies, on the other hand, agreements) museums, virtual exhibits, are verbal or written accounts of - Newspapers and online bookstores, and sites events. They were created to magazines of the period that will sell everything. There verify actions, establish rights, or - Oral history interviews are also genealogical records, inform others about facts. While and genealogical patent and census records, some testimonies were information magazines that exist only in intentionally recorded, others digital format, documents of - Memorabilia (buttons, were produced for different all kinds, Supreme Court banners, flyers) reasons altogether hearings, photographs, videos, - Other objects audio, and others. Intentional sources are intentional (gravestones) Analysis of Primary Sources for the reason that these are Secondary Sources are those Harris (2017) provided the produced to purposely tell an sources that were produced by an CARS Checklist which is a set event with the historian's question author who used primary sources of criteria to analyze the in mind. Sources in this category to produce the material; these are information presented in the are made to let everyone know historical sources that studied a source, either primary or what happened in the past. An certain historical subject. secondary. example that falls into this category is news articles. Kinds of Secondary Sources: 1. Credibility means something can be trusted Unintentional Sources - Published Textbooks or believed. Information Unintentional sources are - Scholarly Journals - should be checked and considered unintentional for the - Articles in Newspapers approved before it's reason that these sources are not - Popular Magazines shared. intended to give details of an - Movie Reviews Is there sufficient evidence 1. The National Archives is a analyzing its content, checking for presented to make the argument storage place for about 60 million bias, and comparing it with other persuasive? historical documents from the sources. Are there compelling Philippines' time under foreign control. It also keeps all the official HERE A SIMPLE arguments and reasons given? legal papers of the country. BREAKDOWN: Are there enough details for a Content Analysis: This involves 2. The National Museum is a place reasonable conclusion about the examining what the source says. that collects, studies, protects, information? Historians look for consistency in and shows important objects like the information provided and 2. Accuracy means being correct. art, historical items, and scientific check if it aligns with other known Students should pay attention to samples. It also teaches people facts or sources. details like dates and avoid about these things. believing information that is too Bias and Perspective: This checks if 3. The National Library is the general or only presents one side the source shows any signs of bias of a story. keeper of the country's important or if it represents a particular books, documents, and other No date on the document viewpoint. Understanding the intellectual materials. Assertions that are vague or author's perspective helps in otherwise lacking details assessing the reliability of the information. - Sweeping rather than a qualified WEEK 3: language like that is, the use of EXTERNAL CRITICISM always, never, every INTERNAL This method involves determining 3. Reasonableness means being CRITICISM the authenticity of evidence by fair, unbiased, and consistent. examining its physical properties. Researchers should try to use their It analyzes whether the evidence existing knowledge to judge new matches the characteristics of the information, even if it's difficult. This process involves critically period it supposedly comes from Intemperate tone or language evaluating the content and and the materials used to create circumstances surrounding the it. - Over claims creation of the source material. By Known as lower criticism, it - Sweeping statements of analyzing the author, context, employs paleography, excessive significance purpose, and underlying archaeology, and chronology to knowledge, one can assess the 4. Support means double-checking verify the document's accuracy and reliability of the information. Don't just believe genuineness. This process includes information. what you read or hear; compare it scrutinizing the paper quality, ink to other sources. This method, also known as higher type, and language used within criticism, attempts to understand the document. - Where did this information come the author's mindset by from? In essence, external criticism helps comparing their work to similar historians filter out unreliable or - Are the sources listed? ○Is there materials. It is crucial because misleading sources to ensure their a bibliography or other historical accounts can be historical accounts are based on documentation? influenced by personal biases and accurate trustworthy evidence. prejudices. Repositories of Primary Sources HERE'S A SIMPLE BREAKDOWN: Repositories are places of In summary, internal criticism Authenticity: This checks if the depository containing historical helps historians determine source is what it claims to be. For records and documents. whether the information within a example, if a document is said to source is credible and accurate by be from the 18th century, external criticism would involve verifying Textual criticism can be done in writing styles can detect its date and origins to ensure it's this problem where an effort is inconsistencies in idiom, not a modern forgery. made to collect as many copies of spelling, and punctuation. dubious text as possible and they - Historians also require Provenance: This looks at where are compared. Science auxiliary more comprehensive the source came from and who can also solve textual accuracy handwriting reference created it. Knowing the such as Paleography (analysis of materials, known as background of the source helps in historical writing systems isographies. For certain understanding its reliability. For including penmanship and historical eras, specialists instance, a letter written by a handwriting script), Archaeology in Paleography (ancient historical figure might be more (study of the human past using and medieval writing) and credible from a well-documented material remains), and Diplomatics (document archive rather than a dubious Numismatics (study of currency). analysis) are crucial for source. - authenticating Reasons for Forged or Misleading Context: This involves documents. understanding the historical and Documents Historical documents social context in which the source are fabricated for several reasons was created. This helps determine (Gottschalk, 1969): The Challenges of Historical Truth if the source is biased or if it 1. Sometimes they are used to Historians face significant provides a balanced view of the bolster a false claim or title challenges in determining the events it describes. truth from historical documents. 2. Documents are counterfeited External Criticism: a Test of for sale - First, the ability to tell the Authenticity truth depends on factors To determine if a document is 3. Fabrication is due to less like proximity to the real, we need to know who wrote mercenary considerations like event, observational skills, it (author). Even anonymous political propaganda and memory. This process works can be important. The 4. Some historical “facts” are involves three key steps: author's reputation and based only on some practical joke observing the event, trustworthiness can help prove recalling details, and the document is genuine. 5. Genuine documents are recording the information. intended to mislead certain - Second, the willingness to We also need to know when and contemporaries, misleading tell the truth can be where (time and place) the subsequent historians. influenced by various document was created. If the date Test of Authenticity in History factors. People may isn't clear, we can look at the consciously or language used or the author's life Gottschalk argued in 1969 that unconsciously fabricate to figure it out. historians should employ information for personal Mistakes can occur in copies of investigative methods similar to gain or to create a desired documents. These errors can be those used in law enforcement to impression. accidental (Unintentional Error), differentiate between authentic happening due to mistakes made and fraudulent documents. by scribes, typists, or printers - By scrutinizing the when creating copies of the materials for original. Alternatively, errors can anachronisms (elements be deliberate (Intentional Error), that don't fit the period), introduced intentionally when historians can identify someone changes, adds to, or potential forgeries. extends the original document. Experts in language and