Rifle Platoon in the Defense.pdf

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS THE BASIC SCHOOL MARINE CORPS TRAINING COMMAND CAMP BARRETT, VIRGINIA 22134-5019 RIFLE PLATOON IN THE DEFENSE B3J0440XQ STUDENT HANDOUT B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Rifle Platoon in the...

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS THE BASIC SCHOOL MARINE CORPS TRAINING COMMAND CAMP BARRETT, VIRGINIA 22134-5019 RIFLE PLATOON IN THE DEFENSE B3J0440XQ STUDENT HANDOUT B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Rifle Platoon in the Defense Introduction The Marine Corps fighting doctrine is based on rapid, flexible and opportunistic maneuver. As stated in MCDP 1, Warfighting, “Maneuver warfare is a warfighting philosophy that seeks to shatter the enemy’s cohesion through a variety of rapid, focused, and unexpected actions which create a turbulent and rapidly deteriorating situation with which the enemy cannot cope.” Capitalizing on violence and shock effect, we must aggressively hunt to identify enemy gaps, continually seeking an opportunity for decisive action. When it arrives, “…we must exploit it fully, committing every ounce of combat power we can muster and pushing ourselves to the limits of exhaustion.” (MCDP 1, pg. 4-6) Maneuver is not mutually exclusive to offensive operations. In fact, the offense and the defense cannot exist separately. The offense cannot exist indefinitely. At some point, a unit will reach their culminating point, or be ordered into the defense to facilitate decisive action elsewhere. Conversely, an effective defense must have offensive characteristics, striking when the enemy is most vulnerable. An effective unit is able to leverage the advantages of the defense, which is the more efficient form of combat, and the offense, which is the more decisive form of combat. Importance This student handout pertains equally to all Marine leaders, whether their duties entail combat service support (CSS), combat support, or combat arms. It applies tactics at the basic platoon level in the defense, which are used as building blocks for a larger unit. All Marines face tactical decisions in battle regardless of their roles. Tactical leaders must develop and hone their warfighting skills through study and practice. In this lesson This lesson will give you a framework of how to make sound tactical decisions and begin to understand the tactical decision- making process in the defense at the platoon level. The entire handout is meant to be used as one document. There is a general overview of the defense in the main chapters, and several annexes for in-depth discussion and reference. This lesson covers the following topics: 2 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Index: Topic Page Defining the Defense 9 Characteris cs of the Defense 10 Types of Defensive Opera ons 13 Defensive Methods 14 7 Steps of Engagement Area Development 18 Occupa on of the Defensive Posi on 21 Security in the Defense 22 Planning a Defensive Combat Order 23 Summary 24 Annex A: 7 steps of Engagement Area Development 25 Annex B: Addi onal Defensive Planning Considera ons 30 Annex C: Figh ng Posi on Development 32 Annex D: Priori es of Work and Time Management 34 Annex E: Example Platoon Defensive Opera on Order 35 Annex F: Step-by-step how to build a Fire Plan Sketch 38 References 42 Glossary of Terms and Acronyms 43 3 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Rifle Platoon in the Defense (Continued) Learning Objectives Terminal Learning Objectives: Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, and an order from higher to conduct defensive operations. Conduct defensive operations to defeat an enemy attack, protect the force, stabilize a situation, gain time, economize forces and resources, and/or gain the initiative for offensive operations. (MCCS-DEF-1504) Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, a mission, and an order. Lead a unit in defensive operations To accomplish the mission and meet the commander's intent. (MCCS-DEF-1503) Given subordinate unit fire plan sketches, crew-served weapons range cards, a map, and an overlay. Prepare a platoon fire plan overlay To report the unit's defensive plan to higher, coordinate with adjacent units, or facilitate a relief in place. (MCCS-DEF-1502) Given a mounted or dismounted machinegun unit and an order Employ machineguns in support of defensive operations To achieve desired effects of machinegun fires in support of the ground scheme of maneuver. (MCCS- DEF-1501) 4 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Enabling Learning Objectives: Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, a mission, and an order. Identify Subordinate unit primary, alternate, and supplementary positions to accomplish the mission and meet the commander's intent. (MCCS-DEF-1503a) Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, a mission, and an order. Establish priorities of work to accomplish the mission and meet the commander's intent. (MCCS-DEF-1503b) Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, a mission, and an order. Supervise occupation of the defense to accomplish the mission and meet the commander's intent. (MCCS-DEF1503c) Given a mission and commander’s intent, develop a mental estimate of the situation using METT-TC to accomplish the mission. (MCCS-DEF-2102k) Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, a mission, and an order. Initiate patrolling plan to accomplish the mission and meet the commander's intent. (MCCS-DEF-1503d) Given a simulated environment, a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, a mission, and an order. Register indirect fires to accomplish the mission and meet the commander's intent. (MCCS-DEF-1503e) Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, a mission, and an order. Rehearse defensive battle drills to accomplish the mission and meet the commander's intent. (MCCS-DEF-1503f) Without the aid of references, describe the purpose of a "Troop to Task Matrix" without omission. (MCCS-DEF- 1503g) Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, and an order. Develop a Troop to Task Matrix to accomplish the mission and meet the commander's intent. (MCCS-DEF-1503h) 5 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, and an order. Emplace mutually supporting subordinate positions to accomplish the mission and meet the commander's intent. (MCCS-DEF-1503i) Without the aid of references, list the seven steps of engagement area development in sequential order and IAW MCRP 3-10A.2. (MCCS-DEF-1504a) Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, and an order from higher to conduct defensive operations. Identify the enemy's most likely avenues of approach To defeat an enemy attack, protect the force, stabilize a situation, gain time, economize forces and resources, and/or gain the initiative for offensive operations. (MCCS-DEF-1504b) Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, and an order from higher to conduct defensive operations. Determine enemy scheme of maneuver To defeat an enemy attack, protect the force, stabilize a situation, gain time, economize forces and resources, and/or gain the initiative for offensive operations. (MCCS- DEF-1504c) Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, and an order from higher to conduct defensive operations. Determine where to destroy the enemy To defeat an enemy attack, protect the force, stabilize a situation, gain time, economize forces and resources, and/or gain the initiative for offensive operations. (MCCS- DEF-1504d) Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, and an order from higher to conduct defensive operations. Emplace direct fire weapon systems To defeat an enemy attack, protect the force, stabilize a situation, gain time, economize forces and resources, and/or gain the initiative for offensive operations. (MCCS- DEF-1504e) 6 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, and an order from higher to conduct defensive operations. Integrate obstacles into the defensive scheme of maneuver To defeat an enemy attack, protect the force, stabilize a situation, gain time, economize forces and resources, and/or gain the initiative for offensive operations. (MCCS-DEF-1504f) Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, and an order from higher to conduct defensive operations. Integrate indirect fires to support the defensive scheme of maneuver To defeat an enemy attack, protect the force, stabilize a situation, gain time, economize forces and resources, and/or gain the initiative for offensive operations. MCCS-DEF-1504g MCCS-DEF-1504h Given a unit, an assigned area or sector from which to defend, and an order from higher to conduct defensive operations. Write a defensive scheme of maneuver To defeat an enemy attack, protect the force, stabilize a situation, gain time, economize forces and resources, and/or gain the initiative for offensive operations. 7 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Defining the Defense Purpose: According to MCDP 1-0, a defense is “A coordinated effort to defeat an attack by an opposing force and prevent it from achieving its objectives.” Additionally, defensive operations can force the enemy to reach his culminating point without meeting his objectives, allowing friendly forces to gain and maintain the initiative. At the rifle platoon level, the “coordination of effort” is the responsibility of the platoon commander. Defensive operations may also be conducted to: - Set conditions favorable to offensive or stability actions. - Protect the force. - Deny the enemy key terrain. - Gain time. - Economize forces. - Facilitate other operations. - Preoccupy the enemy in one area while friendly forces attack from another. - Destroy enemy forces. Defenses can be either hasty or deliberate. These terms refer to preparations and are not types of defense. A.) Hasty Defense: A defense normally organized while in contact with the enemy or when contact is imminent and time available to organize is limited. Reconnaissance of the defensive area must be curtailed and the defense assumed either directly from the current positions of units or a nearby advantageous position. A hasty defense is improved continuously as the situation permits and may eventually become a deliberate Defense. B.) Deliberate Defense: A deliberate defense is a defense normally organized when out of contact with the enemy or when contact with the enemy is not imminent and time for organization is available. A deliberate defense normally includes fortifications, strongpoints, extensive use of obstacles, and fully integrated fires. The platoon commander normally is free to make a detailed reconnaissance of the area to be defended, select the terrain on which to defend, and decide the best tactical deployment of forces. The instruction at The Basic School will focus more heavily on the deliberate defense. Regardless of whether the defense is hasty or deliberate, it is incumbent upon the defender to utilize all the assets at his/her disposal to make all the necessary preparations to allow for a successful defense. This means that the defender needs to understand that the defense is a logistically heavy operation which may require them to bring tools, obstacles, etc. into the fight. Further, this means that the defender has to take the time available to ensure that all assets are working together towards a coordinated, integrated and synchronized defense. 8 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Characteristics of the Defense The platoon commander must consider the characteristics of the defense when planning, preparing, and conducting defensive operations. The ten characteristics described below should not be used as a checklist nor should they be thought of as hard and fast rules to be adhered to without exception. Rather, these concepts should help guide the commander’s thinking and tactical planning process prior to engagement with the enemy with the platoon commander understanding that he/she may need to sacrifice one fundamental in order to maximize or enhance the utility of another. Maneuver: Maneuver is as important in the defense as it is in the offense, and offensive action in the defense is a means of gaining the advantage. While fighting from well-prepared positions is an essential part of the defense, the defender must not lose the ability to maneuver. Platoon commanders can maneuver in depth throughout the battlespace through the use of patrols, ambushes and spoiling attacks. These operations are coordinated with the company and are conducted to gain information, disrupt enemy preparations, and shape the battlespace. Preparation: One of the inherent advantages of the defense is the defender’s ability to choose advantageous terrain, to understand and improve the ground, and to use the available time to organize a defense, developing mutually supporting, camouflaged, and fortified positions. As soon as a unit arrives in a potential defensive position, defensive preparations start. After local security is established, small unit leaders reconnoiter and select favorable terrain based on METT-T (specifically including the enemy’s most likely COA), and the commander selects the engagement areas and organizes the defense, assigning positions and sectors of fire. Once positions are selected, key weapons systems are emplaced and units occupy their fighting positions and begin to dig them in and camouflage them. As time and materials allow, the unit or supporting engineers emplace obstacles covered by direct and indirect fires to channelize or fix the enemy. Preparations begin with the tactical planning process and combat order, and they continue throughout the conduct of the defense. 9 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Mass and Concentration: The defender cannot defend everywhere in strength, and the successful defender concentrates combat power at a decisive time and place. Some portions may rely more heavily on fires and obstacles rather than manpower. The successful defender must determine where and when they believes the critical battle will take place and they must ensure that they are superior to the enemy at that time and place. The platoon commander designates the main effort based on the anticipation of the enemy’s main effort. Since the platoon commander cannot determine the exact enemy course of action, they must be prepared to shift the main effort. The platoon commander masses fires and concentrates combat power repeatedly to wrest the initiative from the attacking enemy. Flexibility: Flexibility is a result of preparation and effective command and control. A platoon commander gains flexibility in the defense by conducting detailed and thorough planning which leads to the development of contingency plans; the progressive development of primary, alternate, and supplementary positions; and plans and rehearsals for counterattack and pre-planned fires. In order to achieve flexibility, the platoon commander must receive detailed, accurate, and effective reporting from patrols and LP/Ops in order to determine when to adjust the plan based on enemy actions. Use of Terrain: Platoon commanders exploit every aspect of terrain and weather by placing squads, LP/Ops, and key weapons in covered and concealed positions which offer good observation and fields of fire against likely enemy avenues of approach. When possible, the platoon commander should select terrain that has good defensive qualities but is not conspicuous. Mutual Support: A platoon commander ensures mutual support by positioning their squads and attached weapons where they can support each other and tie into adjacent units with interlocking sectors of fire. In the defense we seek to achieve mutual support by ensuring no attacker can assault any of our positions without coming under fires of another position. To neutralize mutually supporting positions, an attacker must disperse fire away from his main objective, thus weakening their overall attack. The following should be identified by the platoon commander to ensure mutual support: - Sectors of fire and lateral limits - Location of fighting positions - The location, sector of observation, and withdraw route of LP/OPs - The location of passage points for patrols and other units forward of the defensive position In situations where gaps exist between units, the platoon commander reconnoiters the gaps and coordinates with adjacent units to cover them through sensors, LP/OPs, patrolling efforts, and coordinated fires. If the gap poses a threat, supplementary positions may be assigned and prepared as time permits to cover the gap. 10 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Defense in Depth: A shallow defense is vulnerable to a concentrated, surprise enemy attack and is essentially fighting in the blind. Defense in depth is achieved by: - Aggressively patrolling and establishing LP/OPs forward of the main defensive position. - Employing sensors or UAS to provide indications and warning. - Engaging the enemy forward of the engagement area - Forcing the enemy into the engagement area through the use of long-range direct and indirect fire, or by harassing attacks from a patrol. - Movement between primary and alternate positions, adding depth to the defense. - Disrupting the enemy’s formation using obstacles and fire support. Surprise: The attacker generally possesses the initiative and chooses the time and place of the assault. However, the defender may achieve tactical surprise by denying the enemy effective intelligence on the location and composition of the friendly defense. Patrolling efforts forward of the defensive position, deception, and camouflage/ concealment make it difficult for the enemy to determine the location and disposition of our defensive position. Patrols, LP/OPs, and the employment of sensors prevent the enemy from approaching undetected. Deception; individual discipline regarding camouflage and noise and light discipline protect the force by misleading the enemy as to the true location of the defense. Likewise, occupying primary positions during daylight hours and shifting to alternate positions during periods of reduced visibility may surprise the enemy. Knowledge of the Enemy: A defender’s options are dictated in large part by what the attacker does. Therefore, thorough knowledge of the enemy’s capabilities, operational concepts, and habits is essential to a successful defense. A thorough tactical planning process, specifically enemy analysis, will provided valuable information on enemy assembly areas, assault positions, routes, firing positions for supporting arms units, axes of advance, and the area most advantageous for the enemy’s main effort. When the defender can accurately anticipate the enemy’s actions, he can trap the attacker within the defense and establish conditions for resumption of offensive operations. Local Security: Local security consists of security elements and activities established and conducted in the proximity of a unit to prevent it from being surprised and to mitigate the enemy actions. Platoon commanders provide security to their forces by maintaining a defensive posture, establishing LP/OPs along likely enemy avenues of approach, and patrolling in front of friendly positions. 11 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Types of Defensive Operations Types of Defensive Operations. There are three broad types of defensive operations which can be accomplished using several different methods. The three types are mobile, area, and retrograde. The three types weight the defensive characteristics differently to accomplish their mission. 1.) Mobile Defense: The mobile defense destroys an attacking enemy through maneuver and offensive action. The commander retains the majority of available combat power in a reserve as the main effort to affect a counterattack. The commander commits the minimum possible combat power to the security and main battle area forces to shape the enemy’s advance and set conditions for the counterattack. The mobile defense is often employed when the units have areas of operation that are too large to defend with a traditional area defense. (MCRP 3-10A.3) 2.) Area Defense: The area defense distributes the bulk of the defending force on terrain where the decisive battle is to be fought. Principal reliance is placed on the ability of the forces in the defended localities to maintain their positions and to control the terrain between them. The conduct of an area defense facilities the consolidation and reconstitution of forces necessary to transition to offensive or stability activities. (MCRP 3-10A.3) While at The Basic School, the lessons and field exercises will primarily be concerned with the Area Defense. 3.) Retrograde: Retrograde involves organized movement away from the enemy. A transitional operation, the retrograde defense occurs within a larger scheme designed to regain the initiative from the enemy. Three specific defensive methods; delay, withdrawal, and retirement, are associated with the retrograde. Mobile Defense Area Defense 12 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Defensive Methods Through a thorough estimate of the situation and tactical analysis, the commander will determine the most effective means of establishing a position defense. The following are several defensive methods the commander has at his/her disposal. Regardless of how the commander ultimately decides to defend, the ten characteristics of the defense should be used as a guide to defeat the enemy and accomplish the mission. 1.) Battle Position Defense: A battle position is a defense position oriented on the most likely enemy avenue of approach from which a unit may defend or attack. It can be used to deny or delay the enemy the use of certain terrain or an avenue of approach. Battle position defenses are often designed to be execute as combined arms ambushes, focusing fires on units advancing in the engagement areas. Commanders employ this defensive method when their scheme of maneuver requires the force, or a portion of the force, to orient relative to terrain. The size of a battle position can vary with the size of the unit assigned. While at The Basic School, the lessons and field exercises will primarily be concerned with the battle position defense. An example of a battle position depicting the CP, 3 unit battle position, sectors of fire, supplementary positions and the engagement area 13 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense 2.) Strong Point Defense: A strong point is a defensive method employed by commanders whose mission requires the retention of terrain indefinitely, and when it is possible, that the defending forces may be isolated for periods of time by enemy action. The primary characteristic of an effective strong point is that it cannot be easily overrun or bypassed. It is designed to deny the enemy certain terrain and the use of an avenue of approach. It differs from a battle position in that it is designed to be occupied for an extended period of time. A strong point requires all-around defense and should have sufficient supplies and ammunition to continue to fight even if surrounded or cut off from resupply. A strongpoint will typically contain significant combat service support assets from the higher units level. A Company strongpoint, note the outwardly extending lines indicated it is not a normal battle position graphic. 3.) Linear Defense: A linear defense method allows interlocking and overlapping observations and fields of fire across the units front. Linear defenses are generally oriented along a linear terrain feature, such as a river line or a ridge. They are typically associated with the area defensive method. The unit relies on fighting from well-prepared, mutually supporting positions. The main concerns when fighting from a linear defense is the lack of flexibility. When the enemy has a mobility advantage, a linear defense entails accepting extreme risk. Obstacles, indirect fires, and contingency plans are critical to this method of defense. An example of a company linear defense 14 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense 4.) Perimeter Defense: A perimeter defense is oriented in all directions and can be a tool applied to all manner of military operations, from ORP’s and assembly areas to the strong point method. A unit can use this defensive method to accomplish a specific mission, such as defend friendly infrastructure, or to provide immediate self- protection, such as during resupply operations when all-around security is required. The commander establishes a perimeter defense when the unit must hold critical terrain, or when it must defend itself in areas where the defense is not tied in with adjacent units. Within a perimeter defense, a subordinate unit may utilize another defensive technique as part of the larger unit’s perimeter defense. The graphic below illustrates how a platoon perimeter defense can be comprised of three squad sized battle positions. Three squad battle positions in a perimeter defense 5.) Reverse-Slope Defense: A reverse slope is any slope which descends away from the enemy. A reverse slope defense is organized so that the main defensive positions are masked from enemy observation and direct fire by a topographical crest. A reverse slope aids the defender in bringing massed surprised fires to bear against an attacking enemy and may be particularly useful if the enemy possesses weapons with greater range and/or accuracy than the defender. While the crest is not occupied in strength, control of the crest by fire and employment of obstacles is key to success. When utilizing a reverse slope, the defender will typically utilize the battle position technique, with the preponderance of fires oriented towards the likely enemy avenue of approach (i.e., up the ascending slope). Example of a reverse slope defense. 15 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense 6.) Sector Defense: Commanders employ the sector defense when they wish to provide subordinate commanders maximum latitude to accomplish assigned tasks. For instance, a company commander will typically order a platoon to defend a sector when flexibility is desired and when retention of specific terrain features is not necessary, or when the unit cannot concentrate fires because of an extended frontage, intervening or cross-compartmented terrain features, or multiple avenues of approach. The platoon assigned a sector defensive mission will be tasked to prevent a specific amount of enemy forces from penetrating the AO. Example of a sector defense. Combination of Defensive Methods: Marines conducting defensive operations may employ a mixture of defensive types and methods based on METT-T considerations. 16 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense 7 Steps of Engagement Area Development Regardless of the defensive method selected, the engagement area is the location where the platoon commander intends to destroy an enemy force using the massed fires of all available weapons and supporting assets. (MCRP 3-10A.3) Successful destruction of the enemy within the platoon’s engagement area is dependent on the platoon’s ability to detect the enemy and integrate direct fires, indirect fires and obstacles. The development of engagement areas is a complex and detailed process that requires an understanding of the enemy, concurrent and parallel planning, and detailed coordination and integration between all organic, supporting, and adjacent units. 1.) Identify all likely enemy avenues of approach. Beginning with a METT-T analysis and map reconnaissance, the platoon commander determines likely enemy avenues of approach and tentative defensive positions for the unit. To accomplish this, the platoon commander puts themselves in the role of the enemy and thinks through their scheme of maneuver based on what is known about the enemy’s mission, composition and disposition. These assumptions are then confirmed during a leader’s reconnaissance. The platoon commander should conduct leader’s reconnaissance from the enemy’s perspective if possible, walking each of the likely avenues of approach. 2.) Identify the enemy most likely scheme of maneuver. The platoon commander deduces the enemy’s most likely course of action based on the understanding of the enemy’s tactics and past performances. The platoon commander determines the enemy scheme of maneuver in as much detail as possible, to include but not limited to: - Where the enemy will conduct their leaders reconnaissance - The enemy’s direction of attack and formations - How, when, or if the enemy will employ indirect fires - How and where the enemy would employ a support by fire position - Where the enemy would establish an assault position - What conditions must be set for the enemy to complete their mission 3.) Determine where to kill the enemy. After determining the enemy’s most likely COA, platoon commanders determine their defensive scheme of maneuver. The commanders focus should be on a location where the platoon has the greatest ability to mass effects on the enemy. 17 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense 4.) Emplace direct fire weapon systems. After determining where to destroy the enemy, platoon commanders and subordinate leaders position weapon systems to create the effects needed while maximizing weapon strengths and minimizing or mitigating weakness. During the leaders reconnaissance, the platoon commander selects positions for key weapons, then squads. All positions are tentative until line of sigh is confirmed from the position. To position weapons effectively, leaders must consider the characteristics, capabilities, and limitations of friendly weapons; the effects of terrain; and the tactics and composition of the enemy. The platoon commander should consider the following when emplacing direct fire weapons: - Identify and mark trigger lines that control engagement. - Identify and mark target reference points (TRPs) that allow the unit to concentrate or distribute fires effectively. - Select or recommend crew-served weapon positions. - Assign final protective line (FPL) or principal direction of fire (PDF) to crew served weapons. - Identify and cover dead space with (grenade launders, indirect fires, remote sensors and or pyrotechnics such as trip flares) - Select and mark supplementary and alternate positions. After fields of fire, cover and concealment of positions has the next priority. 5.) Plan and integrate obstacles. Platoon commanders identify and exploit existing obstacles in the engagement area, both natural (i.e. a creek or deadfall) and constructed (i.e. chain link fences or ditches). Obstacles must be covered by observation and fires to have a tactical effect. Minor obstacles, such as trip wire, may only cause the enemy to pause for a few seconds but can have tactical importance if they are covered by fire effectively. Platoons may build protective obstacles to protect their positions or tactical obstacles to increase the effectiveness of direct and indirect fires. Protective Obstacles. Protective obstacles are employed close to friendly fighting positions, but beyond hand grenade range. Platoons may employ command detonated claymores to augment their close fires and deny the enemy dead space. Trip flares can serve to provide early warning. Tactical Obstacles. Tactical obstacles are employed in the engagement area to disrupt, delay, fix, turn or block enemy movement. Tactical obstacles may be built by the unit themselves if materials (i.e. concertina wire, engineer stakes, etc.) are available or they can be built by supporting engineer units. While supporting engineer units may construct tactical obstacles, the responsibility for locating the obstacles and covering them by fire remains with the supported unit. 18 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense 6.) Plan and integrate indirect fires. The platoon commander must be prepared to plan and integrate fires from supporting units. While at The Basic School, we will focus primarily on three types of defensive fires: long range, close-in and final protective fires. Each requires proper planning considerations such as a redundant observation plan the proximity of friendly forces and minimum safe distances relative to targets. Long range fires. Long range fires are used outside of the unit’s engagement area. They can be observed by LP/OPs forward of friendly lines and are useful for softening enemy forces or turning them off their intended course and into the engagement area. Close in fires. Close in fires are utilized within the unit’s engagement area and are typically observed by someone within the defensive position (i.e. the platoon commander or platoon sergeant). These fires can be used in conjunction with direct fires and obstacles to mass fire power within the engagement area and are most effective when tied to a trigger line in the friendly scheme of maneuver. Final protective fires. Final protective fires (FPF) are a last-ditch effort from the defense to prevent the enemy from overrunning their positions. These fires are incorporated with the obstacle plan and the machinegun final protective line. When the FPF is called, the firing agency will cease all other fire support tasks and begin firing every remaining round of ammunition beginning with the most lethal to least lethal. Due to the close proximity to friendly units, the FPF must be registered with the firing agency. See (JFIRE) for more details on defensive fires. Final Protec ve Fires Indirect Target Dimensions Weapon Unit Width (ECR) Length of FPF (# of tubes X ECR) 60mm Mortar Sec on 30 meters 95 meters 81mm Mortar Sec on 35 meters 140 meters 81mm Mortar Platoon 35 meters 280 meters 155mm Howitzer Ba ery 50 meters 300 meters 7.) Conduct EA rehearsals. The purpose of conducting an engagement area rehearsal is to ensure that every subordinate leader and Marines understand the plan and is prepared to cover their assigned areas. Both day and night rehearsals should be conducted. Platoon rehearsals should include, but are not limited to; - Use of fire commands, trigger lines, TRPs to initiate direct and indirect fires. - Shifting, concentrating, and ceasing fires. - Displacement from primary to supplementary and alternate positions. - Disengagement criteria. - The communications and signal plan. - Casualty evacuation procedures. 19 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Occupation of the Defensive Position The platoon occupies defensive positions in accordance with the commander’s plan based on the results of the platoon’s reconnaissance. Each squad should move or be led in by a guide to its position. The three methods of occupying a defensive position are the same as if occupying an ambush site; Crows Foot, Bent L and combination method. Crows Foot Occupation Bent L Occupation Combination Occupation Combination Occupation Immediately following occupation, the platoon remains at 100% security or “stand-to” to ensure local security during this vulnerable phase. Stand-to refers to the platoon’s security posture of 100%, with every Marine in full PPE and actively looking and listening for any enemy in the immediate area. Once the platoon commander determines the platoon has not been followed and the chance of enemy attack is not imminent, they may then issue the command to reduce security and have subordinate leaders turn to priorities of work. (see annex D for more on priorities of work) 20 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Security in the Defense Security in the defense includes all active and passive measures taken to avoid detection by the enemy, deceive the enemy, and deny enemy reconnaissance elements accurate information on friendly positions. Passive measures include enforcing standards relating to field craft. Active measures available to platoon commanders are LP/OPs and patrols. Stand-to. As previously mentioned, stand-to refers to 100% security posture within the defensive position. Every Marine is alerted of stand-to and dawns full PPE while actively looking and listening for potential enemy in the engagement area. Stand-to is the most active measure of security the platoon can take from within the defensive position and should be conducted at key vulnerable moments such as: - Sunrise and sunset, the most likely moments for enemy attack. - Upon occupation of the defensive position. - When friendly units are entering and exiting friendly lines. Listening Posts/ Observation Posts. LP/OPs are typically the platoon’s first echelon of security in the defense, providing early warning of impending enemy contact. The platoon commander establishes LP/OPs on the most likely enemy avenues of approach and ensures that the LP/OP has communications with the platoon. Commanders then submits the LP/OPs locations to the Company commander to establish no-fire areas around each one. LP/OPs may also be used as forward observers for long-range fires outside of the engagement area. Leaders should also remember to plan for the LP/OPs ingress and egress routes in the case of being compromised by the enemy as well as plan for their reentry back into the defensive position. Patrols. Marines actively patrol in the defense. Patrols enhance a unit’s security by adding depth to the security effort. Patrols may be tasked with local security around the defensive position, reconnaissance of potential enemy patrol base sites,.or as contact patrols sent forward of friendly lines to ambush or harass the enemy. These efforts help the platoon commander gain intelligence of the enemy’s position and shape the battlespace. Leaders must ensure patrols have constant communication with the platoon in order to track their movement in the battlespace as well as to notify the defensive position when patrols are entering and exiting friendly lines to prevent fratricide. (see B2H0407XQ-DM student handout for more on patrolling) Rearward Passage of Lines. When security forces are operating forward of the platoon’s position, all hands must be aware of it. When the security force is going to pass back through friendly lines, there must be detailed planning to include, passage point control measures, guides, or liaisons. This planning should be reflected in the platoon’s order and all hands must understand the plan. 21 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Planning a Defensive Combat Order Once the platoon commander has completed their plan, they issue their orders to their subordinates. The scheme of maneuver for a defensive order is issued in the TDOOTS format: (See Annex E for a full example of a defensive combat order) - T: Type & Method of defense (Area defense using Battle Position) - D: Distribution of forces (Main effort, SE1, SE2, SE3, etc.) - O: Orientation (Cardinal direction, South) - O: Occupation method (Crows foot, bent L, etc.) - T: Tactical Control Measures (TCMs) this includes every TCM to get the platoon from the Assembly Area to the defense and every TCM within the defense (TRPs, Trigger lines, etc.) - S: Security plan (Security postures such as stand-to, LP/OPs, patrolling efforts, etc.) Specific Tactical Control Measures that apply to the defense and are essential in establishing decentralized command and mass and concentration of fire power in the engagement area are Trigger Lines and Target Reference Points. Trigger Lines. Trigger lines are phase lines used in the defense used to initiate a preplanned event. Often used to initiate and mass fires into an EA. A trigger line could indicate the requirement to engage certain types of enemy systems such as CSWs or command and control nodes. Trigger Lines are most effective when tied to clear, identifiable terrain. Target Reference Points (TRPs). Target reference points are an easily recognizable point on the ground used for identifying enemy targets withing the EA or controlling fires. TRPs must be easily identifiable regardless of visibility or light conditions. TRPs may be used to concentrate fires of direct or indirect fires. Other significant planning factors the platoon commander must consider in preparing for a defensive operation would be target precedence, engagement criteria. These should be included for each weapon system for each trigger line. Target precedence. Target precedence is the ideal targets the platoon commander wishes to engage the enemy. Think “What” to shoot. Example: “At trigger line red, target precedence for M16s is enemy CSWs, C2 nodes, troop concentrations, then individual units” Engagement Criteria. Engagement criteria is the ideal time the platoon commander wishes to engage the enemy. Think “When” to shoot. Example: “At trigger line red, M16s will engage at the sustained rate” 22 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Summary This class has covered the doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures of platoon level defensive operations. Platoon commanders must always remember that the offense and defense must co-exist. A good leader is able to transition seamlessly between the two. While the defense is labor and resource intensive, the platoon commander must remember the overall goal of defensive operations: An integrated and synchronized plan in which the effects of all resources are maximized in the engagement area to defeat an enemy attack. The first part of the student handout covered the defense in broad detail. The Annexes that are associated with this student handout are vital to the success of the platoon commander as they provide greater detail and concrete examples of the topics discussed. This handout is designed to be used in concert with the annexes. 23 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Annex A: Engagement Area Development The engagement area (EA) is the location where the platoon commander intends to destroy an enemy force using the massed fires of all available weapons and supporting assets. The location of the engagement area is based on a detailed and thorough estimate of the situation and leaders’ reconnaissance by the platoon commander. The EA facilitates focus, mass and concentration, as well as mutual support. The success of the engagement with the enemy depends on how effectively the platoon commander can integrate and synchronize the obstacle plan, indirect fire plan, and direct fire plan with one another and the terrain in the engagement area to achieve the platoon’s purpose. The following steps can be used for developing an EA: 1.) Identify all likely enemy avenues of approach: Beginning with the initial estimate of the situation, the platoon commander conducts terrain analysis during the map reconnaissance then seeks to confirm or deny their assumptions during a physical leader’s reconnaissance. Applying any knowledge of the enemy and assumptions of what their mission is, the platoon commander identifies each route the enemy may take to achieve their mission. Then they must identify key aspects of terrain which can be utilized by the enemy to gain a position of advantage. During this step, the platoon commander identifies the potential enemy avenues of approach without choosing a specific one. 24 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense 2.) Determine likely enemy scheme of maneuver: Once all the possible avenues of approach have been identified, the platoon commander narrows it down to the most probable based on their METT-T and enemy analysis. From there the platoon commander builds a scheme of maneuver from the perspective of the enemy, taking into consideration the enemy’s TTP’s, equipment, order of battle and weapons capabilities. The final element of this step is developing the enemy’s most like course of action (EMLCOA), i.e. what the enemy WILL do. Looking at the following questions may assist during this portion of developing an EA: - Determine the enemy’s form of maneuver. How does the enemy plan to use terrain to his advantage? - How will the enemy use his reconnaissance elements? - How will the enemy attempt to infiltrate the AO? - How will the enemy use indirect fires to support their maneuver? - Where would the enemy look to establish a support by fire position? - How will the enemy negotiate our obstacle plan? - How will the enemy react to our scheme of maneuver? 25 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense 3.) Determine where to kill the enemy: The EA’s location can be determined once the EMLCOA is developed (see above step). The platoon commander seeks to visualize the enemy’s approach and engagement, allowing him/her to select the location which allows for the most advantageous use of terrain by the platoon and the capabilities of each of the squads. 4.) Emplace direct fire weapon systems: After determining where to destroy the enemy, platoon commanders and subordinate leaders position weapon systems to create the effects needed while maximizing weapon strengths. During the leader’s reconnaissance, the platoon commander selects positions for key weapons, then squads. Once key weapon positions have been identified, the platoon commander can begin to identify control measures which will assist in executing the direct fire plan. Identifying sectors of fire, target reference points (TRPs), and trigger lines can facilitate control and distribution of fires in the defense. 26 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense 5.) Plan and integrate obstacles: While the installation of tactical obstacles may be assigned to an engineer unit, responsibility for locating the obstacles and covering them by fire remains with the supported unit. Platoon commanders may include these in the orders brief or brief them separately when the report on the obstacles’ intent and how they support the defensive scheme of maneuver. During obstacle emplacement, it is critical that the physical location of obstacles support the desired tactical effect and can be covered by fire. 27 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense 6.) Plan and integrate indirect fires: Indirect fires must be fully integrated and synchronized with the direct fire plan and obstacle plan. Any type of defensive fires are most effective when tied to trigger lines. The platoon commander must develop the purpose for their fire support plan as well as: - Determine the location of preplanned targets that will best support the intent of the engagement area. - Determine the location of the observer for each target, ensuring they can effectively communicate with the firing agency. - Plan and register the FPF, integrated with proactive obstacles and machine gun FPL. 7.) Conduct EA rehearsals: Rehearsals can be conducted in several ways to ensure every Marines understanding of the defensive scheme of maneuver. Some methods include; ROC walks, radio rehearsals, engagement area walkthroughs, etc. Both day and night rehearsals should cover, but are not limited to: - Occupation of the defense - Rearward passage of lines / re-entering friendly lines - Shifting, concentrating, and ceasing fires at each trigger line and TRP - Displacement and disengagement criteria - Casualty evacuation procedures - Least engaged unit criteria and brevity codes 28 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Annex B: Additional Defensive Planning Consideration Types of fighting positions: Primary Positions. The primary position is identified by the platoon commander through their METT-T and enemy analysis as the best available position for an individual or crew served weapon to accomplish the assigned mission in the engagement area. Primary positions are represented in blue in the image below. Alternate Positions. Alternate positions are located so that individuals and crew-served weapons can continue to accomplish the assigned mission within the engagement area when the primary positions become untenable or unsuited to fight from. These positions are typically located behind the primary positions utilizing the same engagement area, TRPs, trigger lines etc. Alternate positions are represented in red in the image below. Supplementary Positions. Supplementary positions are prepared to guard against attack from directions other than those from which the main attack is expected, such as the flanks. A supplementary position is a secondary position and does not cover the same engagement area as the primary and alternate positions. Supplementary positions should be identified based off the alternate enemy COA’s that may be “unexpected.” Supplementary positions are represented in green in the image below. 29 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Least Engaged Unit: Company level and above units often utilize a reserve unit while in the defense. At the platoon level, the least engaged unit allows the platoon commander to incorporate offensive action in the scheme of maneuver once the enemy has committed their force in the engagement area. The least engaged unit is the unit which is under minimal enemy influence when the engagement begins based on their placement in the platoon’s position. The least engaged unit can move to supplementary positions to protect the platoons flank or conduct a counterattack based on the commanders plan. While the platoon commander can plan for the employment of the least engaged unit, it cannot be tasked to a specific unit in the platoon operation order. The enemy determines which element is the least engaged unit in the defense. During the planning phase, the commander must develop an employment plan for the least engaged unit and ensure that all squads know their respective responsibilities should they be designated as the least engaged unit. Leader’s Reconnaissance: As in any operation, the leader’s reconnaissance is an essential part of the scheme of maneuver. The platoon commander conducts leader’s reconnaissance to validate (confirm or deny) the assumptions they made about the enemy and terrain during their estimate of the situation, as well as to put the measures in place to facilitate a smooth occupation. The platoon commander develops a prioritized list of tasks to complete on the leaders reconnaissance the provides focus for and assists in maximizing the recon’s efficiency. The number one priority for a defensive leader’s reconnaissance is to identify/confirm the engagement area. All other aspects of the defense will be based on the specific selection of an engagement area. Before stepping on the reconnaissance patrol, the platoon commander leaves a five point contingency plan (GOTWA) with the remain behind unit (refer to B2H0407XQ-DM, scouting and patrolling operations). A sample list of priorities of reconnaissance is listed below, this list is not all encompassing: 1.) ID/confirm all enemy avenues of approach 2.) ID/confirm enemy’s most likely course of action (EMLCOA), this identifies the location of the engagement area 3.) ID squad sectors of fire and location of crew-served weapons 4.) Mark sectors of fire, TRPs, trigger lines, etc. 5.) Confirm and/or refine occupation plan, marking designated release points 30 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Annex C: Fighting Position Development Once the defensive position has been occupied, the platoon commander along with squad leaders should confirm the sectors of fire developed during the leader’s reconnaissance. The utilization of sector stakes for each individual fighting position will assist in confirming the overlap of sectors and the mutual support from each fire team and squad. Using a compass to acquire the azimuth of the left and right lateral limits for each position. Once sectors have been confirmed, sector bags may be filled and placed around the sector stakes to maintain the positions lateral limits from the soil removed for the skirmishers trench. Fighting positions enable the defender to maximize cover from the enemy weapons’ effects. A skirmishers trench and two man fighting position can be seen in the diagrams below. The construction of a defensive fighting position will be covered in more depth at the defensive TEWT. 31 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Sector bags and fighting positions are camouflaged to conceal them from enemy observation. Concealment should be taken from behind the fighting position so that an approaching enemy is not alerted to the Marine’s presence by obvious signs of concealment gathering and entrenchment. The following is a list of things that can assist in the camouflage and concealment of fighting positions: - Use the same turf/ topsoil from the surrounding area to camouflage the parapet. - Dispose of all soil from the fighting hole not used on the parapet. - Dispose of excess soil under low bushes, on dirt roads or paths or camouflage it - Avoid digging next to isolated bushes, trees or clumps of vegetation. - Conceal the fighting position from overhead observation by the use of camouflaged cover (i.e. USMC issued tarpaulin) with natural vegetation. 32 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Annex D: Priorities of Work and Time Management In the defense, the platoon commander must capitalize on the time for preparation. When planning the assigned tasks, the commander must keep in mind that subordinates actions should be based on the enemy’s most likely course of action and that there is never enough time or personnel to accomplish everything that needs to be done. The phrase “always be improving your position” is essential in the defense. For that reason it is imperative that the platoon commander constantly reprioritize the work effort as they update their METT-T analysis in the ever-changing battlefield. There are numerous tasks which must be accomplished in order for the platoon to effectively prepare for enemy contact. Priorities of work are a list of tasks associated with a timeline that state the order of accomplishment for every Marine in the defense. At the most basic level, the priorities of work begin with SAFE and continue on utilizing every opportunity for position improvement until the decisive engagement. A troop to task matrix is a tool that can be utilized by commanders to assist in developing and communicating the platoons’ priorities of work. Broken down by unit, each priority of work is married to a timeline beginning with time of occupation “X.” Below is an example of a troop to task matrix. The troop to task matrix is developed by the platoon commander, overseen by the platoon sergeant and enforced by the squad and fire team leaders. Each Marine in the platoon should be familiar with the troop to task and the platoon commander should update this document as time expires and priorities change. 33 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Annex E: Platoon Defensive OpOrd Example Mission Statement: 1st Platoon, you are the company ME. NLT 1400, block the enemy South, IVO the Rawah Bridge IOT prevent the enemy from interfering with the Bn ME attack to the north. Example of Defensive Scheme of Maneuver: On order, 1st Platoon with conduct an area defense using the platoon battle position IVO hill 265. We will utilize one ME and four SEs. The defense will be oriented to the northeast. The ME will occupy the center of the battle position, SE 1 will occupy to the left of the ME with SE 2 on the right. SE 3 and 4 will provide direct fire and obstacle support for the platoon battle position. The platoon will cross the Line of Departure in a platoon column. Order of movement will be the ME followed by SE 1, SE 3, SE 4 and SE 2. The platoon will pass through checkpoint 27 before consolidating in a 360 at the ORP. In the ORP, the ME will orient from 10-2, SE 1 from 6-10, and SE 2 from 2-6 with 12 o’clock being our direction of movement, SE 3 and 4 will remain in the center of the 360. Departing from the ORP, the leader’s reconnaissance patrol will conduct recon in accordance with the priorities stated in coordinating instructions. Upon return of the leader’s recon, I will pass any refinements in the scheme of maneuver to squad leaders. O/O the platoon will proceed to the SRP in a platoon column in the same order of movement. At the squad release point, the platoon will occupy the battle position utilizing the combination method. Once occupied, the platoon will remain at “stand-to” for 30 minutes. O/O, squads will reduce security to 25% and begin executing priorities of work in accordance with the troop to task matrix published in the WARNO. BPT register the FPF upon all units completion of skirmishers trenches. BPT occupy supplementary and alternate positions. Example Fire Support Plan: The purpose of this fire support plan is to neutralize the enemy in engagement area Reaper IOT prevent the enemy from interfering with the Bn ME attack to the north. (in this example 1st Plt has priority of fires from company 60mm mortar section) I plan to have four pre-planned targets: Long Range Fires: AB 1000 (UT 1234 5678). Suspected EN avenue of approach. Suppress the enemy IOT turn the enemy towards EA Reaper. LP/OP will be primary observer with patrolling unit being alternate. Observer will contact L 3/11 over the artillery conduct of fire (COF) net when the EN lead element crosses trigger line red. L battery will fire HE/PD. 34 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Close in Fires: AB 1005 (UT 1242 5657). Likely EN overwatch position. Suppress the EN IOT prevent EN from observing their approach into EA Reaper. The LP/OP will be primary observer with patrolling unit being alternate. Observer will contact 81mm mortar section over Bn mortar net when the EN is spotted IVO TRP 2. 81mm mortars will fire HE/PD. AB 1010 (UT 1258 5795). EN avenue of approach into EA Reaper. Suppress the EN as they enter EA Reaper IOT prevent EN effective command and control during engagement. I will be primary observer with platoon sergeant being alternate. I will contact 81mm mortar section over Bn mortar net when the EN crosses trigger line white. 81mm mortars will fire HE/VT. Final Protective Fires: AB 1020 (UT 1210 5605). Final Protective Fire. Neutralize EN assault elements IOT prevent EN from assaulting through EA Reaper. I will be primary observer with platoon sergeant as the alternate. I will call Co 60mm mortar section over Co tac net when the EN crosse trigger line blue. Co 60mm mortars will fire HE/VT. Patrol leaders will submit a list of targets ISO their patrol routes to me during forward unit coordination for approval prior to departure. Example Tasking Statements: 1st Squad: You are the ME. NLT 1200, block the enemy south IVO Rawah Bridge IOT prevent the EN from interfering with the Bn ME attack to the North. You have one assault squad attached effective immediately. 2nd Squad: You are SE 1. NLT 1200 block the EN south IVO Rawah Bridge from the east of 1st Squad IOT prevent the EN from exploiting the eastern flank of the platoons ME. BPT assume the mission of the main effort. BPT assume the role of the least engaged unit. 3rd Squad. You are SE 2. NLT 1200, block the EN south IVO Rawah Bridge from the west of 1st Squad IOT prevent the EN from exploiting the western flank of the platoons ME. BPT assume the mission of the ME. BPT assume the role of the least engaged unit. MG Squad: You are SE 3. Upon EN Crossing TL Red, fix EN in the engagement area IOT allow the ME to block south IVO Rawah Bridge. BPT establish a PDF down the road. Engineer Team: You are SE 4. Upon establishment of EA Reaper, fix the EN in EA Reaper IOT prevent the EN from closing with the platoon’s primary positions. Priority of obstacle emplacement goes to obstacles inside EA Reaper, then early warning devices. Coordinate with me for security and support during obstacle construction. Example Coordinating Instructions (not an all-inclusive list): 35 Basic Officer Course  B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense - Target Precedence & Engagement Criteria: This should be briefed as thorough as a verbal “walk the dog” through each Trigger line/ TRP in the EA. Trigger Line Green: Upon an enemy squad or larger crossing trigger line green, M16s will commence firing at the sustained rate. Target precedence is individual troop concentrations and command and control nodes. M240s, M27s and M320s will hold fire. Trigger Line Yellow: Upon the enemy crossing trigger line yellow, M240s will begin firing at the sustained rate, target precedence is enemy crew served weapons, troop concentrations, then targets of opportunity. M27s will fire at the sustained rate, target precedence is enemy clusters of x4 or more then individuals. M320s will engage targets of opportunity in dead space that cannot be covered by M240 fire. Trigger Line Red: Upon enemy crossing trigger line red, M240s will fire the FPL at the cyclic rate. M16s, M27s and M320s will fire at the rapid rate, engaging any enemy. I will call the firing agency to fire the FPF (AB 1020). - Timeline - Leaders Recon Patrol task organization/ priorities of recon/ GOTWA - Method of Marking (SRP, SQD BPs, Command Post, Casualty collection point, Latrine, etc.) - Priorities of Work - Patrol Plan - Obstacle Plan - Immediate Action Drills Actions on enemy contact during occupation Actions on enemy contact during departure / re-entry of friendly lines by a patrol. - Least Engaged Unit Criteria - ROE’s - MOPP level - Platoon insert/ extract plan - Lost Marine Plan - CASEVAC Plan 36 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Annex F: Step-by-step how to create a fire plan sketch Step Action Record grids/azimuths of all positions. For a platoon fire plan sketch this will include:1) Grid and azimuth for left lateral limit of left most position of the 1 squad and grid and azimuth for right lateral limit of right most position of the squad. 2) MMG position grid and azimuth of fire. 3) Grid of left end and right end of any obstacles. 4) Grids of any IDF targets. 5) Any additional info. Determine appropriate scale required for creation of your platoon fire plan sketch. This means determining the dimensions, in meters, of each box on 2 your graph paper. (Remember that the ratio of your scale should grow as the FPS progress from FT to SQD to PLT). Ensure your scale and number of boxes available can fit your entire position north to south and east to west. Label your grid lines utilizing pre-determined scale. Remember to keep in mind the orientation of your position. Leave extra room in the engagement 3 area or around the positions to add to the sketch. (ie. additional IDF tgts, Alt/Sup positions, new obstacles) Plot all squad positions and draw appropriate squad symbols. Plot machine 4 gun positions with appropriate symbol. Plot Platoon CP. Use the protractor to measure and draw each squads left and right limits (grid azimuths) using a dotted line. Do this for primary, alternate, and 5 supplementary positions. Optional: Write the azimuth for each sector along its associated line. Use the protractor to draw: Platoon- MG PDFs and FLPs (not including M27 PDFs) 6 -FPLs are depicted with a bold line for grazing fire, where grazing fire cannot be achieved, dead space is depicted by a thin line. PDFs/FPLs should have labeled azimuths. Annotate IDF targets. Label targets appropriately. Ensure length of linear 7 target on map corresponds to actual length. Annotate obstacles. Plot left and right grids and use appropriate symbol to 8 connect points. Label any early warning devices and claymores. Annotate key terrain on the sketch (e.g. large fingers or draws, roads, streams, large dead space). Try to avoid cluttering the sketch. Ensure terrain 9 matches what you see in front of you. (Option to use a terrain overlay in place of depicting terrain on the actual sketch). 10 Draw and number TRPs and Trigger Lines Draw passage points for patrols and any applicable checkpoints in the 11 vicinity, include LP/OPs. 12 Complete the marginal information. Create a copy of the fire plan sketch, platoon commanders will maintain one copy and turn the other over to the company commander. Ensure to update 13 FPS as required. 37 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Example Fire Plan Sketch: 38 Basic Officer Course  B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense XX=XX=XX=XX=XX 39 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense 40 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense References: Reference Number or Author Reference Title MCDP 1 Warfighting MCDP 1-0 Marine Corps Operations MCRP 3-10A.2 Infantry Company Operations MCRP 3-10A.3 Marine Infantry Platoon MCRP 3-10A.4 Marine Rifle Squad MCRP 5-12A Operational Terms and Graphics MCWP 3-01 Offensive and Defensive Tactics MCWP 3-34 Engineering Operations FMFM 2-7 Fire Support in MAGTF Operations JFIRE Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Join Application of Firepower 41 Basic Officer Course B3J0440XQ Rifle Platoon in the Defense Glossary of Terms and Acronyms: Term or Acronym Definition or Identification AA Assembly Area ACE AO Ammunition, Casualties and Equipment Area of Operations ASAP As soon as possible BAMCIS Begin planning, arrange for reconnaissance, make reconnaissance, complete the plan, issue the order, supervise CASEVAC Casualty Evacuation CFF Call for Fire COC Combat Operations Center COG Center of Gravity CP Command Post CSS Combat Service Support CV Critical Vulnerabilities EA Engagement Area EMLCOA Enemy’s Most Likely Course of Action EN Enemy EPW Enemy Prisoner of War FEBA Forward edge of the Battle Area FEX Field Exercise FLOT Forward line of Troops FPF Final Protective Fires FSP Fire Support Plan IA Immediate Action IOT In order to KIA Killed in action LP/OP Listening Post / Observation Post MBA Main Battle Area ME Main Effort METT-TC Mission, Enemy, Terrain and Weather, Troops and Support, Time, Civilian considerations MLG Marine Logistics Group NLT No Later Than OAR Original, Appropriate, and Redundant PDF Principle Direction of Fire Recon Reconnaissance RIP Relief in Place SE Supporting Effort SOM Scheme of Maneuver TBS The Basic School TCM Tactical Control Measure TRP Target Reference Point TTP Tactics, Techniques, Procedures US United States 42 Basic Officer Course