Reviewer for ITC (Introtocomm) PDF

REVIEWER FOR ITC (INTROTOCOMM) What is group? Group consist of 3 or more members that shares common goals and norms. What is Team? A special kind of group characterized by different and complimentary resources of members and by a strong sense of collective identity 3 components of group: Size, Mu...

REVIEWER FOR ITC (INTROTOCOMM) What is group? Group consist of 3 or more members that shares common goals and norms. What is Team? A special kind of group characterized by different and complimentary resources of members and by a strong sense of collective identity 3 components of group: Size, Mutual Influence, Goal Orientation CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUP Interdependence – “interacting is not enough, you also have to be dependent in one another” Interaction – it’s purposeful interaction to achieve a goal, Purposeful interaction is divided into four parts: Problem solving, Team building, Role playing, and Trust building. Synergy – Allow us to accomplish things we wouldn’t be able to accomplish on our own. Common goals – The group is largely defined by the common goals it shares. People who comprise groups are brought together for a reason or a purpose. Shared norms – It assist them to achieve their goals as a group. Cohesiveness – It is the sense of connection and participation that characterize the interaction in a group. TYPES OF GROUPS Primary groups – Assist us on realizing our human needs like inclusion and affection. They are not formed to accomplish task but rather help us to meet our fundamental needs. (LONGER TERM) Secondary Groups – Formed to accomplish task or works. Galanes and Bilhart divided Secondary groups into four parts: Activity Groups, Problem-solving Groups, Personal Growth Groups, and Learning Groups. Why do we study communication in groups and teams? Concerns the study of social change by studying the social change or movements it’ll reveals the importance of groups for accomplishing goals. REVIEWER FOR ITC (INTROTOCOMM) There are seven strategies from the book of The Rhetorical of Agitation and Control made By Bowers and Ochs (1971) which movement process as they move towards success. 3 of the 7 focus explicitly in group communication: Promulgation – No successful movement unless it attracts sufficient number of members. Solidification – The point is to unite members and provide sufficient support and motivation. Polariazation – The point is to persuade neutral individuals or “fence sitters” to join a group. It does not only focus on social movements and communication, studying the role of one’s identity and how individuals perceive or interpret communication of others also assists on having the broader knowledge about groups. Collectivist Culture - place high value on group work because they understand that outcomes of our communication impact all members of the community and the community as a whole, not just the individuals in the group. Individualistic Culture – place high value on the individual person above the needs of the group. Power Influence how we interpret messages. The word “power” literally means “to be able” and has many implications. Power-Over – Associate power with control or dominance. Power-from-within – Word that convey our need and thoughts. Power-with – The power not to command, but to suggest and be listened to, to begin something and see it happen. FORMING GROUPS Lumsden and Lumsden (1986) gave the three reasons why we form groups. Interest or attractions – We share similar interest in order to connect with each other. Drive Reduction – Reduces our drive to fulfill our needs by spreading out involvement. Reinforcement – Motivated because of the awards. STAGE OF FORMING GROUPS Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Terminating. REVIEWER FOR ITC (INTROTOCOMM) GROUP ROLES Task roles Task Leader – Keeps the groups focus on the primary goals or task by setting agendas. Opinion Gatherer – Who seeks out or provide subjective information. Information Gatherer – Who provide factual information that may be useful for the group. Devil’s Advocate – Who argues a contrary or in the opposing side. Energizer – Positive encourager. Social Emotional Roles Social Emotional Leaders – Who maintains and balances the social needs and emotional needs of the group members and is vercitile to any roles if needed. Followers – Go along with the decisions and assignment from the group. Encouragers – Provides a safe space for others to share ideas and offer suggestions. Compromiser – Mediates disagreement and conflict among members. Tension Releaser – Uses humor to minimize the tension and avoid conflict. Procedural Roles Facilitator – Manage the flow of information. Gatekeepers – Maintains the proper communicative balance. Recorder – Tracks group ideas, decisions, and progress Individual Roles Aggressor – Dominating communication to put others down. Blocker – Complains about small procedural matters. Self-Confessor – Discusses personal or emotional matters that are not relevant to the group tasks. Play Boy/Girl – Shows little interest in the group. Joker – Inappropriate humor. LEADERSHIP IN GROUPS Laissez-Faire – “Let do” in French, takes a laid back or hands-off approach. Authoritarian Leadership Style – Exert maximum control over a group. Democratic style of leadership – Fall somewhere between Laissaez faire and authoritarian styles. REVIEWER FOR ITC (INTROTOCOMM) GROUP NORMS General Norms – Direct behavior of the group as a whole. Role Specific Norms – Concerns individuals members with particular roles. DECISION MAKING IN GROUPS Consensus – Persuades. Voting - Majority rule. Compromise – Lose something to gain something. Authoritarian Rule – Dominance. Group Think – Do not examine all the possible solutions. CONCEPTUAL COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYMBOLS UNDERSTANDING INTERACTION/ RELATIONSHIP REDUCTION OF UNCERTAINTY PROCESS TRANSFER/TRANSMISSION/ INTERCHANGE LINKING/ BINDING COMMONALITY CHANEL/ CARRIER/MEANS/ ROUTE REPLICATING MEMORIES DISCRIMINATIVE RESPONSE/ BEHAVIOR MODIFYING RESPONSE STIMULI TIME/ SITUATION POWER REVIEWER FOR ITC (INTROTOCOMM) What is Organizational Communication? Social unit composed of 2 or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals. It also focuses primarily on corporations, manufacturing, the service industry, and etc. During 1998, Redding and Thomkins made a research identifying the three periods of the developments of Organizational Communication: Era of Preparation (1900-1940), the primary focus during this era was on public address, business writing, managerial communication, and persuasion. Era of identification and Consolidation (1940-1970), During this era, the beginning of business and industrial communication with certain group and organizational relationship being recognized as important. Lastly, Era of Maturity and Innovation (1970- Present), Empirical research increased, accompanied by innovative efforts to develop concepts, theorical premises, and philosophical critiques. MODERN ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION Communication Channels Communication Climate Network Analysis Superior-subordinate Communication Critical approaches view organizations as “sites of domination” (Miller, 2003, p. 116) where certain individuals are marginalized or disadvantaged by oppressive groups or structures. PERSPECTIVE IN UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE The original perspective for understanding organizational communication can be described using a machine metaphor. The machine metaphor of classical management suggests that three basic aspects should exist in organizations: Specialization, Standardization, and Predictability (Miller, 2001). HUMAN RELATIONS PERSPECTIVE The human relations perspective emerged out of the deficiencies of classical management where managers neglected employees’ needs and treated them as pieces of a machine rather than unique individuals. The human relations approach focuses on how organizational members relate to one another, and how individuals’ needs influence their performance in organizations. “Hawothorne effect” REVIEWER FOR ITC (INTROTOCOMM) HUMAN RESOURCES PERSPECTIVE Human Resources attempts to truly embrace participation by all organizational members, viewing each person as a valuable human resource. Employees are valuable resources that should be fully involved to manifest their abilities and productivity. Using this approach, organizations began to encourage employee participation in decision making. SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE The systems perspective for understanding organizations is “concerned with problems of relationships, of structure, and of interdependence rather than with the constant attributes of objects”. Basic properties of organization: Equifinality – Can reach its goals from different path. Negative Entropy – The ability of the organization to overcome the possibility of becoming run down. Requisite Variety – Organizations must be responsive to their external environment and adjust when needed. Homeostatis – Need for stability in a turbulent environment. Complexity – The more an organizations interacts and grow, the more elaborate it becomes. CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE Organizational culture reflects the shared realities and shared practices in the organization and how these realities create and shape organizational events. To simply put it: 1) Shared values and beliefs, 2) Common practices, skills, and actions, 3) Customarily observed rules, 4) Objects and artifacts, and 5) Mutually understood meanings. There are three interdependent levels that provide insight into how culture works in organizations. Artifacts - symbols used by an organization to represent the organization’s culture. Values - organization’s preference for how things should happen, or strategies for determining how things should be accomplished correctly. Basic Assumptions - These “unconscious, taken-for-granted beliefs, perceptions, thoughts, and feelings” ultimately influence how you experience the world as an organizational member. Unspoken beliefs reveal how we treat other individuals, what we see as good and bad in human nature, how we discover truth, and our place in the environment (Hackman & Johnson, 2000). Climate is the general workplace atmosphere or mood experienced by organizational members (Tagiuri, 1968). REVIEWER FOR ITC (INTROTOCOMM) CHALLENGES IN ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION 1. If communication can fail, it will fail 2. If a message can be understood in different ways, it will be misunderstood in the manner that does the most damage, 3. The more communication there is, the more tricky it is for the communication to be successful 4. There is always someone who thinks they know better what you said than you do. MASSCOMM AS AUDIENCE BASED - The media inform us about threats. - The mass media do not supply just facts and data, they also provide information on the ultimate meaning and significance of events. - The mass media portray our society. MASSCOMM AS INDUSTRY BASED - It exist to make a profit. - Each media competes with each other. MASS COMMUNICATION IN MEDIA The process whereby media organizations produce and transmit messages to large publics and the process by which those messages are sought, used, and consumed by audiences” (p. 273). McQuail (1994) states that mass communication is, “only one of the processes of communication operating at the society-wide level, readily identified by its institutional characteristics DEFINING MASS COMMUNICATION the process whereby media organizations produce and transmit messages to large publics and the process by which those messages are sought, used, and consumed by audiences Masspersonal communication - where traditional mass communication channels are used for interpersonal communication. - traditionally interpersonal communication channels are used for mass communication - traditional mass communication and traditional interpersonal communication occur simultaneously. EVOLUTION OF MASS MEDIA “It was only in the 1920s-according to the Oxford English Dictionary-that people began to speak of ‘the media’, and a generation later, in the 1950s, of a ‘communication revolution’, but a concern with the means of communication is very much older than that” REVIEWER FOR ITC (INTROTOCOMM) As more mass communication mediums develop, Marshall McLuhan (1964) states that we can understand media as either hot or cold depending on the amount of information available to the user, as well as the degree of participation: HOT MEDIA extends one single sense in high definition COLD MEDIA large amount of multi-sensory information. The more sensory data available to multiple senses, the colder the media. FUNCTION OF MASS MEDIA SURVEILLANCE serve as the eyes and ears for those of us seeking information about our world. CORRELATION. Correlation addresses how the media present facts that we use to move through the world. The information we get through mass communication is not objective and without bias. (CREDIBILITY) SENSATIONALIZATION There is an old saying in the news industry-“if it bleeds, it leads” that highlights the idea of sensationalization. Sensationalization is when the media puts forward the most sensational messages to titillate consumers. (REABILITY) ENTERTAINMENT Mass media provide us with an escape from daily routines and problems by entertaining us (Zillmann & Bryant, 1986, p. 303). TRANSMISSION Mass media is a vehicle to transmit cultural norms, values, rules, and habits. Consider how you learned about what is fashionable to wear or what music to listen to. Mass media plays a significant role in the socialization process. (TO TRANSMIT) MOBILIZATION Mass communication functions to mobilize people during times of crisis (McQuail, 1994). (ENCOURAGE) VALIDATION Mass communication functions to validate the status and norms of particular individuals, movements, organizations, or products. The validation of particular people or groups serves to enforce social norms (Lazarsfeld & Merton, 1971) REVIEWER FOR ITC (INTROTOCOMM) WHY DO WE STUDY MASS COMM? studying the role of mass communication heightens our awareness, helping us become media literate and strengthen our “ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and communicate messages” (Baran, 2004, p. 374). MASS COMM AND POP CULTURE HIGH CULTURE media that are generally not produced for the masses, require a certain knowledge base, and typically require an investment of time and money to experience them. EX: Opera, poetry, theater, classical music, and the arts. POPULAR CULTURE/ LOW CULTURE Refers to low art such as television commercial, television program, most films, gene works of literature, and popular music. (Berger, 2002, p. 118). WHAT IS POPULAR CULTURE System or artifacts that most people share or know about. Regardless of how mass communication is perceived, it implants words, behaviors, trends, icons, and patterns of behaviors that show up in our culture. THEORIES OF MASS COMMUNICATION Mass communication theories explore explanations for how we interact with mass communication, its role in our lives, and the effect it has on us. MAGIC BULLET THEORY/ HYPODERMIC NEEDLE THEORY suggests that mass communication is like a gun firing bullets of information at a passive audience. “Communication was seen as a magic bullet that transferred ideas or feelings or knowledge or motivations almost automatically from one mind to another” (Schramm, 1963, p. 8). TWO STEP FLOW THEORY The two-step flow theory suggests that mass communication messages do not move directly from a sender to the receiver (Katz & Lazarsfeld, 1955). Instead, a small group of people, gatekeepers, screen media messages, reshape these messages, and control their transmission to the masses. MULTI STEP FLOW THEORY This suggests that there is a reciprocal nature of sharing information and influencing beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors (Troldahl, 1965; Troldahl & Van Dam, 1965). The idea is that opinion leaders might create media messages, but opinion followers might be able to sway opinion leaders. REVIEWER FOR ITC (INTROTOCOMM) USES AND GRAFITIFICATION THEORY The uses and gratification theory suggests that audience members actively pursue particular media to satisfy their own needs. CULTIVATION THEORY Cultivation theory questions how active we actually are when we consume mass communication. The theory has been extended to address the more general influences of media on human social life and personal beliefs (Lowery & DeFleur, 1995). MEDIA LITERACY Understand and respect the power of mass communication messages. Understand content by paying attention and filtering out noise Understand emotional versus reasoned reactions to mass communication content in order to act accordingly. Develop heightened expectations of mass communication content. Understand genre conventions and recognize when they are being mixed. Think critically about mass communication messages, no matter how credible their source. Understand the internal language of mass communication to understand its effects, no matter how complex. MASS COMMUNICATION AS AUDIENCE WHAT IS AUDIENCE? Consists of individuals, not automations. Speaking Purposes: To Inform- speaking to define, instruct, explain, clarify, demonstrate, teach, or train. To Persuade- Speaking to influence attitudes, beliefs, and/or actions; to convince, motivate to action, preach, inspire, or sell. To Entertain- speaking to create interest, amusement, warm feelings; to celebrate, remember, or acknowledge others or events; to create or fortify ties between people. REVIEWER FOR ITC (INTROTOCOMM) TYPES OF AUDIENCE Pedestrian Audience – An Audience made up of persons having no obvious common ties. Passive Audience - A group that is initially attentive to the speaker but not necessarily interested in what is to come. Selected Audience – is characterized by members who share a common purpose but who lack any plan for working in concert with one another. Concerted Audience – consist of member who are ready to achieve their common aim but need to be satisfied that any recommendations made by the speaker are logically defensible. Organized Audience - is one so unified in purpose and in loyalty to the speaker that it needs only to be told what to do. The word INDUSTRIES underscores the major goal of mass media to be financially successful. The study tracks the establishment of regularized industrial strategies, consequent divisions of labor, instrumental applications of new technologies, and other features of the Hollywood Film Factories. AUDIENCE AS MEDIA CONSUMER What do the media do to people? Herzog found three reasons: Compensation through identification, wish fulfillment and advice. Compensation through identification Direct approval comes from someone telling us that we are doing the right thing. Indirect approval comes from our knowledge or assumption that others are doing the same things that we are, and therefore what we are doing is acceptable. The important thing is that there are, even if only portrayed in the media, people living similar lives and having experiences similar to our own. Students were categorized into primary and secondary viewers: Primary viewers are people who engage in purposeful viewing and make it a point to arrange their schedules around the times certain programs air. Secondary viewers are viewers who engage in other activities when watching a television. Social utility is one gratification people obtain from watching soap operas using a program as a tool for social interaction with others. Escape from boredom is another gratification. Viewers watch their program when they are bored and have nothing else to do or because there is nothing worth watching on TV. REVIEWER FOR ITC (INTROTOCOMM) Reality exploration or advice occurs when the program helps solve problem in the viewer’s own life. Social extension occurs when newspaper serve as surrogates for other people or for social experiences such as providing information, offering vicarious experiences, and shaping opinions MOTIVES FOR AND SATISFACTIONS FROM MEDIA USE Getting information and advice Reducing personal insecurity Learning about society and the world Finding support for one’s own value Gaining insight into one’s own life Experiencing empathy with problems of others Having a basis for social contract Having a substitute for social contract Feeling connected with others Escaping from problems and worries Gaining entry into an imaginary world Filling time Experiencing emotional release Acquiring a structure for daily routine Audience Demographics Demographics are basic statistical data on such things as age, sex, education level, income and ethnic background. Larger mass audience, media messages then are directed at specialized audiences. Media Buyers rely on demographics to categorize the population. Demographics can be applied to local media that serve a given geographic area, as well as to national media.