Introduction to Electronics PDF

University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Electronics Engineering Program AME 2 Basic Electronics INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 1 Electronics Engineering Program IN...

University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Electronics Engineering Program AME 2 Basic Electronics INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 1 Electronics Engineering Program INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS OUTLINE: 1. History of Electronics 2. Basic Electronic Components 3. Solid State Fundamentals University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 2 Electronics Engineering Program HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS Definition Electronics is the branch of science and technology concerned with the development and application of devices that use electric currents to control the behavior of materials and systems. Widely used in various fields such as communication, computing, and consumer electronics. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 3 Electronics Engineering Program HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS History of Electronics (1600s-1800s): 1600s: William Gilbert discovers that amber produces static electricity when rubbed. 1800s: Alessandro Volta invents the first chemical battery, known as the voltaic pile, enabling the study of electric currents. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 4 Electronics Engineering Program HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS History of Electronics Development of Electrical Theory (1800s-1900s): 1820: Hans Christian Oersted discovers that electric currents create magnetic fields. 1831: Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction, the principle behind electric generators. 1873: Early Discoveries James Clerk Maxwell formulates Maxwell's equations, describing how electric and magnetic fields propagate as waves. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 5 Electronics Engineering Program HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS History of Electronics Early Electronic Devices (1900s): 1904: John Ambrose Fleming invents the vacuum tube (thermionic valve), a key component in early electronics. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 6 Electronics Engineering Program HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS History of Electronics Transistor Era and Integrated Circuits (1940s- 1960s): 1947: The transistor is invented, revolutionizing electronics by allowing miniaturization and greater reliability. 1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce develop the first integrated circuits, combining multiple components into a single chip. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 7 Electronics Engineering Program HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS History of Electronics Microelectronics and Digital Age (1970s-Present): 1971: Intel releases the first microprocessor, the 4004, which integrates a CPU onto a single chip. 1980s-1990s: The rise of personal computers and the internet drives rapid advances in electronic devices and systems. 2000s-Present: The development of smartphones, wearable technology, and advanced semiconductors continues to shape modern electronics, leading to widespread connectivity and automation. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 8 Electronics Engineering Program HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS History of Electronics Despite advances, the core principles of electronics remain largely unchanged. The basics established decades ago still form the foundation for modern devices. Early Innovations: Many devices we use today were invented decades ago. Design techniques from as far back as the 1930s are still relevant, primarily evolving through improved construction, characteristics, and application techniques. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 9 Electronics Engineering Program HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 10 Electronics Engineering Program HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 11 Electronics Engineering Program HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS History of Electronics Miniaturization: Major advancements include the development of the integrated circuit (IC) by Jack Kilby in 1958, which revolutionized electronics by enabling the miniaturization of circuits. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 12 Electronics Engineering Program HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS History of Electronics Moore's Law: Dr. Gordon E. Moore's prediction in 1965 that transistor count on ICs would double approximately every two years has proven remarkably accurate and continues to guide the industry. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 13 Electronics Engineering Program HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS History of Electronics University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 14 Electronics Engineering Program HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS History of Electronics Current Trends: Modern systems are significantly smaller, with advancements such as the Intel® Core i7 Extreme Edition Processor containing 731 million transistors in a compact package. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 15 Electronics Engineering Program HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS The numbers in Intel's "i" series processors (like i3, i5, i7, i9) help identify the performance, generation, and specific features of the processor. i3: Entry-level, basic performance suitable for everyday tasks like web browsing, document editing. i5: Mid-range, offering better performance for more demanding tasks like light gaming, photo editing. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 16 Electronics Engineering Program HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS The numbers in Intel's "i" series processors (like i3, i5, i7, i9) help identify the performance, generation, and specific features of the processor. i7: High-end, suitable for tasks requiring more power like video editing, heavy multitasking, and gaming. i9: Top-tier, designed for professional-grade applications, heavy gaming, and content creation. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 17 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Basic Electronic Components 1. Resistors 2. Capacitors 3. Inductors 4. Diodes 5. Transistors University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 18 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Resistor Resistors: Limit the flow of electric current, essential for controlling voltage and current in circuits. Symbols University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 19 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Resistor University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 20 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Resistor University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 21 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Resistor Resistor Color Codes: University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 22 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Resistor Potentiometer University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 23 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Resistor Potentiometer Symbols University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 24 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Capacitor Capacitors: Store and release electrical energy, used for filtering, coupling, and decoupling applications. Symbols University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 25 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Capacitor University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 26 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Capacitor University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 27 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Capacitor University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 28 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Inductor Inductors: Store energy in a magnetic field when current passes through, used in filtering and tuning applications. Symbol University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 29 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Inductor University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 30 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Inductor University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 31 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Diode Diodes: Allow current to flow in one direction only, crucial for rectification and signal processing. Symbol University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 32 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Diode University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 33 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Transistors Transistors: Act as switches or amplifiers, fundamental in digital and analog circuits. Symbol University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 34 Electronics Engineering Program BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Transistors University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 35 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Introduction to Semiconductor Materials Semiconductors are materials with electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. Common examples include Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs). Semiconductors are crucial for modern electronics, forming the basis for devices like diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 36 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Covalent Bonding in Semiconductors Semiconductors like silicon have 4 valence electrons. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 37 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Covalent Bonding in Semiconductors Covalent Bonding: Silicon atoms share electrons with neighboring atoms, forming a stable crystal lattice. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 38 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Covalent Bonding in Semiconductors Crystal Lattice: This lattice structure is the key to semiconductor properties and conductivity. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 39 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Energy Levels in Semiconductors The farther an electron is from the nucleus, the higher is the energy state, and any electron that has left its parent atom has a higher energy state than any electron in the atomic structure. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 40 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Energy Levels in Semiconductors Valence Band and Conduction Band: Energy bands where electrons reside. Band Gap: The energy difference between the valence band and conduction band. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 41 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Intrinsic Semiconductors: Pure semiconductors have no free charge carriers at absolute zero. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 42 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Doping in Semiconductors Doping introduces impurities to enhance conductivity. N-Type: Adds extra electrons Donor Impurities Pentavalent: Phosphorous Arsenic Antimony University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 43 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Doping in Semiconductors N-Type: Adds extra electrons University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 44 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Doping in Semiconductors N-Type Materials Majority Carriers: Electrons Minority Carriers: Holes University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 45 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Doping in Semiconductors P-Type: Creates holes in the lattice Acceptor Impurities Trivalent: Boron Indium Gallium University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 46 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Doping in Semiconductors P-Type: Creates holes in the lattice University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 47 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Doping in Semiconductors P-Type Materials Majority Carriers: Holes Minority Carriers: Electrons University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 48 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Electron versus Hole Flow If a valence electron gains enough energy to break free from its covalent bond and move to fill a nearby hole, it will leave behind a new vacancy, or hole, where it was originally bonded. University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 49 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Majority and Minority Carriers Majority carriers are the dominant charge carriers in a semiconductor; minority carriers are present in smaller quantities University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 50 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Majority and Minority Carriers N-Type Material Majority Carrier: Electrons Minority: Holes University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 51 Electronics Engineering Program SOLID STATE FUNDAMENTALS Majority and Minority Carriers P-Type Material Majority Carrier: Holes Minority: Electrons University of Southeastern Philippines COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 52 Electronics Engineering Program