RIPH111 MIDTERM Past Paper 2022 PDF

Bachelor of Science in Nursing 2YB RIPH111: BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022 - Francis B. Harrison made a tentative move towards reform. In Coverage for Midterm:...

Bachelor of Science in Nursing 2YB RIPH111: BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022 - Francis B. Harrison made a tentative move towards reform. In Coverage for Midterm: a letter to the Director General of the Civil Service, the Treaty of Paris & Political Caricatures of the American Governor denounced "the rapacious demands of the landlords" Era he suggested passage of a bill which set rents at 12 percent of Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood assessed value of the property. Raiders of the Sulu Sea - Independent's cartoon depicts Harrison as a hero, his A Legacy of Heroes, Story of Bataan and Corregidor suggested reform was hardly heroic. The Site of the First Mass in the Philippines - "New Bird of Prey" is an allusion to the most famous libel The Cavite Mutiny and the Rebellion Case Against case in the history of Philippine journalism. In 1908 the GomBurZa nationalist weekly El Renacimiento published an editorial First Cry of Revolution titled Aves de Rapina (Birds of Prey) which attacked the Philippines commission's secretary of the interior, Dean C. TREATY OF PARIS & POLITICAL CARICATURES OF Worcester, for abusing his office to exploit the country. THE AMERICAN ERA Worcester sued for libel and, two years later, won a judgment Discussed by Prof. Danofra and Prof. Ramos of P60,000 against El Renacimiento, a colossal sum that Excerpt from Alfred McCoy and Alfredo Roces' Political forced closure of the paper and sale of its assets. Caricatures of the American Era While the Priest Lives Alone in a Big Building - Alfred McCoy J.R.W Smail Professor of History at the - Vicente Sotto, the publisher of The Independent, never missed University of Wiscondin-Madison who specializes in a chance to attack the Catholic Church. The editorial below Southeast Asia this cartoon urged the government to confiscate the large - Author of Analysis of Political cartoons in time of American priests’ residence attached to SantaCruz parish church. occupation (he is analyzing the problem of the Philippines - The people should not be made to share the painful congestion during the American era, kung ano ang mga nangyayari, of Plaza Goiti and Plaza Santa Cruz while a single priest sit ginagawa ng politics in this time together with Alfredo Roces) midst a sprawling residence. - Born June 8, 1945, Massachusetts, USA - The question of Church property was a particularly sensitive - He has written about and testified before Congress on, one for nationalists In 1906 the Philippine Supreme Court had Philippine political history, opium trafficking in the Golden ruled that the Roman Catholic Church was the legal owner of Triangle, underworld crime syndicates, and international all disputed properties, thus stripping the nationalistic political surveillance (he specialized the Philippine Political Aglipayan Church of the parish churches it had occupied right History in the Philippines) after the revolution. Following this decision, the Aglipayan - Alfredo Roces Church went into decline and nationalists remained embittered Philippine Cartoons – Political Caricatures of the American over the issue. Era 1900 – 1941 - The church originally acquired the land shown in this cartoon - Philippine political cartoons gained full expression during the during the mid-19th century from Alejandro Roces, whose American era. Filipino artists recorded national attitudes descendants became publishers of the Manila Times. While toward the coming of the Americans as well as the changing Sta. Cruz church parish still stands, the controversial parish mores and times. While the 377 cartoons compiled in this house became a branch of Phil Trust, a church owned bank. book speak for themselves, historian Alfred McCoy’s Where the Mosquito Is King, Donde El Mosquito Es Rey extensive research in Philippine and American archives - Americans made major advances in epidemic disease control provides a comprehensive background not only to the cartoons during the first decades of their rule. Through an arbitrary but to the turbulent period as well. Artist-writer Alfredo Roces, application of public health regulations, the Board of Health who designed the book, contributes an essay on Philippine brought tropical disease -- malaria, smallpox, cholera and graphic satire of the period. plague -- under control. Is the Police Force Bribe? - Informant name Pedro Chua wrote the Philippines Free Press - Francis B Harrison's "Filipinization" prrogram, the Board of alleging that senior police were accepting bribes from Chinese Health had been turned over to Filipino civil servants who did gambling houses in Binondo and Quiapo districts. not administer the public health programs with the same - Publication of Chua’s letter sparked allegations that led efficiency or arbitrary authority, with bitter irony, the eventually to "the suicide of a police chief." Philippines Free Press editorial commented: - Vicente Sotto's Independent insisted, in this editorial cartoon, - "What ho! Manila, the Pearl of the Orient, the best governed that Chua charges were accurate. Such allegations of police city in the Far East,… The new found Garden of Eden corruption in gambling law enforcement were a constant …What’s happened to this city anyway? Aforetime a theme in cartoons throughout the American period mosquito was almost as rare as the dodo …But now there are - Fernando Amorsolo, gives the illustration his usual racist edge. mosquitos everywhere. Their name is legion. Vampires they New Birds of Prey are, turning our former delectable and ambrosial nights into - After world war I housing became scarce and rents escalated. hells of torment and nightmares of unrest. What’s going to be Rising rent combined with high food prices to reduce the done about it? How long is our municipal board going to Manila working class in sudden poverty. emulate Rip Van Winkle...?” J.A.K.E 1 of 21  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022 Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” “Libertad, Igualdad, - The Loyalty of the Filipinos (below) was published on 14 Fraternidad” April 1917, only ten days after the U.S Congress declared war - Philippine Asembly – a law authorizing all legislators, active on Germany and America entered the conflict. The artist or retired, to bear firearms Fernando Amorsolo draws a wise, handsome Uncle Sam - In its mocking editorial of February 1921 the Free Press leading little Juan, loyal and smiling, on the road to war. commented: "Now, with our legislatorS and officialS able to Accurately gauging America’s mood, House speaker Sergio strut around with a gun or two guns strapped about their manly Osmeña won unprecedented political concessions by waists, they will have to be respected. Now there will be no suspending the independence campaign for the duration and question as to who is running this show, no affront to their offering the United States 25,000 troops, a destroyer and a personal dignity, no danger of being threated just like ordinary submarine. Despite the country’s poverty, Osmeña people. orchestrated a nationwide loyalty drive which netted $20 - It matters not that of late the director of Constabulary has been million in U.S. war bond sales and $500.000 in Red Cross urging greater and greater restrictions of the license to carry donations. arms… All that matters…is that the official have a chance to The Latest—Lo Ultimo show that he is somebody and must be respected. - Throughout 1933 the battle over acceptance or rejection of the The Returning Student – El Estudiante Vuelve Hare-Hawes-Cutting independence bill continued to divide - the annual March ritual of the city-wise student returning Philippine politics. After Senator Osmeña and Speaker Roxas home to his village was played out in barrios across the successfully lobbied the U.S. Congress for its passage in 1932, archipelago. Senator Quezon, fearing loss of leadership if his two rivals - Although graduation and tertiary degree often allowed a returned home heroes, led the battle for rejection. When all villager to leave the barrio for a city civil service post, while three leaders returned from Washington in June 1933, the still a student he had to return to the village for summer struggle for power began in earnest. holidays. Having survived the shock of transition from country - In July Quezon’s faction ousted Manuel Roxas as House to city, he could now return home, urbane and smartly dressed, Speaker and installed loyalist Quintin Paredes. When the to reap the reward of administration and envy. University of the Philippines’ President Rafael Palma and Arts - The Free Press description of this annual ritual in 1929 Dean Maximo Kalaw supported Osmeña and the H-H-C captures something of its flavor: “These are the days of the Quezon slashed the university budget by one third. Both returning student -- the days when he comes into his own. resigned and Quezon installed a protégé, Law Dean Jorge Behold him as he struts along Main Street of his little town or Bocobo, as president. When the Roces family’s Times barrio, the cynosure of all eyes, the observed of all observers, Vanguardia-Taliba chain came out for Osmeña and the H-H-C a king In his own right, a sort of collegiate Caesar. Bill, Quezon raised ₱300,000 among his cronies to buy out - “Is it any wonder that, under the incense of such flattery, he Vicente Madrigal’s Debate-Mabuhay-Herald chain and install feels himself a superior being, a conquering hero? Nor let us protégé Carlos P. Romulo as editor in chief. blame him. - Through ruthless reprisals against opponents, Quezon - For after all the student, like the rest of us, is human, and all of gradually broke the opposition. As in The Latest (above), the us expand in an atmosphere of homage and hero-worship. Nor Philippine Legislature, now under his control, voted to reject do student days and these joyful homecomings last for ever. the H-H-C Bill in October 1933. It could have been a fatal All too soon comes the stern battle of life with its trials and victory. For unless Quezon accomplished the near impossible sorrows and tribulations. So, carpe diem, and be joyful while and return from Washington with a better bill, he would be we may.” rejected by a people angry at being denied their independence. Brothers Under The Skin – Hermanos En El Fondo In November Quezon led a new mission to Washington and - As social conflict and socialist ideology spread in Central returned five months later with the same bill by a different Luzon during the 1930s the Free Press was forced to deal with name, just in time to crush his rivals in the June 1934 social substance instead of bucolic trivia in its provincial legislative elections. As hero of the independence battles, reportage. Quezon’s leadership for the rest of the decade was assured. - Brothers Under the Skin urges Filipinos, in the name of Rizal whose birthday was following day, to end social conflict Treaty of Peace Between the U.S.A and the Kingdom of Spain and deal with each other fairly. As the Depression worsened, (Treaty of Paris) Central Luzon peasants mounted strikes and demonstrations to - Signed in Paris, December 10, 1898] win tenancy reforms. Refusing concessions, landlords in - Whereas, a Treaty of Peace between the United States of Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija provinces responded with America and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, in the goon squad repression. name of her August Son, Don Alfonso XIII, was concluded The Loyalty of the Filipinos and signed by their respective plenipotentiaries at Paris on the - World War I sparked an outburst of pro-American loyalty tenth day of December, 1898, the original of which among Filipinos and transformed Uncle Sam’s media image. Convention being in the English and Spanish languages, is The prewar cartoons of 1907-08 showed him as a satanic word for word as follows: monster, drawn in Caucasian caricature with great nose, - The United States of America and her majesty the queen fanged teeth and crooked smile. These three cartoons from war regent of Spain, in the name of her August Son Don Alfonso and post war issues of the nationalist newspaper The XIII, desiring to end the state of war now existing between the Independent, by contrast, show him as a figure worthy of two countries, have for that purpose appointed as Filipino love and respect. Plenipotentiaries: J.A.K.E 2 of 21  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022 The President of the United States, Article V William R. Day, Cushman K. Davis, William P. Frye, - The United States will, upon the signature of the present treaty, George Gray, And Whitelaw Reid, citizens of the United send back to Spain, at its own cost, the Spanish soldiers taken States; as prisoners of war on the capture of Manila by the American And her Majesty the Queen Regent Of Spain, forces. The arms of the soldiers in question shall be restored to Don Eugenio Montero Rios, President of the Senate them. Don Buenaventura De Abarzuza, Senator of the Kingdom - Spain will, upon the exchange of the ratifications of the and ex-Minister of the Crown, present treaty, proceed to evacuate the Philippines, as well as Don Jose De Garnica, Deputy to the Cortes and Associate the island of Guam, on terms similar to those agreed upon by Justice of the Supreme Court; the Commissioners appointed to arrange for the evacuation of Porto Rico and other islands in the West Indies, under the Don Wenceslao Ramirez De Villa-Urrutia, Envoy Protocol of August 12, 1898, which is to continue in force till Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Brussels, its provisions are completely executed. and Don Rafael Cerero, General of Division; - The time within which the evacuation of the Philippine Islands - Who, having assembled in Paris, and having exchanged their and Guam shall be completed shall be fixed by the two full powers, which were found to be in due and proper form, Governments. Stands of colors, uncaptured war vessels, small have, after discussion of the matters before them, agreed upon the following articles: arms, guns of all calibres, with their carriages and accessories, Article I powder, ammunition, live stock, and materials and supplies of - Spain relinquishes all claim of sovereignty over and title to all kinds, belonging to the land and naval forces of Spain in Cuba. And as the island is, upon its evacuation by Spain, to be the Philippines and Guam, remain the property of Spain. occupied by the United States, the United States will, so long Pieces of heavy ordnance, exclusive of field artillery, in the as such as occupation shall last, assume and discharge the fortifications and coast defenses, shall remain in their obligations that may under international law result from the emplacements for the term of six months, to be reckoned from fact of its occupation, for the protection of life and property. the exchange of ratifications of the treaty; and the United Article II States may, in the mean time, purchase such materials from - Spain cedes to the United States the island of Porto Rico and Spain, if a satisfactory agreement between the two other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Governments on the subject shall be reached. Article VI Indies, and the island of Guam in the Marianas or Ladrones. Article III - Spain will, upon the signature of the present treaty, release all prisoners of war, and all persons detained or imprisoned for - Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the political offenses, in connection with the insurrections in Cuba Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying within and the Philippines and the war with the United States. the following line: - A line running from west to east along or near the twentieth parallel - Reciprocally, the United States will release all persons made of north latitude, and through the middle of the navigable channel of prisoners of war by the American forces, and will undertake to Bachi, from the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) to the one obtain the release of all Spanish prisoners in the hands of the hundred and twenty seventh (127th) degrees meridian of longitude insurgents in Cuba and the Philippines. east of Greenwich, thence along the one hundred and twenty seventh - The Government of the United States will at its own cost (127th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the parallel return to Spain and the Government of Spain will at its own of four degree and forty five minutes (4°45′) north latitude, thence cost return to the United States, Cuba, Porto Rico, and the along the parallel of four degrees and forty five minutes (4°45′) north Philippines, according to the situation of their respective latitude to its intersection with the meridian of longitude one hundred homes, prisoners released or caused to be released by them, and nineteen degrees and thirty five minutes (119°35′) east of Greenwich, thence along the meridian of longitude one hundred and respectively, under this article. nineteen degrees and thirty five minutes (119°35′) east of Greenwich Article VII to the parallel of latitude seven degrees and forty minutes (7°40′) - The United States and Spain mutually relinquish all claims for north, thence along the parallel of latitude seven degrees and forty indemnity, national and individual, of every kind, of either minutes (7°40′) north to its intersection with the one hundred and Government, or of its citizens or subjects, against the other sixteenth (116th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, Government that may have arisen since the beginning of the thence by a direct line to the intersection of the tenth (10th) degree late insurrection in Cuba and prior to the exchange of parallel of north latitude with the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) ratifications of the present treaty, including all claims for degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, and thence along the indemnity for the cost of the war. one hundred and eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the point of beginning. - The United States will adjudicate and settle the claims of its - The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million citizens against Spain relinquished in this article. dollars ($20,000,000) within three months after the exchange Article VIII of the ratifications of the present treaty. - In conformity with the provisions of Articles I, II, and III of Article IV this treaty, Spain relinquishes in Cuba, and cedes in Porto Rico - The United States will, for the term of ten years from the date and other islands in the West Indies, in the island of Guam, of the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, admit and in the Philippine Archipelago, all the buildings, wharves, Spanish ships and merchandise to the ports of the Philippine barracks, forts, structures, public highways and other Islands on the same terms as ships and merchandise of the immovable property which, in conformity with law, belong to United States. the public domain, and as such belong to the Crown of Spain. - And it is hereby declared that the relinquishment or cession, as the case may be, to which the preceding paragraph refers, cannot in any J.A.K.E 3 of 21  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022 respect impair the property or rights which by law belong to the competent authority in the territory within which such peaceful possession of property of all kinds, of provinces, judgments should be carried out. municipalities, public or private establishments, ecclesiastical or civic 2) Civil suits between private individuals which may on the bodies, or any other associations having legal capacity to acquire and date mentioned be undetermined shall be prosecuted to possess property in the aforesaid territories renounced or ceded, or of private individuals, of whatsoever nationality such individuals may judgment before the court in which they may then be be. pending or in the court that may be substituted therefor. - The aforesaid relinquishment or cession, as the case may be, includes 3) Criminal actions pending on the date mentioned before all documents exclusively referring to the sovereignty relinquished or the Supreme Court of Spain against citizens of the ceded that may exist in the archives of the Peninsula. Where any territory which by this treaty ceases to be Spanish shall document in such archives only in part relates to said sovereignty, a continue under its jurisdiction until final judgment; but, copy of such part will be furnished whenever it shall be requested. such judgment having been rendered, the execution Like rules shall be reciprocally observed in favor of Spain in respect thereof shall be committed to the competent authority of of documents in the archives of the islands above referred to. the place in which the case arose. - In the aforesaid relinquishment or cession, as the case may be, are also included such rights as the Crown of Spain and its authorities Article XIII possess in respect of the official archives and records, executive as - The rights of property secured by copyrights and patents well as judicial, in the island above referred to, which relate to said acquired by Spaniards in the Island of Cuba, and in Porto Rico, islands or the rights and property of their inhabitants. Such archives the Philippines and other ceded territories, at the time of the and records shall be carefully preserved, and private persons shall exchange of the ratifications of this treaty, shall continue to be without distinction have the right to require, in accordance with law, respected. Spanish scientific, literary and artistic works, not authenticated copies of the contracts, wills and other instruments subversive of public order in the territories in question, shall forming part of notarial protocols or files, or which may be contained continue to be admitted free of duty into such territories, for in the executive or judicial archives, be the latter in Spain or in the the period often years, to be reckoned from the date of the islands aforesaid. exchange of the ratifications of this treaty. Article IX - Spanish subjects, natives of the Peninsula, residing in the territory Article XIV over which Spain by the present treaty relinquishes or cedes her - Spain shall have the power to establish consular officers in the sovereignty, may remain in such territory or may remove therefrom, ports places of the territories, the sovereignty over which has retaining in either event all their rights of property, including the right been either relinquished or ceded by the present treaty. to sell or dispose of such property or of its proceeds; and they shall Article XV also have the right to carry on their industry, commerce and - The Government of each country will, for the term of ten years, professions, being subject in respect thereof to such laws as are accord to the merchant vessels of the other country the same applicable to other foreigners. In case they remain in the territory they treatment in respect of all port charges, including entrance and may preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain by making, clearance dues, light dues, and tonnage duties, as its accords to before a court of record, within a year from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty, a declaration of their decision to its own merchant vessels, not engaged in the coastwise trade. preserve such allegiance; in default of which declaration they shall be - This article may at any time be terminated on six months’ held to have renounced it and to have adopted the nationality of the notice given by either Government to the other. territory in which they may reside. Article XVI - The civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants of - It is understood that any obligations assumed in this treaty by the territories hereby ceded to the United States shall be the United States with respect to Cuba are limited to the time determined by the Congress. of its occupancy thereof; but it will upon the termination of Article X such occupancy, advise any Government established in the - The inhabitants of the territories over which Spain relinquishes island to assume the same obligations. or cedes her sovereignty shall be secured in the free exercise Article XVII of their religion. - The present treaty shall be ratified by the President of the Article XI United States, by and with the advice and consent of the - The Spaniards residing in the territories over which Spain by Senate thereof, and by Her Majesty the Queen Regent of this treaty cedes or relinquishes her sovereignty shall be Spain; and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington subject in matters civil as well as criminal to the jurisdiction of within six months from the date hereof, or earlier if possible. the courts of the country wherein they reside, pursuant to the ordinary laws governing the same; and they shall have the In faith whereof, we, the respective Plenipotentiaries, have right to appear before such courts, and to pursue the same signed this treaty and have hereunto affixed our seals. course as citizens of the country to which the courts belong. Done in duplicate at Paris, the tenth day of December, in the Article XII year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight. - Judicial proceedings pending at the time of the exchange of And whereas, the said Convention has been duly ratified on ratifications of this treaty in the territories over which Spain both parts, and the ratifications of the two Governments were relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty shall be determined exchanged in the City of Washington, on the eleventh day of according to the following rules: April, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-nine; 1) Judgments rendered either in civil suits between private Now, therefore, be it known that I, William McKinley, individuals, or in criminal matters, before the date President of the United States of America, have caused the mentioned, and with respect to which there is no recourse said Convention to be made public, to the end that the same or rights of review under the Spanish law, shall be and every article and clause thereof may be observed and deemed to be final, and shall be executed in due form by J.A.K.E 4 of 21  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022 fulfilled with good faith by the United States and the citizens Results of the Wood-Forbes Mission thereof. - exposed the corruption & patronage system in government In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused owned & controlled corporations the seal of the United States to be affixed. - singled the anomalous transactions in the administration of Done at the City of Washington, this eleventh day of April, in public lands and the banking the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety- - revealed malpractices that resulted to the bankruptcy of the nine, and of the Independence of the United States the one Philippine National Bank (P.N.B.). hundred and twenty-third. - When Leonard Wood retired from the U.S. Army in 1921, Signed at Paris, December 10, 1898; ratification advised by Harding appointed him as Governor General of the Philippines. the U.S. Senate, February 6, 1899; ratified by the U.S. After being sworn into office in October 1921, Filipino President, February 6, 1899; ratified by Her majesty the Queen politicians welcomed him thinking he would return to U.S. Regent of Spain, March 19, 1899; ratifications exchanged at anyway in a year to assume the presidency of University of Washington, April 11, 1899; proclaimed, Washington, April Pennsylvania. 11, 1899. - Wood stayed and remained governor general until his death in 1927. FILIPINO GRIEVANCES AGAINST GOV. WOOD Wood’s Administration Discussed by Prof. Ramos - monitored closely the activities & misconducts of local - From the time of the American arrival in the Philippines in officials 1898, Filipinos persistently demanded their independence. - vetoed numerous bills that the Philippine legislature passed Their colonial officials could not say no, because it would only - Khaki Cabinet: appointed American military men as officials derail their effort for pacification. Instead, they appointed under the executive branch Filipino politicians to key government positions hoping that by - fortified the powers and jurisdiction of the governor general doing so the Filipinos will slowly forget their desire for independence. Cabinet Crisis of 1923 - However, the appointment of Francis Burton Harrison as - July 21, 1923 governor general and the passage of the Jones Law in 1916 - Decision of Governor General Wood to reinstate Ray Conley, (Philippine Autonomy Law) changed the political landscape in chief of the vice squad of the Manila police force, who was the Philippines. removed from office after being accused of receiving bribes - Under the administration of President Woodrow Wilson, the from gambling lords Jones Law categorically expressed that America would give - The case was initiated by Mr. Almario, secretary to the Mayor, the Filipinos independence once a stable government is who presented an alleged faked telephone conversation established. No specific date was given but for Quezon and between Conley and some gamblers. other officials the written promise was already a significant - When Manila Mayor Ramon Fernandez presented the case to achievement. It was backed up further by the Retirement Act Gov. Wood, he advised the mayor file the case in court. of 1915 when attractive financial package were offered to - The court acquitted Conley, but dissatisfied, Mayor Fernandez Americans who would voluntarily give up their work in the and Justice Secretary Jose P. Laurel requested Wood to allow Philippines. This brought about the Filipinization of the them to conduct an investigation on Conley. bureaucracy. - Instead of granting the request, Wood created a board composed of other government officials. The board found Vice Governor and other positions were given to Filipinos Conley not guilty and recommended his reinstatement. Local politicians held cabinet positions and top-notch - After he was acquitted, Conley resigned and Wood accepted it. Filipino lawyers were appointed to the Supreme Court. There were 45 provinces that were put under Filipino The Document governors, and more than 800 municipalities under - Drafted by Jose Abad Santos and Jorge Bocobo Filipino mayors - Book Authored by Gregorio F. Zaite The JONES LAW - Created November 10, 1926 - This law created the first fully elected Philippine legislature - Approved by the Commission on Independence on November - Bicameral Congress: Senate & House of Representatives 17, 1926 - Gave opportunities to politicians based in the provinces to Context participate in policy-making. - From the arrival of the Americans, Filipinos continue to - Senate President: Manuel L. Quezon demand independence - House Speaker: Sergio Osmeña - Gov. General Francis Burton Harrison – Jones Law or the The defeat of the Democrats in the 1920 presidential Philippine Autonomy Law (1916) signed by Pres. Woodrow election devastated the aspiration of the Filipinos for Wilson independence. - USA started opening Government positions to Filipinos Republican President Warren Harding sent Leonard Wood - Senate President: Manuel Quezon, Speaker of the House of & William Cameron Forbes to the Philippines Representatives: Sergio Osmena - Warren G. Harding became president of USA – Wood & Wood-Forbes Mission – The mission conducted an Forbes Mission exhaustive investigation visiting 48 provinces and 449 - Concluded: Philippines is not ready for independence due to municipalities. issues of corruption and patronage system J.A.K.E 5 of 21  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022 Leonard Wood - He has used certain public funds to grant additional - a United States Army major general, physician, and public compensation to public officials. In clear violation of law. official. He served as the Chief of Staff of the United States - He has arrogated unto himself the right of exercising the Army, Military Governor of Cuba and Governor General of powers granted by law to the Emergency Board after the Philippines. abolishing said board on the ground that its powers involved - Leonard wood became Governor General on 1921 an unlawful delegation of legislative authority. Case of Ray Conley (1923) - He has unduly interfered in the administration of justice.` - Chief, Vice Squad, Manila Police He has refused to obtain the advice of the Senate in making - Receiving Money from Gambling Lords appointments where such advice is required by the Organic - Mayor Ramon Fernandez presented the case to Gen. Wood – Act. “go to court” - He has refused to submit to the Senate appointment for - Court = Acquitted vacancies occurring during the recess of the Legislature in - Justice Secretary Jose Abad Santos and Mayor Ramon contravention of the Organic Act. Fernandez asked to investigate = REJECTED - He has continued in office nominees whose appointments had - Created a Board composed of government officials picked by been rejected by the Senate. Gen. Wood = Acquitted - He has usurped legislative power by imposing conditions on - “Having a mistress and making false statements” legislative measures approved by him. - Ray Conley was reinstated as Chief of Vice Squad - He has, in the administration of affairs in Mindanao, brought - Cabinet Crisis of 1923 - the Filipino members of the cabinet, about the condition which has given rise to discord and Jose Abad Santos among them, relinquished their posts to dissension between certain groups of Christian and protest Governor-General Wood's handling of the Conley Case Mohammedan Filipinos. - He has by his policies created strained relations between “The first twenty years of civil government were marked by resident Americans and Filipinos. manual understanding and loyal cooperation between American - He has endeavored, on the pretext of getting the government and Filipinos. At the end of that period, when it seemed that the out of business, to dispose of all the companies capitalized by goal had finally been reached, after the President of the United the government worth many millions of the people’s money to States had advised the Congress that the time had come for powerful American interest. American to fulfill her sacred pledge, Major-General Leonard - He has sanctioned the campaign of insidious propaganda in the Wood was sent to the Philippines as Governor-General. Cognizant United States against the Filipino people and their aspirations. of the part taken by General Wood in the liberation of Cuba, the - He has attempted to close the Philippine National Bank so Filipino people expected that under his administration the spirit of necessary to the economic development of the country. cooperation would be maintained and that the work of political - He has adopted the practice of intervening in, and controlling emancipation would be complete. directly, to its minute details, the affairs of the Philippine Contrary, however, to our expectations, his conduct of the Government, both insular and local, in violation of self- government has been characterized by a train of usurpations and government. arbitrary acts, resulting in the curtailment of our autonomy, the - He has insistently sought the amendment of our land laws destruction of our constitutional system, and the reversal of approved by the Congress of the America’s Philippine policy.” United States, which amendment would open up the resources of our country to exploitation by predatory interests. Acts Committed by Gov. Leonard Wood - Not content with these and other arbitrary acts, the Governor- - He has refused his assent to laws which were the most General has recently promulgated Executive Order no.37, wholesome and necessary for the public good. declaring that the laws creating and defining the powers of the - He has set at naught both the legal authority and responsibility Board of Control which is authorized to vote the stocks owned for the Philippine heads of departments. by the government in certain private corporations, are absolute - He has substituted his constitutional advisers for a group of nullities. In the same order the Governor-General also military attaches without legal standing in the government and announced his purpose to exercise solely and by himself the not responsible to the people. powers and duties developing upon said board. This executive - He has reversed the policy of Filipinizing the service of the order is purported to be based on an opinion rendered by the government by appointing Americans even when Filipinos of Judge Advocate General of the United States Army and the proven capacity were available. conformatory opinion of the Acting Advocate General on - He has obstructed the carrying out of national economic November 7. Despite its fact, he has found it convenient to policies duly adopted by the Legislature, merely because they withhold the publication of his order until November 10, a few are in conflict with his personal views. hours after the Legislature had adjourned, thus depriving the - He has rendered merely perfunctory by the power of legislature of the opportunity to consider the matter. Legislature to pass the annual appropriation law by reviving items in the law of the preceding years, after vetoing the THE RAIDERS OF THE SULU SEA corresponding items of the current appropriation act, in Reported by BSN 2YB-9 Group No. 1 flagrant violation of the Organic Law. - The documentary pertaining to the “The Raiders of the Sulu - He has made appointments to position and authorized the Sea” talks about the slave raiding and commercial payment of salaries therefore after having vetoed the activities carried out by significant Muslim tribes in southern appropriations for such salaries. Mindanao, as well as the portrayal of the culture of these said J.A.K.E 6 of 21  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022 raiders, and the discussion about the events that took place in Ancient mariners who traversed the seas around the Fort Pilar in the year 1720. Philippines long before the arrival of Western colonists. - These indigenous people who are referred by historians as the The expedition unearthed a small feat of ancient Pirates of the Philippines are located in the Southern part of seaworthy vessels. The people who built these ships were the Philippine archipelago. They are focused on slave raiding, sailors with an intimate knowledge of the Seas and how to an activity which pertains to a group of seafarers who capture navigate them. individuals in different islands for them to be sold as slaves The slave Raiders inherited these maritime skills from which was the way these raiders make a living. The captives’ these early southern Filipino seafarers. hands are noted to be punctured so that a rope can enter the It helped them build a flourishing trade in the bounty of puncture wound that then functions as a primitive hand cuff. the sea by the mid1700s. This became the gruesome trade mark of these slave raiders. These ships evolved into sturdier more seaworthy craft at - Slave trafficking is difficult to accept for someone who has the scope of their commercial ventures grew. never witnessed slave raids, but it was completely acceptable at the time. There are speculations that even these Raiders - Since they are fuelled by a growing demand for slaves in the have not been the savages depicted in Media, but south, so too did the intensity and frequency of their raiding rather indigenous people protecting their way of life against expeditions. What began as small raids within the archipelago the foreign invaders. went beyond Philippine seas to the Straits of Malacca close to - Sea fairing is one of the expertise these indigenous people 2,000 kilometers away. The increase in the demand for slaves have mastered. Their maritime skills were put to use, thus fit into a situation by the Mid18th century when something creating an industry that attracted and peaked the colonizer’s very unusual, unprecedented happened in the Malacca Straits interests. The showcase of weapons particularly the kalis, region and that was the seasonal arrival of very large numbers kampilan, barong, and kris. The sizes of these indigenous of Raiders from the southern Philippines. armaments vary depending on the Muslim groups who use them. It’s a clear indication about their culture and tribe. But Muslims Crafts there is little doubt that these Raiders were skilled fighters and Garay - Built from bamboo, wood, and the nipa palm and deadly swordsmen. Since they were expert sailors, they also could carry more than 100 sailors. This single-sailed ship was built their own formidable vessels of war. They were a well- 25 meters long and six meters across and housed a powder organized force that could attack with precision and magazine and cannon at the bow. With 30 to 60 oars on each strategy that could defend their grounds during collisions. side, the garay was faster than any other seagoing vessel of its 3 Different Tribes that make up the Raiders of Sulu time - Pirates who were described by colonial powers, involved Salisipan - Small boats designed for coastal raids activities of different tribes in Mindanao as well as the Sulu Lanong - Large outrigger warships used by the Ilanun and archipelago. There were three particular groups of the Balangingi people of the Philippines. They could reach up Muslims that were identified in these colonial sources. to 30 m (98 ft) in length and had two biped shear masts which 1) The Balangingi tribe or Samal, who were the occupants doubled as boarding ladders. They were specialized for naval of the chain of islands between Basilan and Sulu islands, battles. They were prominently used for piracy and slave 2) The Illanuns, who hold great significance in the Piracy raids from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century in history of the Philippines. most of Southeast Asia. 3) The Tausug, who controlled the Sulu Sultanate in the Kalis - Sword with a mystical side south with the lineage of Tausug Sultan's and high- Barong - One the Tausug warriors use to cut off an M-14, a ranking officials dating as far back as the 15th century carbine. A single-edged leaf-shaped blade made of thick The Illanun and Samal were both long-standing tempered steel. This approximately one-meter long weapon seafaring communities. They would often join forces was used in close hand-to-hand battle to cut Spanish firearms with the Tausug tribe. down to size. Tausug tribe - are without maritime experience but Kris - Weapon of warfare and ceremony. Measuring up to 1.2 known for its fierce warriors and widespread political meters in length, was not only carried by slave raiders into power battle but also by nobles and high-ranking officials of the The retaliatory attacks conducted from Sulu and from southern sultanates. Double-edged and with either a smooth or Magindanao always carried by these contingents: wavy blade The Illanun, The Balangingi or Samal and The Kampilan - Heavy single-edged sword adorned with hair to Tausug Tribe. make it look even more intimidating. At the tip of the blade are two horns projecting from the blunt side which is used to The Seafarers’ Origin pick up the head of a decapitated body - Butuan is a small town located at the northernmost region of Raiders Armor - the welthier or noble muslims wear this Mindanao in 1977, an archaeological dig would unearth the armor to protect themselves. This heavy armor made from secrets of a distant past evidence of an ancient maritime carabao horn or steel plates was molded to fit the body and civilization that was found in a pond. held together with chainmail. It could deflect the blows from a Carbon dating of artifacts found point to a seafaring sword civilization that existed in the 4th century. J.A.K.E 7 of 21  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022 Spanish Colonizers - But this victory didn’t last long. The Spanish forces ordered - The Spanish seek to be a part of the economic operations steam ships from England which helped them retaliate from (slave raiding) in Mindanao in order to facilitate the attack they had experienced from the indigenous fighters. colonialization, expedite the spread of Christianity, as well as Three Steamships ordered from England namely, to exert control over those economic activities. Because the Maga Yanis Spanish have been unable to successfully take over Mindanao, Elcano this will be their means to seize control of the situation. Reina Castelia - The objective of the Spanish attempts to form alliances with - Raiders possess a large amount of maritime experience, which the Muslims in order to extend their colonizing authority in is why even with mere low boats, they still manage to get Mindanao was however uncovered by various tribes in the away from the attacks and pursuits of the Spanish. But with Philippines' southern region. the help of this steam ship, they manage to capture some of the raiders hence, proclaiming their victory. Zamboanga City - The technology of steam ships are the answer to the Spaniard - In the southernmost reaches of the Philippine archipelago, the in order to halt the disturbances brought on by the Muslim Spanish occupied Zamboanga City, which sits at the tip of the tribes. With this, the Spaniards returned the attack towards the southernmost Peninsula of the Philippines. Muslim tribes’ re-settlements. But to their surprise, the raiders - In 1635, Spanish soldiers founded Zamboanga on the location knew about their disadvantage and ordered their wives to kill of a local village. The shrine of Our Lady of the Pillar, Fort their children, then the men proceeded to kill the women. It Pilar, was established in the 17th century to protect Christian also part of the belief that they would rather be dead than to settlers from local Muslim pirates also known as Moros. suffer the life of being a slave. - It is strategically located along an important sea route between the northern and southern regions of the Philippines. The reason of the dispute between the Spanish Colonizers and Zamboanga’s geographical advantage was the reason why is the Tribes of Mindanao was made valuable to the Catholic Spaniards who colonized it The reason why the Muslims and the Spaniards were having in the sixteenth century. In attempt to preserve their disputes is because of the difference in culture and the interests, the Spanish colonists established forts to prevent differences in their religions as well. potential assaults on the front lines. The most noteworthy When the occurrences are taking place, the Muslims didn’t defence bastion was the Fort Pilar, a ten-meter-high fortress focus their anger on the Spaniards for participating in slave that spanned two acres. raiding, but the fact that the Spaniards are attempting to change, alter, or destroy the people’s culture by introducing Fort Pilar and the 1720 Attack Christianity and converting the Mindanao people into being - Fort Pilar was a structure designed to withstand even the Christians. destructive force of cannonballs. Every possible approach to The reason why the war happened between both parties, the the fort was defended by rows of Spanish artillery. But even Muslims are trying to stop the changes in their culture that is with their superior defenses in weaponry, the Spanish soldiers brought by the Spaniards. The Muslims also don’t want the are greatly outnumbered. Spaniards to colonize Mindanao. - One of the most celebrated attacks at Port Pilar was the 1720 The presence of the Spanish really undermined their attack of the Maguindanao King, Dalasi. He was the king of commercial interests in the region. Now you had a new power Bulig in Maguindanao. Rajah Dalasi was planning the attack in the region which was exerting its own agendas and its own on Zamboanga City together with the joint forces of the Sulu influences. What the Sultanate in the South wanted to do was Sultanate. to maintain their power and to increase it a little bit more. - The Sulu and Maguindanao Sultanate's were the two main In the power struggle that ensued both sides used their kingdoms controlling the Muslim colonies of the southern religious ideologies to further their influence. Philippines, with the king of Maguindanao Raja Dalasi at the For the Muslim Sultanate, eradicating the Christian Spanish helm. They launched a bloody attack on Fort Pilar and presence in Zamboanga was one of their top priorities attacked Zamboanga. They burned the town around the fort while cutting the line of provisions for the Spaniards. A LEGACY OF HEROES, STORY OF BATAAN AND Then war began against the soldiers inside the fort. CORREGIDOR - Rajah Dalasi’s militia armed with only an assortment of Reported by BSN 2YB-9 Group No. 2 swords, plunge aggressively into battle against the cannons - This documentary was produced by the National Defense. and firearms of the Spaniards. Even though these courageous - It tells the story of thousands and thousands of heroic young men were decimated by cannon fire, they continue relentlessly. men who bravely fought in Bataan and Corregidor to defend Wave after wave of Raiders attack until they finally reach the their motherland. It brings us to a proud moment in our history. outer wards. The Spanish soldiers resort to desperate measures When Filipinos from all walks of life, in the spirit of sacrifice to fend off the Raiders. They threw rocks and boiling water at and patriotism, fight a common enemy. Rajah Dalasi’s men as they scaled the walls of the fort. Rajah - Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor: Dalasi’s Raiders fight with vengeance; the desire to rid Felix T. Pestana – Lt. Headquarters I Corps, PA Air Corps Zamboanga of the Spanish drives them forward. They had to suppress the Spanish presence in the peninsula because the fort Emilio C. Aquino – Sgt., Ist Coast Artillery Regiment was the base operations to check on slave raiding going to the Ricardo A. Foronda – Lt. 1st Coast Artillery Regiment north and coming back. Ramon A. Alcaraz – Q-Boat Commander, OffShore Patrol J.A.K.E 8 of 21  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022 Manuel T. Yan – Lt. Ist Regular Division July 1941- Japan took over Southern French in China. The US Richard Gordon – Lt. 31st Infantry Regiment responded sharply, freezing Japanese assets and embargoing Edmundo F. Nolasco – M/Sgt. 2nd Regular Division oil to Japan. Eliseo D. Rio – Lt.. 1st Regular Division USAFFE- US Army Forces in the Far East Floro Henson – Lt. Quarter Master Service, HPA Gen. Doughlas McArthur- was placed in command of the Isabelo Castro – Lt.. 1st Regular Division USAFFE or the United States Army Forces in the Far East. Augosto R. Cosio – Pvt.. 2nd Regular Division Deserve officers and men were called on duty and last-minute Jose R. Austria – Lt.. 21st Division training commands. Lester I. Tenney – S/Sgt., 192nd Tank Battalion December 8, 1941 - Japan launches a surprise attack on the Edwin P. Ramsey – Lt. 26th Cavalry Regiment big US naval base at Pearl Harbor. Within 6 hours, the Fred Baldassare – Historian / Son of Bataan Veteran Japanese bombed Baguio and Davao without warning. The US in the Philippines had been dragged into the world war. Venicio L. Jalandoni – Lt.. 71st Division Experiences under the said war as shared by the following Karl H. Houghton – Lt.. 31st/ 51st Division defenders: Jesus T. Mendoza – Lt. 71st Medical Battalion - Emilio C. Aquino: “Immediately after the mass, we were Marcial N Moral – Lt.. 51st Infantry Division issued steel helmets and real war gear.” Juan A. Sanchez – Pvt. 21st Division - Eliseo D. Rio: “The Cadet Corps cheered because to us AL. McGrew – Cpl. 60th Coast Artillery Regiment we thought, no more academics, no more school.” Jose Abad Santos, Jr. – Lt. Junior Aide to President Thousands of volunteers, many without any military training, Quezon rush to enlist to defend their motherland. Those who are Dr. John Hardid Browe – 12th Medical Battalion, already in uniform built defensive positions on selective Philippine Division beaches where the Japanese might land. There, McArthur 1941 planned to stop the enemy. - Just before World War II became a traumatic reality in On the 1st day of the war: The Phil-American defenders our country. Young Filipinos were having the time of were at the disadvantage, most of the planes of USEFE were their lives. Back then, the Philippines was a colony by the demolished by the surprise attack on Clark. Two days after the mighty United States of America. first wave of attack, Japanese planes destroyed the US navy - Marked the end of a nostalgic period called peace time. base at Cavite. Filipino and American pilots flying outmoded After 5 years of the Philippine Commonwealth under aircraft heroically try to challenge the swift in little Japanese American tutelage, life on the island's road along peacefully airforce. with institutions, infrastructure, and industry is taking root. Captain Jesus Villamor- a Filipino pilot and the most Experiences under American tutelage as shared by the courageous whose daring exploit earned him a distinguished following people: service cross. - Felix T. Pestana: “They were the best years of my life, I With the Japanese in control of the (erency) regency, the would say.” defense of the Philippines would fall on the shoulders of - Ricardo A. Foronda: “At Arellano Highschool, the ordinary foot soldiers. Many people have no idea what war tuition fee was 4 pesos a year.” was like. - Ramon A. Alcaraz: “The government is very efficient, On December 22- the Battled tested in arm with more no graft and corruption.” efficient weapons, the Japanese landed in Apari, Vigan, and - Richard Gordon: “One of the reasons why so many Legaspi to cease airfields before arriving on Must in Linggan people wanted to be assigned to the Philippines is because Golf. it is considered good living for a soldier and remained that - Few of these landings were seriously challenged because way until the spring of 1941... But began to heat up when McArthur initially thought that they were purely we knew this was no longer a pleasure and there’s diversionary. something very serious” - After the Japanese had established beaches and began War clouds gathered as European Colonial powers and the pushing inland. USA praised the stands of the march of patriotism across their War Plan Orange - implemented by McArthur, an old territories. After the US opposed Japan's invasion of China. It defensive plan that he had previously discarded. became clear that the two military powers were on a collision - This is for the withdrawal of all USAFFE troops in Luzon course. At some point, the Japanese would consider hitting US to the Bataan Peninsula. bases around the world making the Philippines first on their - There, together with the heavily 45 islands of Corregidor, list or their startup. Despite the danger, many believe that they could deny any enemy the use of Manila and its Japan would not challenge the might of the USA, the myth of strategic harbor. American invisibility gave Filipinos a false sense of security. - USAFFE troops were simply expected to hold out until General Doughlas McArthur- the military adviser of the the reinforcements arrived. Philippines. Under his direction, the Philippines - To prevent further civilian casualties and damage to Commonwealth prepares its own dependent plan. property, Manila was declared an open city and cleared of Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)- A young man military personnel. called for training. - President Manuel Quezon and his family together with the selective members of his cabinet were evacuated to Corregidor. J.A.K.E 9 of 21  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022 - By New Year's Day 1942, all the USAFFE forces in The Second Line of Defense Luzon will enter Bataan. Confident that it will only be a - They had to hold Orion Bagac's land at all costs. If this land matter of time before reinforcements will come. were to be broken, the defense of the Bataan would collapse. How long could defenders of Bataan and Corregidor hold out? The Japanese launched attack after attack on the Orion Bagac On January 2, 1942- the Japanese occupied Manila. line, and again and again, they suffered heavy losses. In a bid General Masaharu Homma- commander of the Japanese to off land, the Filipino-American forces General Homas sent 14th army, had been given 50 days to conquer the Philippines. a battalion by boat on land behind the land. But as long as the USAFFE forces continued to hold Bataan - The USAFFE units defended their rear position ferociously, and Corregidor, he could not accomplish his mission. the Japanese attackers were annihilated. To buy time for an active defense on Bataan, the USAFFE Jose Tando- At the height of the action, a Philippine forces set up delaying lines of the main road leading to the Constabulary Captain rose to the occasion. Tando’s heroic Peninsula. The units managing these lands were tasked to stall doings came to be known as the battle of the points. the Japanese advance. They did it with heroic passion. While the second line was still being informed, Japanese Richard Gordon: “We had a Major Donovan, he found a way infiltrators managed to breakthrough. The Japanese troops to get rid of them. Hecircled the sugar cane field and set it on consolidated and became a threat to the Bataan defenders. fire. The Japanese came out there in a hurry, It was sort of a Venicio L. Jalandoni: “It was jungle warfare, where you can duck shoot at that point in time.” hear the sound of the Japanese rifle but you could not see - Major James Joseph Donovan - found a way to get rid where they came from.” of the Japanese circled the sugar cane field and set it on American tanks were deployed to crush the enemy inside fire USAFFE lines but the dense jungle made it virtually possible Despite being tired of combat in a long withdrawal. The 21st to pinpoint the Japanese position. divisions in Pora and 71st divisions in Layac supported by Igorot troops from the 11th division came to the rescue. Philippine Scouts artillery batteries slow down the enemy war Coordinated actions gradually wiped out the infiltrating machine. Japanese units, in what became known as the battle of the Sergeant Jose Calugas - Station at Layac junction, a messed pockets. surgent of the Philippines Scout sprang into action after one of Mid-February in 1942- With the Fil-Am victory in the battle his unit's guns got hit by the Japanese tanks, he ran forward on of the points and the battle of the pockets, General Homa their enemy fire and mobilized two days of Philippine Army realized his worst nightmare. And the determined Bataan their tenants. They continue to fire against the enemy. defenders were still holding their ground. Japanese troops had - For his exceptional act of heroism, he was awarded the suffered grievously. U.S congressional medal of honor, the only Filipino to - 2,275 men were killed in action, 4,049 wounded. By win this award in WWII contrast, as were in Asia the pacific the Japanese war After the long withdrawal to Bataan, the defenders now felt it machine was moving swiftly forward conquering Guam, was time to stand fast and face the enemies squarely. Hongkong, Wake Island, Malaya, and Singapore. The First Main Line - Faced with the high casualty rate and the inability to break - Defense in Bataan was stretched from Mauban ( I CORPS) to the USAFFE defense in Bataan. General Homa decided to Abucay (II CORPS). The western was defended by the first pull back and await reinforcements. There are now ensued corps, while the eastern section was guarded by the second allowed in the fighting that would last 45 days. corps. Balita sa Filipina ng Japanese Propaganda Corps - Among the 80 thousands-strong, Filipino-American forces - Unable to win with their guns, the Japanese resorted to were 60 thousand battle-hardened Japanese troops. Although propaganda to break the spirit of the Filipinos and turned outnumbered, the Japanese held the upper hand because of them against the Americans. superior arms and logistics and control over air and sea. - But the morale of the Bataan defenders remained high. General Vicente Lim- commander of the 41st division of the The defenders were motivated to fight harder when they Abucay line and the first Filipino graduate of best point. The learned the story of Erlinda. Japanese launched the main attack on the east side of the - Erlinda-, a young Filipina who had been raped and killed Abucay line. But despite the repeated attempts, they failed to by the Japanese. Remember Erlinda became the cry of break the 41st Division commanded by General Lim. defiance. Meanwhile, inside Manila Bay, a few boats of the Philippines - USAFFE headquarters tried to boost morale further patrolled. through stirring broadcasts from the voice of freedom in Ramon A. Alcaraz: “Half an hour, air-sea battle between nine corregidor. planes and two Q-boats and we hit three of them, we shut Emilio C. Aquino: “Lieutenant Norman Reyes handled the down three.” English portion and then lieutenant Francisco Isidoro, the However, the 41st divisions and the other USAFFE units Tagalog portion. Our morale was high, especially when we could not stave off Japanese bricks on the western side of the heard “A mile-long convoy is on the way”. Abucay line. Faced with the roadblock threatening to cut off Floro Henson: “The propaganda then was that President the USAFFE front lines, the Bataan defenders were forced to Roosevelt is sending a long convoy of reinforcement. So just move back. On the eastern side, the defenders withdrew salt keep on holding Bataan, keep on holding.“ war to their second and final defensive position. But there was no convoy coming, little did the Filipino- American soldiers know that the United States government had reached a decision that virtually made them sacrificial J.A.K.E 10 of 21  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022 pons. After Pearl Harbor, the U.S would force the remaining - Filipino and American forces planned temporary defense resources to help the allies win the war in Europe first before lines but were pushed back. The U.S 31st infantry making its move in the Pacific. To make matters worse, food regiment and units of the Philippine Scouts tried to mount and medicine were in short supply. a counterattack. Eventually, the frontlines collapsed. With - Lester I. Tenney: “We were eating iguana, snakes and I no further organized resistance possible and assured that must tell you that once we got back to Bataan, the the prisoners would be treated humanely. Philippine Scout did not need the horses anymore and we - General King decided to surrender the entire Bataan started to eat horses.” forces to the Japanese. - Jose R. Austria: “We ate rice porridge (lugaw) later with - On corregidor, the voice of freedom broadcast the fall of sweet potato. Later on potato vine (kangkong) with rice Bataan. porridge.” Karl H. Houghton: “50 percent casualties and General King: “Bataan has fallen.” the Philippine Army was just sitting intheir foxhole with Emilio C. Aquino: “Many of us wept when we heard that malaria. “ broadcast. But what we can do, that was our fate.” - Jesus T. Mendoza: “We have to put up a cemetery It was only after the fighting stopped that the Japanese realized nearby, we buried them by ourselves. “ that they had more than 66 thousand Filipino soldiers and over President Quezon, growing frustrated over Americans in 10 thousand American troops as prisoners of war. The action, proposed that the Philippines be immediately declared Japanese now found themselves facing an overwhelming independent and neutral. Then he would order the American logistical challenge for which they are unprepared. and Japanese armed forces out of the country. - Floro Henson: It was hell, it was summer, it was April U.S President Roosevelt disapproved and Quezon and it's so bad. sarcastically remarked “How typically American to anguish - Lester I. Tenney: They took my watch. They took my over the fate of a distant cousin (Britain). While a daughter ring. They took my wallet. They took everything I have. (Philippines) is being raped in the backroom”. Death March- The Japanese devise a plan that calls for But with the Philippines isolated, it was no longer safe to keep gathering Prisoner Of War (POWs) in the towns of Maribeles President Quezon and General McArthur in the country. and Balanga. And marching them to San Fernando Pampanga Quezon was evacuated with submarines while McArthur left from then the prisoners would board cargo trains to Capas Corregidor by boat en route to Australia. Just before leaving, Tarlac for a final walk to the O’donnell prison camp. These McArthur promised to return. 100 kilometers came to be known as the death march. McArthur: “I shall return.” - Some prisoners never even made it to death. But their fate General Jonathan Wainwright - took over the command of was no less tragic, most notable among these were over the commonwealth of the Philippines. 400 officers and men from various USAFFE units who Major General Edward King - was named commander of were forcibly assembled by the Japanese near the the Bataan forces. Pantingan River. The Filipino and American forces were nearing the breaking - The death march took the rest of the POW’s given meager point. But the stubborn defense of the Bataan and Corregidor rations deprived of water, many died on the roadside. had put the Philippines on the world map and gained - Some who fell out of line or delayed the march were recognition for the Filipino soldiers. British prime minister simply bayoneted (stabbed with bayonets) by the Japanese. Winston Churchill praised the Filipino soldiers as the best - In a show of solidarity, townspeople along the route warriors in the world and U.S President Roosevelt saluted the pinched their support by tossing food, and water to the Filipinos for upholding the most magnificent traditions of free prisoners and helping some escape. democracy. - At the San Fernando rail station, those prisoners who had At this point, however, The troops did not need a morale boost, survived the march found out that their dealing was far they needed food, ammunition, and air support, this never from over. came. By contrast, the Japanese had reinforcements on the - In some, more than 15 thousand Filipinos and Americans way and were determined to crush the defenders of Bataan. are estimated to have died or escaped during the death April 1942 - the USAFFE troops weakened by hunger and march. disease were still holding on. The fall of Bataan now left Corregidor isolated, yet to the April 3 - On a good Friday, with fresh troops, the Japanese surprise of the Japanese, the valued defenders of the rock launched their final offensive. Their first goal was to catch Mt. continued to hold out. Samat, from this central high ground the Japanese could see Jose Abad Santos - a courageous Supreme court who refused and split the USAFFE lines making isolated Fil-American to collaborate with the enemy. As we're in the archipelago, forces easy prey. other Filipinos continued to defy the Japanese as well. Jose R. Austria: “They kept on bombing, we thought that we Jose Abad Santos JR.: They cautioned me and said “do not will die.” cry Pepito, show these people that you are brave and that - The defenders were physically weakened but they put up everybody has given the opportunity to die for one’s country a fierce fight against the revitalized enemy. The Japanese son. He marched proudly with his shirt flapping, and after that, opened with the fierce artillery on both frontlines in the I went up to the house and took my prayer book and read the rear positions. Bombers attack anything that moved. prayer for the dead. And after a few minutes, I heard a volley Burning forest cover in the dry summer heat. With Mt. of shots and I knew my father was killed. Samat in their hand, the Japanese press on giving their May 5, 1942- After a month of daily bombardment, the adversary no chance to re-do. Japanese finally launched their invasion of Corregidor. J.A.K.E 11 of 21  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022 Despite the odds, the Corregidor defenders inflicted heavy about by the conditions of storage. The search for spices losses on the invaders. But with air artillery supremacy, the continued into subsequent centuries. Japanese were able to establish a beachhead. With enemy Key People tanks on the island and the hospital in Malinta Tunnel. Captain - General Ferdinand Magellan (4 February 1480 – May 6, 1942- General Wayne Wright was forced to surrender, 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer and a subject of the 27 days after Bataan's head fell. Hispanic Monarchy from 1518. He is best known for having The corregidor POW’s were marched to the streets of Manila planned and led the 1519 Spanish expedition to the East Indies on the way to Bilibid prison where they were initially confined. across the Pacific Ocean to open a maritime trade route, during Eventually, the defenders of a corregidor were taken to camp which he discovered the interoceanic passage bearing O'donnell to join their comrades from Bataan. thereafter his name and achieved the first European navigation - Emilio C. Aquino: “Life (at O’Donnell) is hopeless.” from the Atlantic to Asia. - Jose R. Austria: “Because in our barracks where we Chief/Rajah Kolambu (Limasawa) - Befriended and offered were assigned, there were about 200 in a barracks that can a basket of ginger and a bar of gold, which Ferdinand accommodate only about 100. So it was terrible. Juan A. Magellan refused to accept. Also joins the blood compact with Sanchez: “I got sick with malaria and beri-beri. And Magellan with his brother and present into to the First Mass chicken lice stock our bodies.” Rajah Siagu (Butuan) – Befriended and forged a blood - Emilio C. Aquino: “When you wake up in the morning, compact with Magellan who had claimed ownership of the it’s still dark, you can faintly see this long convoy islands in the name of King Charles. Siagu gave provisions to carrying the dead. Even after the sun sets, the line is still the ships of Magallanes thus, in gratitude, his people were long. Imagine that.” exempted from paying tribute to the King of Spain. Brother of - Dr. John Harold Browe: “The rate would be as high as Rajah Kolambu 500 per day, so obviously there were a lot of people that Pilipino Natives - who attended and witness the first mass were not able to be discovered to be dead and be in the were the first natives of the archipelago, which was not yet barracks for quite some time.” named "Philippines" until the expedition of Ruy Lopez de The fall of the Bataan and Corregidor marked the end of Villalobos in 1543 organized resistance against the Japanese. But the Gorilla Seignior - a lord, especially a feudal lord or ruler. Body is movement would continue to fight across the country. Keeping painted (tattooes). the flame of patriotism alive. These Gorillas, many of them Slave – Alipin refers to the lowest social class they often used veterans of Bataan and Corregidor would continually harass as payment, expect them to grant any order by their owner and occupation forces in all small measures. sometimes an interpreter for the king. 1944 - General Doughlas McArthur return and the allied Christian King Raja Humabon (Cebu) – Head of state forces (cebu) later baptized as Don Carlos together with his wife, Bataan and Corregidor are surrounded by historical myth for and around 400 Filipino natives were baptized into too long so many have tainted this freedom with notions of Christianity by Fr. Pedro de Valderrama. defeat. Others insist that those battles were all part of the war Father Pedro de Valderrama - was the only priest in that should not have been fought. But the fact is that thousands Magellan's crew, who was given the task of celebrating the of Filipinos, rich and poor, fought side by side against first Holy Mass on the shores of Limasawa, an island at the tip incredible odds in defense of our country. of Southern Leyte. Eliseo D. Rio: “The significance of Bataan is it demonstrated Abba - The highest-ranking deity of the ancient Tagalogs was the spirit of the Filipino as a soldier… as a fighting man.” called Bathala or Abba. Emilio C. Aquino: “Kung ikaw ay tapat sa bayan maaalala Key Dates and Events mng talaga” March 16, 1521 - arrived in Zamal (now Samar), the island This is a legacy that must not be forgotten. By their unity, was called Humunu (now Homonhon). courage, and sacrifice the Heroes of Bataan and Corregidor March 18, 1521 - Locals welcomed them giving them their passed the torch of freedom to you and me. By their example, native products such as fish, figs, coconuts and palm wine they have shown that no force is strong enough to extinguish (uruca). that flame faced with any challenge, we Filipinos have the March 22, 1521 - They notice local natives with their physical capacity to prevail. appearances wearing gold earings, gold armlets on their arms, and kerchief on their heads. THE SITE OF THE FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES March 25, 1521 - Holy Monday Reported by BSN 2YB-9 Group No. 3 - They move toward the west southwest in the middle of - Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian scholar and explorer. He four small islands namely, Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibusson, joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led by explorer and Abarien. Ferdinand Magellan under the flag of the emperor Charles V March 28, 1521 - They sight a small boat that natives call it and after Magellan's death in the Philippine Islands, the boloto. There is a large boat came near the island so called subsequent voyage around the world. balanghai. - The First Voyage around the World (1519-1522): An March 29, 1521 - Holy Friday; The Captain General make Account of Magellan's Expedition by Antonio Pigafetta. The conversations with the King to make good relations - They aim of the journey was to reach the Spice Islands, today gave the products with each other. known as the Maluku Islands. Spices were used to season meat and fish, enhancing flavors or camouflaging those brought J.A.K.E 12 of 21  READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER MIDTERM 2022 - The King’s Island in Butuan with their ornaments, earring, conversable. the captain-general took them to his ship and dishes, houses that are made of gold. showed them all his merchandise—cloves, cinnamon, - The apperance of the King with their hair is very black, pepper, ginger, nutmeg, mace, gold, and all the things in the hung shoulders, covering of silk on his head, golden ship. He had some mortars fired for them, whereat they earrings, cotton cloth all embroidered with silk; from exhibited great fear, and tried to jump out of the ship. After waist to the knees. Gold hung dagger and gold teeth. He that the natives leave very gracefully and neatly