Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic that differentiates a team from a group?
What is a key characteristic that differentiates a team from a group?
Which component of a group refers to the necessity for members to rely on each other?
Which component of a group refers to the necessity for members to rely on each other?
Which type of group is primarily focused on achieving fundamental human needs like affection?
Which type of group is primarily focused on achieving fundamental human needs like affection?
What role does 'synergy' play in a group?
What role does 'synergy' play in a group?
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Which characteristic describes the sense of connection among group members?
Which characteristic describes the sense of connection among group members?
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Which strategy among the seven is necessary for a movement to gain enough members?
Which strategy among the seven is necessary for a movement to gain enough members?
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What are shared norms in a group designed to achieve?
What are shared norms in a group designed to achieve?
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Which component of purposeful interaction focuses on establishing trust within a group?
Which component of purposeful interaction focuses on establishing trust within a group?
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What is the primary goal of solidification in group dynamics?
What is the primary goal of solidification in group dynamics?
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In collectivist cultures, what is highly valued?
In collectivist cultures, what is highly valued?
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What type of power is associated with control or dominance?
What type of power is associated with control or dominance?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons given for forming groups by Lumsden and Lumsden?
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons given for forming groups by Lumsden and Lumsden?
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During which stage of group development does the group establish norms?
During which stage of group development does the group establish norms?
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What role does the Devil’s Advocate serve in a group?
What role does the Devil’s Advocate serve in a group?
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What does the Energizer role in a group focus on?
What does the Energizer role in a group focus on?
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What is the key difference between power-with and power-over?
What is the key difference between power-with and power-over?
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Which aspect of classical management focuses on creating uniform processes within an organization?
Which aspect of classical management focuses on creating uniform processes within an organization?
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What is the primary focus of the human relations perspective in management?
What is the primary focus of the human relations perspective in management?
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In the systems perspective, what does 'Equifinality' refer to?
In the systems perspective, what does 'Equifinality' refer to?
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How do organizations demonstrate 'Negative Entropy' according to the systems perspective?
How do organizations demonstrate 'Negative Entropy' according to the systems perspective?
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What does the human resources perspective emphasize about employees?
What does the human resources perspective emphasize about employees?
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What is characterized by the need for stability in changing environments in the systems perspective?
What is characterized by the need for stability in changing environments in the systems perspective?
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Which of the following reflects the notion of organizational culture?
Which of the following reflects the notion of organizational culture?
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What is a potential effect of neglecting employees' needs in a management context?
What is a potential effect of neglecting employees' needs in a management context?
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Study Notes
Classical Management
- Three essential aspects: Specialization, Standardization, Predictability.
Human Relations Perspective
- Developed in response to classical management's neglect of employee needs.
- Focuses on interpersonal relationships and the influence of individual needs on performance.
- The "Hawthorne Effect": Shift in behavior when individuals know they are being observed.
Human Resources Perspective
- Emphasizes participation and views employees as valuable resources.
- Encourages involvement in decision-making processes.
Systems Perspective
- Focuses on relationships, structure, and interdependence rather than attributes of objects.
- Basic properties include:
- Equifinality: Achieving goals via multiple pathways.
- Negative Entropy: Overcoming deterioration to maintain function.
- Requisite Variety: Adapting to external environments.
- Homeostasis: Maintaining stability in dynamic conditions.
- Complexity: Growth leads to increased organizational intricacy.
Cultural Perspective
- Represents shared realities and practices within an organization that shape events and behaviors.
Group and Team Concepts
- Group: Comprises three or more members sharing common goals and norms.
- Team: A specialized group with complementary resources and a strong collective identity.
Components of a Group
- Size, Mutual Influence, Goal Orientation.
Characteristics of Groups
- Interdependence: Members rely on one another.
- Interaction: Deliberate engagement aimed at achieving goals, including problem-solving, team building, role-playing, and trust-building.
- Synergy: Group efforts achieve outcomes beyond individual capability.
- Common Goals: Groups are structured around shared objectives.
- Shared Norms: Guidelines that facilitate collective goal achievement.
- Cohesiveness: Connection and participation within the group.
Types of Groups
- Primary Groups: Focus on fulfilling fundamental human needs like inclusion and affection (long-term relationships).
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Secondary Groups: Task-oriented, including:
- Activity Groups
- Problem-solving Groups
- Personal Growth Groups
- Learning Groups
Importance of Studying Communication in Groups
- Understanding social change and the significance of groups in goal accomplishment.
Strategies for Successful Group Movements (Bowers and Ochs, 1971)
- Promulgation: Attracting a sufficient number of members.
- Solidification: Uniting members for support and motivation.
- Polarization: Persuading neutrals to join the group.
Cultural Perspectives on Communication
- Collectivist Culture: Prioritizes group work and communal outcomes.
- Individualistic Culture: Emphasizes personal achievements over group needs.
Concepts of Power in Communication
- Power-Over: Control or dominance.
- Power-from-within: Personal empowerment.
- Power-with: Collaborative influence without command.
Reasons for Forming Groups (Lumsden and Lumsden, 1986)
- Interest or Attractions: Shared common interests.
- Drive Reduction: Fulfilling needs through group involvement.
- Reinforcement: Motivated by rewards.
Stages of Group Development
- Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Terminating.
Group Roles
- Task Leader: Maintains focus on goals and agendas.
- Opinion Gatherer: Seeks subjective input from members.
- Information Gatherer: Provides factual information.
- Devil’s Advocate: Challenges group ideas for critical thinking.
- Energizer: Supplies positive encouragement to the group.
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