Araling Panlipunan 8: Kasaysayan ng Daigdig - Modyul 2: Kabihasnang Rome PDF

# Araling Panlipunan 8: Kasaysayan ng Daigdig - Modyul 2: Kabihasnang Rome ## Learning Outcomes After finishing this module, you should be able to: * Analyze events in Roman civilization * Discuss the changes caused by the expansion of Rome's power * Appreciate the legacy of Roman civilization to...

# Araling Panlipunan 8: Kasaysayan ng Daigdig - Modyul 2: Kabihasnang Rome ## Learning Outcomes After finishing this module, you should be able to: * Analyze events in Roman civilization * Discuss the changes caused by the expansion of Rome's power * Appreciate the legacy of Roman civilization to the world ## The Location of Rome The location of Rome is strategic due to the Tiber River, which links the city to **Mediterranean Sea**. This location allowed Rome to trade with countries surrounding the **Mediterranean Sea**. Rome's fertile plains and developed agriculture could support a large population. ## The Beginning of Rome * Rome was founded by Indo-European people called **Latins** in the mid-8th century B.C.E. * According to an old legend, Rome was founded by the twins **Romulus and Remus**. * Roman were defeated by the **Etruscans**, who lived near Rome in the 7th century B.C.E. * The Etruscans were expert in art, music, and dance. They specialized in architecture, metalwork, and trade. * The Etruscans taught the Romans building with arches, building **aqueducts**, building ships, using bronze, making weapons for war, cultivating grapes, and making wine. ## Roman Republic Rome established a republic in 509 B.C.E. and lasted until 31 B.C.E. ### Government of the Roman Republic The Roman Republic's government consisted of a Senate, an assembly, and officials. | **Official** | **Information** | | :----------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **Consul** | Two consuls are elected with the responsibility of leading the army, guarding state funds, and serving as the final judge. They held office for one year. | | **Dictator** | During times of crisis, the Senate appoints a dictator for a maximum of six months. | | **Tribune** | Ten tribunes were elected from the plebeian population. They protected plebeian citizens in their dealings with the patricians, and could veto any decisions made by the consuls. | | **Senate** | The Senate was a body of 300 men chosen from the patrician class. They held lifetime positions. The Senate held power over the Republic, including the right to declare war and peace. | | **Assembly of Tribes** | The Assembly of Tribes was a government body made up of ordinary Roman citizens. Its members were citizens of the Roman state and were organized into tribes. The Assembly of Tribes was able to make laws, elect officials, and declare war. | ### The Twelve Tables The **Twelve Tables** were a set of laws written on twelve tablets. These laws: * Established a system of criminal justice * defined the rights of citizens * Explained the legal system ## Rise of Roman Power Rome's expansion from the Italian peninsula to the rest of the world was due to their strong and well-trained army. The Romans were the most powerful military force in history. Their military success led to the quick expansion of the Roman Empire's territory. ### Punic Wars The Roman Empire fought a series of wars against the **Carthaginians** from 264 B.C.E. to 146 B.C.E. | **War** | **Information** | | :------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **First Punic War (264-241 B.C.E)** | Rome built and trained a very large navy. They defeated the Carthaginians and took control of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. | | **Second Punic War (218-202 B.C.E)** | Carthage’s General **Hannibal** crossed the **Alps** and attacked Rome. He was defeated at the **Battle of Zama** in 202 B.C.E. The Romans won a peace treaty that took away Carthage's fleet and land. | | **Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.E)** | The Romans destroyed Carthage after their victory in the Second Punic War. They took all of Carthage’s land in North Africa. | ### Other Expansion By 146 B.C.E., Rome had conquered **Macedonia**. They had also conquered **Pergamum in Asia** by 133 B.C.E. By 100 B.C.E., Rome ruled most of the land around the Mediterranean Sea. ## Roman Emperors After Augustus * After the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire was ruled by emperors. * **Augustus**, the first Roman Emperor, was Julius Caesar's adopted son. | **Emperor** | **Years** | **Information** | | :---------------- | :------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **Tiberius** | **14-37 C.E.** | A skilled administrator, although he was a dictator like Augustus Caesar. He continued Augustus's policies. | | **Caligula** | **37-41 C.E.** | A self-indulgent emperor. He spent money from the empire on lavish parties and public events, like gladiatorial contests. | | **Claudius** | **41-54 C.E.** | He created a bureaucracy of experienced administrators. | | **Nero** | **54-68 C.E.** | He killed those who he did not like, including his own mother and wife. He was accused of setting fire to Rome in 64 C.E. | | **Vespasian** | **69-79 C.E.** | He restored discipline to the army and put down rebellions. He built public infrastructure, such as public baths and amphitheaters for gladiatorial contests. | | **Nerva** | **96-98 C.E.** | A peacetime emperor. He loaned money to farmers and used those loans to fund education for orphans. | | **Trajan** | **98-117 C.E.** | Trajan expanded the Roman Empire to its greatest size. | | **Hadrian** | **117-138 C.E.** | He made a series of improvements to the Roman Empire, including strengthening the army, improving finances, and increasing public works projects. | | **Antoninus Pius** | **138-161 C.E.** | He established the Roman Empire’s system of law and order. He prohibited the persecution of Christians. | | **Marcus Aurelius** | **161-180 C.E.** | He was a philosopher who admired the philosophical school of thought called Stoicism. Stoicism focuses on living in accordance with the will of God, seeking virtue and tranquility. | ## Legacy of Roman Civilization ### The Law The **Twelve Tables** established rules for all citizens. They explained the legal system, defined crimes, and explained the punishments for breaking laws. ### Literature **Cicero**, a well-known Roman writer and orator, believed that power and wealth should not influence the law. ### Architecture The Romans were known for their architecture. Notable architectural accomplishments by the Romans included: * The invention of **concrete** * The use of **stucco**, which was used to cover outside walls * The adoption of the **arch** from the Etruscans. * The construction of **temples**, **aqueducts**, and other structures. **Basilica**, which were large halls that served as courts and meeting places. * The **forum**, which was the center of the city. * **Public baths** * **Markets** ### Clothing * Men wore **tunics** as everyday clothing. **Togas** were worn over tunics when outside the home. * Women wore a garment similar to the tunic but longer, called a **stola**, as everyday clothing. They wore a loose outer garment called a **palla**. ### Entertainment The Romans enjoyed watching gladiatorial combats. Gladiators were often slaves, prisoners, or criminals who fought each other or wild animals in **amphitheaters** called the **Colosseum**. ### Engineering The Romans built roads, including **Appian Way**, a road that connected Rome to southern Italy. They also developed a system of **aqueducts**, which carried water from wells and rivers to the cities. ## Roman Structures ### **Arch** An arch is a curved structure made of stone or bricks that supports the weight of a structure. This feature allows for greater span and stability, and was used for buildings, bridges, aqueducts, and other structures. ### **Aqueduct** An aqueduct was a bridge-like structure made to carry water over hills and valleys to cities. ### **Colosseum** The Colosseum was a large amphitheater where Romans watched gladiatorial combats. It was built by the emperor Vespasian, and used for nearly 500 years. It is considered one of the most famous monuments in the world. ### **Forum** A forum was a marketplace at the center of most Roman cities. It served as a place for public assemblies, festivals, and daily commerce. Roman forums featured public buildings like temples, basilicas, and administrative buildings. ### **Basilica** A basilica was a large hall usually built for court hearings, government meetings, or religious services. They were designed to be long and narrow, and could hold a large number of people. ## In Conclusion Roman Civilization has had a lasting influence on the world. Many Roman inventions and innovations are still evident today. ## Assignment * Identify 5 things we see today that are influenced by Roman culture. Explain why you chose these items. * Create a hashtag to explain the influence of Roman civilization on the world. Provide an explanation for your choice.