Robotics_Galileo .pdf

ROBOTICS REVIEWER | 9 - GALILEO Lesson 1 : Brief History of Electronics Musschenbroek and Ewald Georg ➤ Electronics - Branch of Science von Kleist. - Deals with the study and...

ROBOTICS REVIEWER | 9 - GALILEO Lesson 1 : Brief History of Electronics Musschenbroek and Ewald Georg ➤ Electronics - Branch of Science von Kleist. - Deals with the study and > It was the first device application of electronic capable of storing electric charge. devices and circuits o 3. The Birth of Electronic Early Beginnings Components 1. Discovery of Electricity : ile > Vacuum Tubes (1904) - > Thales of Miletus (600 BCE) - John Ambrose - Observed that rubbing amber Fleming: Invented the with fur attracted small objects, an first vacuum tube, the early observation of static al diode, in 1904. It could electricity. rectify alternating > William Gilbert (1600) - current (AC) to direct Coined the term "electricity" and current (DC). G distinguished between magnetism - Lee De Forest (1906): and electricity in his work "De Developed the triode, Magnete” an improvement over 9- - Father of Magnetism the diode, which could and Electricity amplify electrical signals. This invention 2. The Leyden Jar (1745) : laid the foundation for Oldest type of capacitor for early electronics and electric charges radio. > The Leyden jar, invented independently by Pieter van > The Transistor (1947)  - John Bardeen, Walter processing unit (CPU) Brattain, and William onto a single chip, Shockley: Invented the revolutionizing first transistor at Bell computing. Laboratories. The transistor could amplify 5. The Digital Revolution and switch electronic > Personal Computers signals, making it a - The 1980s saw the rise revolutionary of personal computers o component in (PCs), making electronics. computing accessible ile to the general public. 4. The Rise of Semiconductors : Key players included > The Integrated Circuit : IBM, Apple, and - Jack Kilby (Texas Microsoft. al Instruments) and *IBM, Apple and Microsoft are Robert Noyce (Fairchild examples of companies that produce electronic products. Semiconductor): > The Internet and Digital Independently G Age developed the - The development of the integrated circuit (IC), internet and digital which combined 9- communication multiple transistors and technologies in the late electronic components 20th century on a single chip. transformed global > The Microprocessor (1971) : communication, - Intel 4004: The world's commerce, and culture. first microprocessor, developed by Intel, integrated the functions of a central  6. Modern Advances in Electronics > Nanotechnology and ADDTL. INFORMATION - Quantum Computing > Electricity: A form of energy - Advances in resulting from the existence of nanotechnology have charged particles. led to the development > Vacuum Tube: An of smaller, faster, and electronic device that controls o more efficient electric current between electrodes electronic devices. in an evacuated container. ile Quantum computing is > Transistor: A an emerging field with semiconductor device used to the potential to amplify or switch electronic signals. revolutionize Integrated Circuit (IC): A set al computing power. of electronic circuits on a small plate ("chip") of semiconductor > The Internet of Things (IoT) material - The IoT connects > Microprocessor: The central G everyday objects to the processing unit (CPU) of a internet, allowing them computer, typically on a single to send and receive integrated circuit. 9- data. This technology is transforming industries like healthcare, > Electrical Telegraph and agriculture, and home Communication automation Samuel Morse (1837): Developed the Morse code and the telegraph, enabling long-distance communication.  The Internet (1960s-1990s): Evolved from ARPANET, leading to the World > Invention of the Telephone Wide Web and the digital age Alexander Graham of communication. Bell (1876): Invented the World Wide Web telephone, revolutionizing (1989): Invented by Tim voice communication Berners-Lee, revolutionizing > Birth of Radio and Television information sharing and o Guglielmo Marconi connectivity. (1895): Conducted the first ile successful radio > Mobile Communications communication. Motorola DynaTAC John Logie Baird (1983): The first commercially (1925): Demonstrated the first available handheld mobile al television system capable of phone. transmitting live moving Smartphones (2007): images. The release of the Apple iPhone marked a significant G > Personal Computers advancement in mobile Apple II (1977): One of computing and the first highly communication. 9- successful mass-produced > Advances in Semiconductor personal computers. Technology IBM PC (1981): Set the Moore's Law (1965): standard for PC Prediction by Gordon Moore architecture. that the number of transistors on a chip would double > The Digital Revolution approximately every two  years, driving exponential internet, and wireless growth in computing power. technologies has revolutionized global > Digital Signal Processing communication, (DSP) making it Advent of Digital instantaneous and Music and Video: The accessible. Platforms development of digital like social media, formats like MP3 and MPEG messaging apps, and o revolutionized media storage video conferencing and distribution. have transformed ile personal and > Modern Innovations professional Quantum interactions. Computing: An emerging Internet of Things al field promising to (IoT): IoT devices exponentially increase connect everyday computational power. objects to the internet, Artificial Intelligence enabling them to send G (AI): Integrating AI with and receive data. This electronics, from smart connectivity enhances devices to autonomous efficiency and 9- systems. convenience in various sectors, including smart MODERN ELECTRONICS IMPACT homes, healthcare, and 1. Communication and industrial automation. Connectivity Global 2. Computing and Information Communication: The Technology development of Personal Computing: smartphones, the The proliferation of personal  computers, laptops, and such as MRI mobile devices has made machines, CT computing power widely scanners, accessible, transforming pacemakers, and education, entertainment, wearable health and work. monitors. These Cloud Computing: devices improve Cloud services provide diagnostics, scalable and on-demand treatment, and o computing resources, patient revolutionizing data storage, monitoring. ile software delivery, and IT Telemedicine: The infrastructure management. rise of digital communication Big Data and tools has enabled Analytics: The ability to telemedicine, allowing al collect, store, and analyze patients to consult with massive amounts of data has healthcare providers led to significant remotely, improving access advancements in fields like to medical care. G business intelligence, Health Informatics: research, and personalized Electronic health records marketing. (EHRs) and other digital 9- systems enhance the 3. Healthcare and Medicine management and analysis of Medical Devices: patient data, improving Advanced healthcare delivery and electronics have research. led to the development of 4. Entertainment and Media sophisticated Digital Media: medical devices Electronics have  revolutionized the automotive to creation, distribution, pharmaceuticals. and consumption of Supply Chain media. Streaming Management: Technologies like services, digital music, RFID and IoT improve inventory and online gaming tracking, logistics, and overall have become supply chain efficiency. dominant forms of entertainment. 6. Energy and Environment o Renewable Energy Augmented Reality (AR) Technologies: ile and Virtual Reality (VR): Electronics play a These technologies provide crucial role in the immersive experiences, development and impacting gaming, training, management of al education, and virtual renewable energy tourism. sources like solar and wind power. Smart 5. Industry and Manufacturing grids use electronics to G Automation and optimize energy Robotics: Electronics distribution and have enabled the consumption. 9- automation of Energy Efficiency: manufacturing Advances in electronics have led to processes, increasing more energy-efficient devices, efficiency, precision, reducing power consumption and and safety. Robotics environmental impact. and industrial automation systems are transforming industries from  Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain: These technologies are 7. Transportation reshaping finance, providing new Electric Vehicles (EVs): ways to conduct transactions and Electronics are central manage data securely. to the operation of EVs, from battery 9. Education management systems E-Learning and Online to advanced Education: Electronics o driver-assistance have made education systems (ADAS). more accessible ile Autonomous Vehicles: through online courses, Electronics and AI are key to digital textbooks, and the development of interactive learning self-driving cars, promising to platforms, enabling al revolutionize transportation lifelong learning. by improving safety and Educational Tools: efficiency. Interactive whiteboards, digital projectors, and tablets enhance G 8. Financial Services classroom experiences and Digital Payments: The facilitate diverse learning methods. rise of electronic 9- payment systems, 10. Security and Safety including mobile Surveillance and wallets and online Security Systems: banking, has Modern electronics transformed the enable sophisticated financial landscape, surveillance systems, offering convenience enhancing security in and expanding public and private financial inclusion. spaces.  Cybersecurity: As dependence on digital systems grows, cybersecurity has become critical in protecting data and infrastructure from cyber threats. o 11. Space Exploration & Research ile Space Technology: Advances in electronics have enabled the development of al satellites, space probes, and other technologies crucial for space exploration and G observation. Scientific Research: Electronics facilitate 9- advanced research in various fields, including physics, biology, and environmental science, through instruments like particle accelerators and microscopes.  LESSON 2 : Electric Charges A. Basic Atomic Structure Neutrons: Atom: The smallest unit of o Charge: Neutral (no an element that retains its charge). o chemical properties. o Location: Inside the nucleus. Components: o Role: Contribute to the Nucleus: The dense center ile atomic mass and stability of of the atom, containing the nucleus. protons and neutrons. Electron Cloud: The region Electrons: surrounding the nucleus al o Charge: -1 elementary where electrons are likely to charge. be found. o Location: Orbit the nucleus in electron shells or energy G levels. o Role: Participate in B. Subatomic Particles chemical bonding and 9- reactions. Protons: o Charge: +1 elementary charge. o Location: Inside the nucleus. o Role: Determine the atomic number and the identity of the element.  The arrangement follows the C. Atomic Number and Mass Aufbau principle, Pauli Number exclusion principle, and Hund's rule. Atomic Number (Z): The Valence Electrons: Electrons number of protons in the in the outermost shell. They nucleus of an atom. It defines are crucial for chemical the element. bonding. Mass Number (A): The sum o of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. It determines the ile isotope of the element 2. The Nature of Electric Charge A. Definition and Properties al D. Isotopes Definition: Atoms of the Electric Charge: A same element with different fundamental property of numbers of neutrons, matter that causes it to G resulting in different mass experience a force when numbers. placed in an electromagnetic Example: Carbon-12 and field. Charges can be positive 9- Carbon-14 are isotopes of or negative. carbon. ▪ Types of Charge: a. Positive Charge: Carried by protons. E. Electron Configuration b. Negative Charge: Carried Electron Shells: Electrons by electrons. are arranged in energy levels or shells around the nucleus.  Examples: 1. Calculate the ▪ Basic Properties: total charge of 2,000,000 a. Conservation of Charge: electrons. - Charge cannot be created Q=Ne or destroyed. It can only be Q=2,000,000(1.6×10−19C) transferred from one object Q= 3.2×10^−13C to another. - Can be neutralized So, the total charge of - Can be produced, but never 2,000,000 electrons is o built 3.2×10^−13 C, and since b. Quantization of Charge: electrons carry a negative ile Charge is quantized; it exists charge, the total charge is in discrete amounts. −3.2×10^−13 C Note: 2. Determine the total charge al The smallest unit of charge of 500,000 protons. is the elementary charge (e), Q=500,000(1.6×10^−19C) approximately Q=8.0×10^−14C ±1.6x10^-19 Coulombs C G So, the total charge of b.1. Computation of Total 500,000 protons is 8.0×10−14 Charge C, and since protons carry a 9- (Q=Ne) positive charge, the total Q = Total charge (Coulomb) charge is +8.0×10^−14 C N = number of electrons (no unit) 3. An ion has a total charge e = elementary charge equivalent to the charge of (1.6x10^-19 C) 15,000 electrons. What is the total charge of this ion? Q=15,000 (1.6×10^−19C) Q= 2.4×10^−15 C  So, the total charge of the ion is 2.4×10−15 C, and since the ion has a negative charge, the total charge is −2.4×10^−15 C. 4. A small piece of material o has a total charge of −2.4×10^−13 coulombs. ile Determine the number of electrons that must be added to the material to achieve this charge. al G 9-  LESSON 3: INSULATORS, SEMICONDUCTORS, CONDUCTORS, and SUPERCONDUCTORS ➤ INSULATORS - Quartz - are materials in which all electrons are bound to ➤ Uses and Applications of atoms and cannot move INSULATORS o freely through the - reduce the power outage, as material. well as operation and ile - When insulators are maintenance costs charged by rubbing, only - Save resources and time the rubbed area - prevent the electrical becomes charged interruptions caused by ➤ Ex. of Insulators al contacting trees and animals 1. Rubber with overhead lines 2. Glass - increase the power network 3. Pure water G reliability, significantly 4. Oil ➤ Types of Insulators 5. Air 6. Diamond 9- 7. Dry wood 8. Dry cotton 9. Plastic 10. Asphalt Examples : - Fiberglass - Glass Fibers - Dry paper - Glass Foam - Porcelain - Mineral Fibers - Ceramics - Organic Fibers  - Foamed Plastic directly proportional to its length. - The longer the conductor the B. Sound Insulation - a kind of greater its resistance. measure to prevent sound waves from permeating. Examples : - Glass Fibers - Glass Foam o - Mineral Fibers - Organic Fibers ile - Foamed Plastic - Studio Pro ➤ Resistance vs Resistivity Resistance - the ability of a al material to hinder the flow of electrical current. 2. Cross-sectional Area G Resistivity - intrinsic property that - Law of Area resistance of a quantifies how strongly a given conductor is inversely material opposes the flow of electric proportional to its 9- current. cross-sectional area. - Ohm-meter (Ωm) ➤ Factors Affecting Resistance 1. Length - Law of Length states that resistance of the conductor is R=ρl/A Where: R = resistance in ohms - When a conductor is charged in ρ = resistivity in ohm meters (Greek a small region, the charge Letter ρ(rho)) readily distributes itself over the entire surface of the conductor. l = length in meters ➤ Ex. of Conductors A = cross-sectional area in square 1. Silver meters 2. Gold 3. Copper 3.Materials of a wire (Resistivity) 4. Aluminum - Some materials are better 5. Mercury o conductors than others. 6. Steel - The conductivity of 7. Iron ile conductors is indicated by its 8. Seawater resistivity. 9. Concrete 10. Mercury - Platinum al - Brass - Bronze - Graphite 4. Temperature G - Dirty water - Resistance of a conductor is - Lemon juice directly proportional to its temperature. ➤ Conductance vs. Conductivity 9- - Resistivity increases when temperature increases. Conductance Resistivity decreases when - the ability of a solution to conduct an electrical current. temperature decreases. ➤ CONDUCTORS - are materials in which electrons move freely through the material. Conductivity (σ = 1/ρ) - σ (sigma), κ (kappa), γ - A measure of how well a solution (gamma) conducts electricity. - Electrical conductivity (σ) is the - siemens per meter (S/m) reciprocal of the electrical resistivity (ρ). SEMICONDUCTOR AND SUPERCONDUCTOR o Terminologies; How Are Free Electrons Formed? ile ➤ Valence Shell - Outermost shell ➤ Valence Electrons - Electrons in the - Free electrons move randomly. Outermost shell To make electrons move in a ➤ Conduction Electron Shell - causes certain direction, there must be chemical bonding a force to attract the negatively al ➤ Free Electron / Conduction - similar charged electrons. to valence electrons - This is the application of voltage ➤ Energy Gap - different amounts of or potential difference across G electrons the conductor. When voltage is ➤ Electron Volt (ev) - unit of applied to the ends of the measurement, amount of energy conductor, free electrons will present in an object drift fast towards the positive 9- ➤ Electron Hole Pair - hole in the pair, terminal, producing electric deduction of electrons current. ➤ Recombination - process of excess electrons that will go back to the SEMICONDUCTORS Electron Hole ➤ Lifetime of the Electron - Cycle: goes to another and goes back  - Adding a group 3 element causes the material to contain “holes.” These are gaps in the covalent bonds between atoms that will move around and act just like positively charged particles (hence these semiconductors Doping being known as p-type). o Pentavalent and Trivalent impurities ile Pentavalent Impurities; - The pentavalent impurities are the ones which has five valence electrons in the outer most orbit. Example: Bismuth, Antimony, al Arsenic, Phosphorus - Doping is adding very small Trivalent Impurities; amounts of group 3 or group 5 - The trivalent impurities are the elements to a group 4 ones which has three valence G semiconductor such as silicon. electrons in the outer most orbit. - Adding a group 5 element Example: Gallium, Indium, causes the material to contain Aluminum, Boron 9- electrons that are free to move around (just like in a metal). SEMICONDUCTORS Germanium and Silicon, Metalloids - Metalloids - Slightly conduct electricity. - Electrons in their metal-like lattices are more tightly held than those of metals, but less  tightly held than those of P-type Semiconductor non-metals. - Has more holes than electrons - At room temperature, the Ex. average energy of the atoms is - Group III small, so only few electrons are a. Boron (B) detached to allow little amount b. Aluminum (Al) of current to pass through. c. Gallium (Ga) - Covalent Bond d. Indium (In) - When boron is added to silicon ❑ Bond that prevents the electrons as impurity, the positive hole in o from moving freely. its outer shell readily accepts electrons from silicon. ile Silicon is more popular; because - The silicon becomes p-type a. Abundance (can be found in (positive type) semiconductor. sand and quartz) - In p-type semiconductor, the b. Ideal electronic structure. conduction is due to the c. Stability over temperature movement of holes which can al changes be imagined as positively d. Becomes a better conductor at charged particles. higher temperature - HOLE means lack of electrons. - The current is said to be due to G the movement of the hole which is in the same direction as the conventional current. 9- Extrinsic Semiconductor - Holes are considered to be the (P-type & N-type) majority carriers and electrons as minority carriers. - They are called acceptor atom or trivalent atoms.  - Conventionally, the direction of the current is the opposite. o N-Type Semiconductor - ile The current is said to be due to the movement of the hole which is in the same direction as the - - Has five valence electrons. They have extra electrons that will be dislodge and free to move around. al - Electrons are loosely bound; conventional current. very little amount of energy or low voltage is needed to detach it. G - They are called donor atoms or pentavalent atoms. 9- Uses of Semiconductor ❑ Rice cookers cook rice perfectly because semiconductors control the temperature precisely. ❑ CPUs that operate personal computers are also made with - The electrons move from lower semiconductors. potential towards higher potential. ❑ Mobile phones / smartphones, SUPERCONDUCTORS digital cameras, televisions, washing machines, refrigerators and LED bulbs also use semiconductors. ❑ Central role in the operation of bank ATMs, trains, the internet, communications and other parts of social infrastructure, such as the medical network used for the care of elderly, among other things. o ❑ Help save energy and promote the preservation of the global ile environment. al G 9-  Tuyn’s Law Hc = Ho [1 - (T/Tc)2] o ile al G 9-  What are Superconductors? Critical Current Density - These are materials having almost zero resistivity and Critical Current Density depends upon; behave as diamagnetic below - Property of the Superconductor the superconducting transiting - Geometry of the temperature. Superconductor - Superconductivity is the flow of - Temperature and Applied electric current without Magnetic Field resistance in certain metals, alloys, and ceramics at o temperatures near absolute zero, and in some cases at ile temperatures hundreds of degrees above absolute zero = - 273ºK. Ex. of Superconductors al a. Aluminum b. Niobium c. Magnesium d. Diboride G e. Cuprates such as yttrium barium copper oxide and iron pnictides. 9- GENERAL PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS 1. Electrical resistance: Virtually zero electrical resistance. 2. Effect of impurities: When impurities are added to superconducting elements, the superconductivity is not loss, but the Tc is lowered.  3. Effects of pressures and stress: lines and retains to certain materials exhibits superconducting state. superconductivity on increasing e. Mostly pure elements like the pressure in Aluminum (Hc = 0.0105 Tesla), superconductors, the increase in Zinc (Hc = 0.0054) etc. are stress results in increase of the examples of soft Tc value. superconductors. Type-II superconductor or hard Type-I superconductor or soft superconductor. o superconductor a. As the value of magnetic field a. Type-I superconductor acts as a (H) increases, magnetization of ile perfect diamagnetic material superconductor. b. As the value of magnetic field b. As to destroy superconductivity (H) increases, magnetization of of type-II superconductor is superconductor also increases. difficult than type II c. Above the critical magnetic field superconductor is difficult than al (Hc ) it turns into normal state. type-I superconductor due to its d. This is reversible process. When high value of Hc it is known as value of applied field decreases, “Hard superconductor”. material expels magnetic field c. Mostly alloys and ceramics G 9-  LESSON 4: COULOMB'S LAW Electric Force Electrostatic Force - Vector quantity o ile Coulomb’s Law - Describes the relation between electric charges, force, and magnitude the of distance al between 2 charges Fe = the magnitude of the electrostatic −19 force between the two charges 1 proton = 1. 6𝑥10 𝐶 9 2 2 K = Coulomb's constant, 9𝑥10 𝑁⋅ 𝑚 /𝑐 G −19 1 electron e- = − 1. 6𝑥10 𝐶 q1 and q2 = magnitudes of the charges ​r = distance between the two charges Opposite charges = attract 9- Identical / Same charges = repel Electric Charge Q = Total amount of charge p+ = e- (neutral charge) N = Number of Charge p+ > e- (positive charge) −19 e = elementary charge (±1. 6𝑥10 𝐶) p+ < e- (negative charge)  2. In the diagram, q1 = q2 = q3 = 2.3 x 10^-9 C. What is the size of the electrostatic force experienced by q1? SAMPLE PROBLEMS 1. An electron (with a charge of o −19 − 1. 6𝑥10 Coulombs) is placed 0.13 meters from a small metal ile sphere that is given a charge of −4 + 9. 9𝑥10 Coulombs. What is the magnitude of the electric force acting on the charges? al Given: 2 9 𝑚 K = 9𝑥10 𝑁 2 𝑐 −4 q1 = 9. 9𝑥10 G 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑠 −19 q2 = − 1. 6𝑥10 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑠 r = 0.13 meters 9- 2 9 𝑚 −4 −19 9𝑥10 𝑁 2 (9.9𝑥10 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑠)(1.6𝑥10 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑠) Fe= 𝑐 2 (0.13 𝑚) −11 Fe = 8. 4𝑥10 𝑁  Lesson 5: Electric Field Lines - Electric Dipole - Measurement of the separation between the By definition: dipoles. - An imaginary line or curve that - Test charge - POSITIVE charge is drawn through an empty that detects the presence of an space region so that its tangent electric field. at any point is in the direction of the electric field vector at that point. o Law of Gauss: - Number of electric field lines ile poking outward through an imaginary closed surface is directly proportional to the charge enclosed by the surface. al Characteristic: - Electric field lines flow from positive to negative, can be radially inward or outward. G - Lines should NOT cross each other. - Stronger electric field = greater 9- density - Stronger electric field = closer lines Terms to remember: - Dipole - Equal pair of opposite charges that is separated by a distance. GUIDE QUESTIONS 2. How do changes in charge or Introduction to Robotics | History of distance affect the electric Electronics force? 1. How does the development of 3. What are the mathematical electronics over time contribute expressions for Coulomb's Law, to our everyday lives? and what do each of the 2. If one historian wasn't able to variables represent? discover what they were meant to discover, would the future of electronics be different? Would o we even have it at all? ile Electric Charges 1. How do the subatomic particles affect the functionality of charges in an atom? al Insulators, Conductors, Semiconductors, Superconductors: 1. What makes a material an G insulator? a conductor? a semiconductor? A superconductor? 9- 2. When a factor affecting the way a material conducts / resists charges changes, will the material's conductance / resistance also change? Coulomb's Law: 1. What (constant) values are essential throughout the formula?  CREDITS : FROM 9 - GALILEO Main Editors : Lopez, Rhiane Mae Salazar, Jedah Reyanna Tipay, Abbygail o 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐫𝐚 𝐈𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 Zomil, Saireinne Life Cariaga, Shairah Gwen ile Pocamas, Harris Manolo Cortez, Hannah Vynz Ricamara, Beatrice Hermione Bernabe, Lamarcus Isaac Dela Cruz, Maxene Eiara Gonzaga, Joel Gonowon, Gabriel Angelo Timbal, Aiofe Jayna al Doria, Cailin Nicole Talampas, Zedrick Cray Semacon, Neithan Kyle Bustos, Jhairus Yueh Ducusin, Nathan Ablanque, Athena Yvonne Bragado, Rhian Grace G Basilio, Reimah Denise 𝟑-𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 9- 𝐆𝐮𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 Cachapero, Tyrone Dane Cristobal Amara Aoife Sustento, Maria Cyndiel Erbina, Yahaira Chenelle Masmela, Dion Enchong Acosta, Charles Czaren Ramos, Chloe Leean Mamangun, Louis Rome Bingayan, Miah Corazon Pedrera, Sophia Coreen Coloma, Xy Seth Mangubat, Thien Than Tan, Nicole Faith Vergara, Prince Ralei Abayon, Abeyumi Alentejo, Kimberly Moreno, Natanya Felise