Electronics History PDF

PIETER VAN MUSSCHENBROEK (1745) Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) -Invented Layden Jar -Produced and detected Electromagnetic Radiation -Laydan Jar – is a capacitor with an aluminum top with -Discovered X-rays in 1895 salt water inside...

PIETER VAN MUSSCHENBROEK (1745) Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) -Invented Layden Jar -Produced and detected Electromagnetic Radiation -Laydan Jar – is a capacitor with an aluminum top with -Discovered X-rays in 1895 salt water inside -Named them X-ray because X is unknown BEN FRANKLIN(1706-1790)) Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) -Lightning is a form of Static Electricity(ESD) -1893, patents Phonograph, Incandescent lamp, and DC -Made Electrostatic generator using glass BALLS system -Define Postive & Negative charges Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) Charles Augustus Coulomb (1736-1806) -Serbian-American engineer and physicist -Experiment in mechanical resistance -Invented first AC motor and developed AC generation -Developed Coulomb’s law for electrostatic charges and transmission technology -Unit of charges is name after him “Coulomb” -AC current can hold higher volts, thus sending power throughout a city farther Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) -Tesla coil – Device for making very high voltages -Effects of electricity on frogs -Animals had and were affected by electricity WAR OF THE CURRENTS Nikola discovered AC but then sold his AC current Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) patents to George Westinghouse, but Edison fearing -Invented the ”Battery” that he will be overthrown by AC current. So he then -Unit of Voltage came from him Edison showcased how AC current can be dangerous by testing it on animals. But still Westinghouse won the André Marie Ampère (1775-1836) contract to show how his AC current can be utilized -Relationship of electricity and magnetism using especially in farther parts of the city, so he lit up the algebra entire Chicago using AC current by utilizing the Niagra -Invented the Solenoid Falls. - Solenoid – acts as a relay, controlling the high-power devices with low-power signals Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) -Unit for current is name after him -Patented Radio Telegraphy in 1896 -“Father of wireless” Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) -Used radio waves to send signals several km away -Demonstrated that electricity has an effect on magnetism Sir John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945) -Discovered Aluminum -Invented Fleming Valve – First rectifier or diode -CGS unit for magnetic field strength is named after him -Diode – switches AC to DC -Centimeter – Gram – Seconds Philo Taylor Farnsworth George Simon Ohm (1789-1854) (1906-1971) -Discovered Ohms law -Invented TV -Unit for resistance is named after him Jack St. Clair Kilby (1923-2005) -Developed the Integrated Circuit (IC) -Built first IC, a phase-shift oscillator Michael Faraday (1791-1867) Robert Norton Noyce (1927-1990) -In 1821, Built the first Electric motor -Developed the Integrated Circuit but in a more -In 1331, Built the first Transformer practical approach to scaling down the circuit -Unit of capacitance is named after him -In 1959, Developed Semiconducting chip James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) Seymour Cray (1925-1996) -Discovered Law of Conservation of Energy -Father of supercomputer -Unit of energy is name after him -CRAY – 1 (1976) Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887 -Spectroscope -Current flows through a conductor at the speed of light James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) -Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in 1873 -Equations in Treatise explained Faraday’s work and predicted Hertz’s work ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS CURRENT A/C -Electrical symbols and electronic circuit symbols are -an electric current which periodically reverses direction used for drawing schematic diagram. and changes its magnitude continuously with time in contrast -The symbols represent electrical and electronic components D/C -the electric charge (current) only flows in one direction RESISTOR -an electrical component that limits the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Institute of International Electrical Electrotechnical DIODE and Commission -allows current flow in one direction only Electronics Engineers American ZENER DIODE National -is a silicon semiconductor device that permits current Standards to flow in either a forward or reverse direction Institute SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM PHOTODIODE -is a semiconductor device that converts light into an -a picture that represents the components of a process, electrical current device, or other object, often standardized symbols and lines. WIRES -Represents a conductor that conducts electrical current. -Also called a power line or electric line or wire. FUSE -Used in circuits where too much current flows -It will break the circuit to save other devices SWITCH BATTERY/CELL -This provides supply to the circuit. DC LED (Light-Emitting Diode) -emits light when current flows through TRANSFORMER -an electrical device which, by the principles of electromagnetic induction, transfers electrical energy from one electric circuit to another, without changing TRANSISTOR the frequency -a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals ANTENNA JFET - Junction Gate Field-Effect transistor MOSFET - Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect GROUND Transistor -is the reference point in an electrical circuit from which BJT - Bipolar Junction Transistor voltages are measured, a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the CAPACITOR earth. -capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field INTEGRATED CIRCUIT -an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconducting material, performing the same function INDUCTOR as a larger circuit made from discrete components. -is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it BREADBOARD -a solderless device for temporary prototype MICROPHONE -instrument for converting sound waves into electrical energy variations which may then be amplified, transmitted, or recorded AMMETER -measuring instrument used to measure the current in a Four BASIC Types of Electrical Diagram circuit *Schematic Diagram *Wiring Diagram *Block Diagram VOLTMETER *Pictorial Diagram -an instrument used for measuring electric potential Circuit or Schematic Diagrams difference between two points in an electric circuit. -The symbols represent the physical components of the schematic diagrams while lines represent electrical conductors or wires. Circuit LAMP/LIGHT BULB -Can be made up of components connected by individual pieces of wire  Wiring diagrams show how the wires are connected and where they should located in General Circuit Diagram Rules the actual device, as well as the physical connections between all the components -Wires or lines in circuit diagrams – must be straight Block Diagram and not diagonal -A graphical representation of a system, project, or -Component symbols scenario. It provides a functional view of a system and -Circuit diagrams - drawn as simply and neatly as illustrates how the different elements of that system possible interlink -Lines connecting components - can be assumed of as shielded /insulated wires with only the ends of the wires being bare conductors for electrical connection. Connection -Circuit diagram is an illustration where wires and other Pictorial Diagram conductors do not interfere with each other. -Uses pictures to represent the different components of a particular system. Components -Each electronic component is represented by a symbol. Lines used to connect the symbols represent conductors Electrical Grounding or wires. -It can be classified as a connection, between an electrical circuit and earth or to some conducting body that serves in place of earth. Difference between Grounding and Earthing -Earthing: is the process of protecting against unnecessary spikes of electricity that can cause damage to life and property. Grounding: is similar to Earthing, by which protection against accidental currents is achieved. The main live Wiring Diagram wire is connected to a power supply to power an appliance, however, the other portion of the wire is led -Visual representation of the physical connections and under the earth. physical layout of an electrical system or circuit. It shows how the electrical wires are interconnected and can also show where fixtures and components may be connected to the system. ELECTRICITY -Flow of electrons -Electric current Conductors This shows how the electrical wires are connected. Wiring diagrams also show where the -materials or substances which allow wires should be located in the actual device, as well as the physical connections between all the components. the flow of electricity through them. Use wiring diagrams to show the components of the circuit as simplified shapes. -An object made of a conducting material will allow charge to be transferred across the entire surface of the It is also useful in fault finding or trouble shooting when doing repairs or example: Manong Juan, the electrician, wants to confirm the physical location object. of the electrical component of a broken amplifier. When using a wiring diagram we can avoid costly mistakes. -are quite useful in a lot of ways and find use in many used to measure the continuity of wires actual life applications. and other components. Conductivity -The occurrence of transferring charge, electricity or heat in any material or substance Example of Conductors -gold, aluminum, Brass, silver, steel, copper, Copper Soldering station sulfate, Water , Person, animal -Putting component together or simple reconnecting components and wires Insulators -Substances or materials whose characters are different are common activities in electronics from the conductors, as they do not permit heat or electricity to pass through them Oscilloscope -a device for viewing oscillations, as of Resistivity -Electrical resistance of a conductor of unit cross- electrical voltage or current, by a sectional area and unit length. A characteristic property display on the screen of a cathode ray of each material, resistivity is useful in comparing tube. various materials on the basis of their ability to conduct electric currents. -used to view the signals coming directly from devices such as sound cards, allowing the real-time display of waves. Dc bench power source/supply -function as a limiter of your current and voltage. Example of Insulators -Glass, quarts, wood, wool, plastic, rubber Rubber is regularly used as fire-resistant. Clothes, tires, and slippers are also good insulators \ Wire stripper -simple tool similar in appearance with a plier; however, the main purpose of this tool is to remove the wire insulator effectively without damaging the wire Tools and Equipment conductor. Multimeter Wire cutter -a tool used for measuring several -best suited for cutting wire electronic variables Screwdrivers Glue gun Tweezers Consumables  Wires  LEDs  Switch  Resistors LCR Meter  Sensors -specially designed to measure inductance, capacitance, and resistance. ARDUINO BreadBoard Safety Precautions Precautions(Laboratory Magnifier, lamp and desk clamp Works)  De-energize the circuit by removing the power source.  Remove and replace fuses only after the power to the circuit has been de-energized.  Make sure all equipment is Computer properly grounded.  Use cleaning fluids only in  Software well-ventilated spaces. You  schematics can also use gloves, mask, and goggles for extra protection. High Voltage Safety Precautions   Consider the result of each First Aid: act. Do not play, eat or drink  Do not transfer the victim, unless while working they’re in danger of further  Stay away from live circuits. shock. Ask someone expert to help  Call local emergency services if you the victim came in contact with  Do not work alone. high-voltage electricity and if it  Do not ground yourself. has difficulty in breathing, Wearing rubber/leather unconsciousness, has seizures, gloves and safety shoes is has muscle pain or numbness, or highly recommended. is feeling symptoms of heart  Never energize equipment in issues. the presence of water leakage  While waiting for the emergency response unit to arrive, check if Personal Protective the person is breathing and has a pulse. If necessary, start Equipment(PPE) cardiopulmonary resuscitation  Safety for your head. To protect (CPR). you from falling objects.  If the person is showing signs of  Protect your eyes. shock, such as vomiting or  Hearing Protection. becoming very pale, elevate the  Maintain good respiration legs and feet slightly, unless this  Protect your hands. causes too much pain  Protection for the feet.  Cover burns with sterile gauze.  Wear the correct work clothing Don’t use anything else that Different Hazards in might stick to the burn such as Electronics Band-Aids. (Electrical Hazards)  Keep the person warm. Electrical shock Fire Safety -occurs when low resistance body becomes a path of an electric current completing the circuit. Amount of Current and its Effects to the Human Body Soldering  Always assume the soldering iron is hot. Do not use your body parts to check if the tip is hot.  Put the soldering iron in its holder when idling.  Wipe it on a damp sponge or approved tip cleaner and do not shake excess solder off the tip;  If another person needs the soldering iron, do not pass a soldering iron to another person. Let the other person take it from the place where you put it.  Do not solder on a circuit that has power applied to it.  Always use a grounded-tip soldering iron  Always make sure that the wire is not near the soldering iron.