Agroforestry PDF

AGROFORESTRY Agroforestry – Combination of agricultural crops (plants and livestock/poultry) and tree crops. The combination could be simultaneous and or sequential provided that there are economic and ecological interactions between or among components COMMUNITY FORESTRY PROGRAMS AF...

AGROFORESTRY Agroforestry – Combination of agricultural crops (plants and livestock/poultry) and tree crops. The combination could be simultaneous and or sequential provided that there are economic and ecological interactions between or among components COMMUNITY FORESTRY PROGRAMS AF FEX SF Other People CF Oriented Forestry Projects  COMMUNITY FORESTRY PROGRAMS AF Systems or Methods 1. Agrisilvicultural system – combination between agricultural crops and trees 2. Silvipastoral system – combination between trees and livestock 3. Agrisilvipastoral system – combination among trees, agricultural crops and livestock  WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT? 1. Indigenous forest management – forest management practices which originate from within a community; these practices are generated by internal initiatives within a local community on the basis of the prevailing norms and values on forest resources.  WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT? 2. Externally sponsored forest management – forest management practices which have been set up by outsiders. The norms and values in respect to both forest practices which have been set up by outsiders. The norms and values in respect to both forest resources as well as proper management organizations are in such cases often based on a different frame or reference from that of the community norms and values.  WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT? 3. Traditional forest management – forest management practices based on norms and objective from the past. 4. Adaptive forest management practices – forest management practices which developed in response to changed conditions. HOW IS COMMUNITY FORESTRY AND PROGRAMS EVOLVED IN THE PHILIPPINES Year Policy/Program Features Colonial Period Establishment of the Inspecion General de The state’s forest agency established and administered by the Spanish colonizer 1863 Montes by the Spanish Government declares the right to control forest access and utilization. Definitive Forest Laws and Regulations (Royal Slash-and-burn cultivation or kaingin in the upland areas was prohibited with 1889 Decree of the King of Spain) heavy penalties awaiting violators. Kaingin Law (Act No. 274) established by the Kaingineros and other forest occupants were to be punished and evicted from 1901 Americans forest areas. Established communal forests and pastures for the use of communities, but still 1917 Forest Law of 1917 or Act No. 2711 under state control. The Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce set aside communal forests, upon Revised Communal Forest Regulation the endorsement of the Director of Forestry and the request of municipal 1941 (Forestry Administrative Order No. 14-1) councils. The residents of the municipality were granted the privilege to cut, collect and remove free of charge, forest products for their personal use. HOW IS COMMUNITY FORESTRY AND PROGRAMS EVOLVED IN THE PHILIPPINES Year Policy/Program Features Pioneering Period Focused on the containment rather than punishment of forest occupants. Kaingin Management and Land Settlement Kaingineros or slash and burn cultivators were allowed to remain in the public 1971 Regulations (Forestry Administrative Order forestland provided they undertake soil conservation and tree farming activities No. 62) in fixed sites. Family Approach to Reforestation (BFD The Bureau of Forest Development entered into short-term contracts with 1973 Circular No. 45, Series of 1973 families to set up tree plantations in public land. Kaingineros, squatters, and other occupants who entered forest zones before Forestry Reform Code as amended by 1975 May 1975 shall not be prosecuted provided that they do not expand their Presidential Decree No. 705 clearings and that they undertake forest protection activities. Allowed bona fide forest occupants to develop the lands they were occupying or cultivating but with specific provision that the subject land should not exceed 7 1976 Forest Occupancy Management Program ha per occupant. Renewable two-year forest occupancy permit issued to participating kaingineros. Every city and municipality in the country was expected to establish tree farms. Communal Tree Farming Program Reforestation in open and denuded forestlands was undertaken through the 1979 (Ministry Administrative Order No. 11, Series involvement of forest occupants, civic organizations, and municipal government of 1979) units.  HOW IS COMMUNITY FORESTRY AND PROGRAMS EVOLVED IN THE PHILIPPINES Year Policy/Program Features Integration and Consolidation Participants in the program are granted the right to occupy and develop forest Integrated Social Forestry Program (Letter of 1982 areas for a period of 25 years, renewable for another 25 years, through the Instruction No. 1260) issuance of stewardship agreement. General Rules and Regulations on the The DENR shall encourage and promote the participation of NGOs in natural 1989 Participation of NGOs in DENR Programs resources development, management and protection. A National NGO Desk is (DENR Administrative Order No. 120) tasked to accredit NGOs qualified to participate in DENR programs. The Community Forestry Management Agreement (CFMA) is awarded to organized upland communities for a period of 25 years, renewable for another Community Forestry Program (DENR 1989 25 years. Forest utilization privileges are given to the communities who are Administrative Order No. 123) expected to prepare a development plan and adhere to the principles of sustained-yield management. The implementation of social forestry and reforestation initiatives, the Local Government Code (Republic Act No. management of communal forests not exceeding 5,000 ha., the protection of 1991 7160) small watershed areas, and the enforcement of forest laws are devolved to local government units. Provincial Special Task Forces on Ancestral Domains (PSTFAD) are mandated to meet with indigenous communities for the purpose of verifying ancestral domain Delineation of Ancestral Lands and Domain 1993 claims and identifying forest boundaries. Once their claims are approved, Claims (DENR Administrative Order No. 2) indigenous communities are granted Certificates of Ancestral Domain Claims (CADCs)  HOW IS COMMUNITY FORESTRY AND PROGRAMS EVOLVED IN THE PHILIPPINES Year Policy/Program Features Institutionalization CBFM is the national strategy to achieve sustainable forestry and social justice. Adoption of Community-Based Forest Organized communities may be granted access to forest resources under long- Management (CBFM) as the National Strategy 1995 term tenure provided they employ environment-friendly, ecologically sustainable, for the Sustainable Development of and labor-intensive harvesting methods. CBFM integrates all people-oriented Forestlands (Executive Order No. 263) forestry programs and projects of the government. Local communities shall prepare their respective Community Resource Rules and Regulations for the Implementation Management Frameworks with the assistance of DENR, local government units, of Executive Order 263, otherwise known as 1996 NGOs, and other government agencies. The CBFM program shall apply to all the CBFM Strategy (DENR Administrative areas classified as forestlands including allowable zones within protected areas. It Order No. 96-29) integrates all people-oriented forestry programs of the government. Mandated the State to protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral domains to ensure their economic, social and cultural well being. Also recognizes the property relations in determining the ownership and extent Indigenous People’s Rights Act (Republic Act 1997 of ancestral domain. Indigenous peoples whose ancestral domains have been No. 8371) officially delineated and determined by the National Commission on Indigenous People shall be issued a Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) in the name of the community concerned, containing a list of all those identified in the census.  HOW IS COMMUNITY FORESTRY AND PROGRAMS EVOLVED IN THE PHILIPPINES Year Policy/Program Features Institutionalization This manual operationalizes and makes effective the devolution of forest Manual of Procedures on Devolved and other management functions from the DENR to the LGU. It also seeks to strengthen 1998 Forest Management Functions (DENR-DILG and institutionalize DENR-DILG-LGU partnership and cooperation on devolved Joint Memorandum Circular No. 98-01) and other forest management functions. Strengthening and Institutionalizing the DENR-DILG-LGU Partnership on Devolved Guidelines and instructions for DENR, DILG and LGUs in accelerating 2003 and other Forest Management Functions collaboration, partnership, coordination and institutionalization of its working (DENR-DILG Joint Memorandum Circular relations on forest management and related environmental concerns. No. 2003-01) Prescribed for the pursuit of sustainable management of forests and forestlands Promoting Sustainable Forest Management in in watersheds based on six key principles including community-based forest 2004 the Philippines (Executive Order No. 318) conservation and development. CBFM shall remain the primary strategy in all forest conservation and development and related activities. Revised Rules and Regulations for the Improvement on the 1996 CBFM Implementing Rules and Regulations by 2004 Implementation of the CBFM Strategy (DENR allowing more flexibility to participating communities such as the requirement of Administrative Order No. 2004-29) a Five-Year Work Plan instead of Annual Work Plan, etc. Source: Rebugio and Chiong-Javier (1995); Pulhin (1987); Pulhin (2004), Magno (2001) COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROJECTS : AS OF 2003 (AREA IN HECTARE) Beneficiaries No. of Peoples’ Region No. of Sites Project Area Tenured Area (No. of HH) Organization Philippines 5,503 5,969,522 4,904,116 690,691 2,877 CAR 461 719,815 684,435 33,455 79 1 297 99,809 88,199 23,754 272 2 227 834,245 685,404 112,120 166 3 323 245,810 240,545 46,846 278 4-A 89 42,009 29,167 5,632 63 4-B 160 803,747 609,919 34,319 134 5 296 203,712 178,763 37,211 142 6 330 179,496 77,245 67,479 233 7 373 83,051 63,608 52,454 318 8 227 271,236 128,687 17,130 134 9 700 435,718 216,382 36,106 306 10 514 497,506 435,651 49,237 313 11 630 560,545 527,388 87,078 229 12 304 400,963 366,281 33,238 62 13 517 554,970 537,803 51,514 133 ARMM 55 36,890 34,640 3,118 15 Source: FMB, 2003 WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? 1. EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 318 (June 09, 1994) “Promoting Sustainable Forest Management in the Philippines” WHAT ARE THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF E.O. NO. 318 a. delineation, classification & Demarcation of State Forestland. Forestlands identification, delineation, classification & should be categorized for production & protection purposes, & placed under a formal management scheme. Conversions of forestlands into non-forestry uses shall be acted upon by the Congress. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF E.O. NO. 318 b. Holistic, sustainable & Integrated Development of Forestry Resources. Development & management of the forestlands based on the inherent productive capacity & sustainable use of these resources for the present & future generation. c. Community-Based Forest Conservation and Development – The use of Community Based Forest Management Approach in forest conservation in a collaborative effort with the National government, LGUs, COs/Pos, private business entities & civil society organization (CSOs). It also recognized the culture, values, traditions, religious beliefs & rights of indigenous people. d. Incentives for Enhancing Private Investment Economic Contribution and Global Competitiveness of Forest-Based Industries. e. Proper Valuation & Pricing of Forestry Resources f. Institutional Support for Sustainable Forest Management – good governance, collaboration of GAs, NGOs, LGUs. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? 2. EXECUTIVE ORDER 263. WHAT IS EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 263? The title of E.O. 263 is “Adopting Community Based Forest Management as the National Strategy to Ensure the Sustainable Development of the Country’s Forest Land Resources and Providing Mechanisms for its Implementation” WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE SALIENT FEATURES OF EO 263? a) CBFM shall be the national strategy to achieve sustainable forestry & social justice; b) The CENRO in coordination with the LGUs, DILG, shall at all times, take into account the needs & aspirations of local communities whose livelihood depends on the forestlands; c) Participating organized communities may be granted access to the forestland resources under long term tenurial agreements, provided they employ environment-friendly, ecologically- sustainable & labor-intensive harvesting methods. d) Steering committees shall be created headed by the DENR Secretary WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE SALIENT FEATURES OF EO 263? e) The DENR shall work with LGUs, POs, NGOs, religious groups, business industry, & other concerned organizations to ensure that communities are empowered. f) The DENR shall allot funds for the implementation of the CBFMP g) The DENR may source local & international grants & dominations for the establishment of the CBFM Special Account. h) The DENR shall support & set-up jointly with relevant colleges & universities, private & public organizations, arrangements for a community forestry training program for members of the participating units, POs, LGUs, NGOs, & other government personnel. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? 2. DAO No. 2004-29 WHAT IS DAO NO. 2004-29? It is the “Revised Rules and Regulations for the Implementation of Executive Order 263 otherwise known as the Community-Based Forest Management Strategy. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT IS THE BASIC POLICY OF DAO NO. 2004-29? a) Protect & advance the right of the Filipino people to a healthful environment; b) Improve their socio-economic conditions through the promotion of social justice, equitable access to & sustainable development of forest land resources; c) Respect the rights of indigenous peoples to their ancestral domains. Active & transparent community participation & security of tenure. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE CONCEPTS & PRINCIPLES OF CBFM DAO –NO. 2004-29? A Community-Based Forest Management Program (CBFMP) is any forest development program which adopts the Community-Based Forest Management Strategy. It bears the following principles: social equity, sustainability & community participation in forest management & biodiversity conservation. Sustainable management of forest lands & coastal areas can result from responsible utilization by organized, empowered local communities. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT IS THE SCOPE & COVERAGE OF CBFM UNDER DAO 2004-29? CBFM applies to all forest lands, except those WITH PRIOR RIGHTS. It integrates & unifies all people-oriented forestry programs, including but not limited to ISPP, UDP, FLMP, LIUCP, RRMP, NRMP FSP, CEP, CADC holders may at their option, participate in the CBMFS. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE QUALIFICATIONS OF PARTICIPANTS? Local communities as represented by their People/s Organizations. The PO must have the following qualifications: a. Members shall be Filipino citizens; b. Members may either be: actually tilling portions of the area to be awarded: traditionally utilizing the resource for all or substantial portion of their livelihood; or actually residing within or adjacent to, and are dependent on and actually developing portions of the areas to be awarded. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE INCENTIVES TO THE PO? a. To occupy, develop, protect, manage, & utilize the forest lands & its resources within a designated CBFM area & claim ownership of introduced improvements; b. When appropriate, allocate to members & regulate rights to use & sustain manage forest land resources within the CBFM area; c. To be exempted from land rental for use of the CBFM areas; d. To properly informed of and be consulted on all government projects to be implemented in the area. e. To be given preferential access by the DENR to all available assistance in the development & implementation of the CRMF & 5-year Work Plan of the PO; f. To enter into agreements or portions of the CBFM area, and/or economic activities therein. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PO? a. Take the lead in boundary delineation, taking into account their customs, traditions, beliefs; b. Designate areas according to their sustainable use and, when appropriate in accordance with their native customs, traditions & practices, allocate & regulate resource-use rights in accordance with national laws, rules, & regulations; c. Prepare & implement CRMF & 5-year work plan; d. Develop & implement equitable benefit-sharing arrangements among its member; e. Protect, rehabilitate & conserve the natural resources in the CBFM area & assist the government in the protection of adjacent forest lands. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PO? f. Develop & enforce policies pertaining to the rights & responsibilities of PO members & the accountability of the PO leaders; g. Be accountable for any violation borne by the subcontractor in which he/she had entered into for the development of the entire CBFMA area or potions hereof, and/or economic activities; h. Develop mechanisms for addressing conflicts, including rules, regulations and sanctions regarding forest uses & protection. i. Be transparent & promote participatory management & consensus building in all activities & endeavors; and j. Pay forest charges for forest products harvested from natural forest as well as fees & other taxes required by the government; and k. Undertake other responsibilities stipulated in the CBFM Agreement. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE STAGES OF CBFMP IMPLEMENTATION? A. Preparatory Stage. The objectives are: 1) To inform & educate Pos, NGOs, LGUs and the general public about CBFMP; 2) to establish institutional linkages between the DENR & the LGU; & 3) to identify & delineate CBFM areas. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHO WILL IDENTIFY & DELINEATE CBFM SITES? DENR field offices shall continuously update control maps & associated registries. These shall be harmonized with the Comprehensive Land Us Plans (CLUPS) of the respective LGUs. The PENRO then shall make a preliminary map delineation of forest management units based on watershed/subwatershed physical boundaries. These maps should be presented to the Provincial & Municipal Working Groups to operationalize the partnership & devolution of forest management functions to serve as reference for the work of these working people. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTION? a. CBFM may be implemented in uplands & coastal lands of the public domain except in the following: 1) Areas covered by existing prior rights except when the lessee, permitee, or agreement holder executes a waiver in favor of the PO applying for the CBFM Agreement. Upon termination of any pre-existing permit for non-timber forest products however, the permit shall not be renewed & any permit shall be given to the CBFMA holder. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTION? a. CBFM may be implemented in uplands & coastal lands of the public domain except in the following: 2) Protected areas as mandated in RA 7586 (NIPAS Law) & its implementing rules & regulations; 3) Forest lands which have been assigned by law under the administration & control of other government agencies, except upon written consent of the government agency concerned; & NCIP certified ancestral lands & domains, except when the ICCs/Ips opt to participate in CBFM. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTION? b. Presence of communities residing within or adjacent to forest lands & who are largely dependent on forest land resources for their livelihood; and c. Areas adjacent to or adjoining to existing CBFM projects. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? HOW ARE CONFLICTS IN CLAIMS BE PROCESSED FOR RESOLUTION? Complaints for conflicts in CBFM area shall be filed before the next higher approving authority within 30 days from date of first publication/or notification; and the concerned official shall have 30 days after receipts hereof to resolve the complaint. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE STAGES OF CBFMP IMPLEMENTATION? B. PO formation & Provision of Security of Tenure Stage. The objectives of this stage are (1) encourage participation of local communities in CBFMP; (2) to start community organization building or strengthening; and (3) to define existing conditions (social, economic, natural resources) relevant for planning. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? HOW ARE POTENTIAL CBFM PARTICIPANTS VALIDATED? A multi-sectoral group at the local level shall be created for the purpose of validating CBFM participants. It shall be composed of the DENR, LGU, other government agencies, NGO, NCIP & other sectors concerned. Minutes of the consultation meeting shall be prepared. In areas where there is no existing PO, the CENRO shall facilitates its formation. Formation of the PO shall only proceed when the multi-sectoral group has validated the qualified CBFM participants. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? HOW TO FORM A PO? The CENRO, LGU & NCIP (if there are IPS involved) shall assist in the formation of the PO. The PO to be formed shall be duly assisted in accomplishing the requirements & registration with the SEC, CDA, DOLE, DTI or other registering agencies. The DENR shall fully explain to the PO the terms & conditions of the CBFMA before the application for CBFM is processed. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE TENURIAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE PROGRAM? a. Community Based Forest Management Agreement (CBFMAs) are agreements between the DENR & the participating POs. It has a duration of 25 years renewal for another 25 years, shall provide tenurial security & incentives to develop, utilize & manage specific portions of forest lands pursuant to approved CRMF. The CBFMA is designed to ensure that the participating community shall enjoy the benefits of sustainable management, conservation & utilization of forest lands & natural resources therein. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE TENURIAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE PROGRAM? b. Certificate of Stewardship Contract (CSC). The CBFM strategy recognizes the individual rights of occupancy though the granting of the CSC, which is coterminus with the CBFMA. The CSC shall be issued by the CENRO upon recommendation of the PO based on the census of actual occupants conducted, provided that the area is within the CBFM area applies for & the CS applicant is a regular member of the PO. In case of married members, the names of both spouses shall be indicated in the stewardship agreement. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE PROCEDURES IN GETTING THE CBFMA? a. The working group will be created, with the CENRO taking the lead. They shall ask the comments from the LGU concerned regarding applicants for CBFMA; b. The CENRO shall assist the PO to comply with the requirements (1) Certificate of registration of the PO; (2) List of officers & members of the PO & their respective addressees; (3) Resolution authorizing any of the officers of the PO to file the application for CBFMA; (4) NCIP certification precondition pursuant to Sec 59 of RA No. 8371 known as the “Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE PROCEDURES IN GETTING THE CBFMA? c. A delineation map which shall form part of the CBFMA shall be submitted within 5 working days. A more precise map shall be prepared by the CENRO based on actual ground survey. d. The CENRO shall review all CBFMA applications within 10 working days upon receipt. If found in order, he/she shall approve applications covering 500 has. & below. He/she shall endorse applications with areas more 500 has. to the PENRO. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE PROCEDURES IN GETTING THE CBFMA? e. The PENRO shall review & act within 5 working days & shall approve applications covering the more than 500 has. to 5,000 has. He/she shall endorse areas more than 5,000 has. to the RED; f. Applications covering more than 5,000 to 20,000 has, the RED shall approve. g. Applications covering more than 20,000 has., the Secretary of the DENR thru the FMB shall approve. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE CS/CBFMA? The terms and conditions of the CS/CBFMA shall be binding. When the CS or CBFMA is terminated which is not due to the fault or negligence of the CS or CBFMA holders, they shall be entitled to just compensation on all improvements made in the CBFMA area based on the fair market value as of date of termination of such improvements as assessed by government assessor. They shall the right to harvest or remove temporary improvements as can reasonably be removed consistent with the applicable policies. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? CAN THE CSC/CBFMA BE TRANSFERRED? In case of death or incapacity of the CS holder, the CS shall be transferred to his/her legal heirs. The CBFMA is non-transferable. However, the PO may enter into contracts with private or government agencies for the development of the entire area or portions thereof and/or other economic activities; Provided that transparent contracting procedures are followed; Provided that development and/or activities are consistent with the CRMF; Provided further that in case of failure to fulfill the terms & conditions of the CBFMA by the subcontractor, accountability shall be borne by the CBFMA holder. The PO may also use as collateral the standing crops in the area planted by them, subject to the affirmation of the DENR issuing authority concerned. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE STAGES OF CBFMP IMPLEMENTATION? C. The Planning Stage The objective of this stage is to assist the Pos in preparing their CRMF & 5-year work plans. The DENR shall enlist the support of the LGU & NCIPO (if there are IPs involved) & assist the Pos in undertaking the planning activity. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT IS COMMUNITY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK? The CRMF is a strategic plan of the community on how to manage & benefit from the forest resources on a sustainable basis. It describes the community’s long-term vision, aspiration, commitments & strategies for the protection, rehabilitation, development & utilization of forest resources. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT IS COMMUNITY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK? The CRMF shall provide the detailed activities for the first 5 years which shall serve as the 5-year work plan of the PO. The steps in the preparation of the CRMF are: a. PO orientation/PO planning team’s training on CRMF preparation. b. Defining the VMGO c. Determination of the components of the CRMF WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF CRMF? i. Livelihood enterprise development ii. Land-uses within the CBFM area iii. Market Information System iv. Criteria & indicators for CBFM v. Financing strategy & accessing resource funds vi. Networking & linkaging vii. Consultation & ratification of CRMF WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? HOW IS CRMF AFFIRMED? The ratified CRMF shall be jointly endorsed by the PO & CENRO concerned, together with the minutes of the consultation, within 15 working days to the PENRO for affirmation. This affirmation is the manifestation of the commitment of the DENR to support the PO in the implementation of the commitment of the DENR to support the PO in the implementation of the plan. It shall be considered affirmed after the lapse of 15 working days. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? HOW IS CRMF AFFIRMED? The CRMF once affirmed shall also serve as the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for CBFM, which describes the environmental impacts of and mitigation & enhancement measures for activities to be undertaken in the area. The affirmed CRMF shall be made as basis for the issuance of Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) by the Regional Director of the DENR. The affirmed CRMF shall likewise be reviewed whenever necessary, but in no case no longer than 5 years. The SWOT of the different components shall be used in the revision of the CRMF. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE CONTENTS OF THE 5-YEAR WORK PLAN? It shall contain the baseline information, detailed strategies, activities & targets for 5 years on protection, rehabilitation, development & resource utilization, organizational strengthening, financing, marketing & enterprise development. It shall include the annual activities & work targets of the PO for the period covered by the plan include the annual activities & work targets of the PO for the period covered by the plan & shall be prepared 3 months before the expiration of the existing plan, for affirmation by the CENRO. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN THE PREPARATION OF 5-YEAR PLAN? a. PO orientation/PO planning team’s training on the 5-yr WP b. Preparation of the 5-year WP c. Ratification of 5-year WP. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? HOW IS 5-YEAR WP AFFIRMED? The ratified WP shall be endorsed by the PO for affirmation by the CENRO to confirm that it has been prepared in a participatory manner. The affirmation of the 5-year WP by the CENRO shall be deemed as an approval of the plan & a confirmation of the DENRs active involvement in its preparation of the plan. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE STAGES OF CBFMP IMPLEMENTATION? D. Implementation Stage The objectives of this stage are: (1) enhance organizational & institutional capacities; (2) enhance the economic viability of resource management activities; (3) ensure the flow & equitable distribution of benefits to PO members & to the larger community; (4) ensure the build-up of capital by the PO for forest management & community development projects. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE MANAGEMENT & DEVELOPMENT OF CBFM AREAS? The management & development activities of CBFM areas shall be in accordance with the CRMF, which include among others; plantation establishment of open areas & application of silvicultural programs such as TSI, ANR, other silvicultural management systems in plantation & natural forests, development of non-timber forest resources, & activity for biodiversity utilization & conservation. The agro- forestry, mixed plantation of agricultural crops, fruit trees shall be done in areas identified to be suitable for agriculture. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE MANAGEMENT & DEVELOPMENT OF CBFM AREAS? Forest Protection & Conservation. The PO with assistance from the CENRO & LGU shall be primarily responsible for the protection & conservation of the natural resources with the coverage of the CBFMA. The PO shall likewise assist the government in the protection of adjacent forestlands & take active part in the protection activities. The DENR shall deputized qualified PO members as DENR Officers to have legal authority to apprehend illegal loggers/cutters. Harvesting, processing & transport of forest & biodiversity products in CBFM areas shall be in accordance with existing rules & regulations. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHAT ARE THE MANAGEMENT & DEVELOPMENT OF CBFM AREAS? Production Sharing Scheme from Government-owned Plantation within CBFM Areas. All forest products harvested from forest plantation established using government funds or plantation established by former TLA holders shall be subject to sharing agreement negotiated between the CBFMA holder & the DENR pursuant to existing rules & regulations. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHO WILL MONITOR & MANAGE THE CBFM PROGRAM? A participatory mode of M&E through a multi-sectoral or composite team composed of representatives from RENRO, PENRO, CENRO, LGU, AOs/NGOs & other concerned sectors. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHO COMPOSED THE CBFM STEERING COMMITTEE? The Committee, created in Section 8 of EO 263 is chaired by the DENR Secretary with members from the DA, DTI, DOF, DOST, DOLE, DILG DBM, DND, DOJ, NEDA, PCCD under the Office of the President, Committee on Flagship Programs & Projects of the Office of the President, CDA, NCIP and the President of the National CBFM PO Federation. WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHO COMPOSED THE CBFM STEERING COMMITTEE? The Steering Committee shall have the following roles & functions: i. Formulate policy/guidelines and provide overall guidance & policy direction for implementation of the CBFMP ii. When majority of the membership of the PO, through a resolution, request for the nullification of the CBFMA based on valid grounds as verified by the DENR and/or the LGU concerned; WHAT ARE THE LEGAL PROVISIONS OF THE COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM? WHO COMPOSED THE CBFM STEERING COMMITTEE? The Steering Committee shall have the following roles & functions: iii. When actual occupants/direct stakeholders in the area were displaced or excluded without valid cause by the CBFMA awardee; iv. Serious/continued violations of applicable forestry laws, rules & regulations; v. When the CBFMA holder fails to comply with terms & conditions of the agreement after 3 written notices by the CENRO duly received by the holder.  EXTENSION, PRINCIPLES & STRATEGIES WHAT IS FORESTRY EXTENSION? It is an organized program of information, education & service designed to promote favorable attitudes to, and practices geared toward forest conservation. By information, it means the dissemination of forestry concepts, research results, technology advances through various channels of communication. By education, it refers to formal & informal trainings such as workshops, seminars, conferences, demonstrations & other similar undertakings. By service, means the technical and material assistance like seeds & seedling dispersal, forestry consultant services, technical assistance.  WHAT IS FOREST CONSERVATION? It is the wise utilization of forest resources including renewal, protection, development, harvesting, processing & maintenance of ecological balance.  AGROFORESTRY WHAT IS AGROFORESTRY? It is a sustainable land management system that increases the total yield of the land, combines the production of crops (including tree crops) & forest plants and/or animals simultaneously or sequentially on the same unit of land, and applies management practices that are compatible with the cultural practices of the local population.  WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AGROFORESTRY? 1. It involves the production of two or more species of plants (or plants & animals), at least one of which is a woody perennial. 2. It has 2 or more outputs. 3. The cycle is always longer than a year 4. Even the simplest agroforestry system is more complex, ecologically (structurally & functionally) and economically than the monocropping system. 5. There must be a significant interaction (positive and/or negative) between the woody & non- woody components of all system, either ecologically and/or economic.  WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AGROFORESTRY? By definition, AF also ensures that (PCARRD, 1991): 1. The land management is sustainable 2. The practice increases yields & services per unit of land 3. The cropping scheme combines the production of forest & agricultural crops and/or animals either sequentially or simultaneously on the same unit of land. 4. The system contributes to the socio-economic & ecologically upliftment of the community & is compatible with the cultural patterns of the local communities; & 5. The practice is consistent with sound ecological principles.  WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AGROFORESTRY? Agroforestry is also being confused with social forestry. However, the former is a distinct field from the latter. AF is technical description whose main concern is to develop viable agroforestry practices for the uplands. It answers such question as what crop/livestock combination to raise, how is soil & water conserve & the like. Moreover, not only upland farmers but also private individuals & corporations who want to develop, hilly areas can use AF technologies.  WHAT ARE THE ROLES OF AGROFORESTRY? 1. Ecological (Protective) Roles This is based largely on the beneficial effects of trees on soil & micro-environment such as: soil conservation/ soil amelioration; water conservation; improvement of microclimate; other benefits (enhance aesthetics; provides food & shelter to wildlife; biodiverse structure makes it less susceptible to pest & diseases). 2. Socio-economic (Productive) Roles Helping alleviate the socio-economic conditions of the farmers; productivity could be sustained through time; ensure farmers self-sufficiency in food, energy fodder, and other basic services while providing extra income, that could be used for other socio-economic needs.  WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR AN IDEAL AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM? 1. Productivity – Increase output of tree products; improved yields of associated crops; reduction of the cropping system inputs, & increase labor efficiency. 2. Sustainability – AF should be able to provide benefits through time without compromising the needs of future generation. To attain this, productive potential of the resource based should be conserved. AF can achieve & indefinitely maintain & conserve the fertility of the land by employing soil & water conservation strategies (mainly through the beneficial effects of woody perennials on soils). Related to the issue of sustainability is land tenure. Farmers will most likely not adopt permanent structure if their land tenure is not secured.. Also, since conservation structure requires any inputs, assistance & other forms of incentives are necessary especially to farmers who operate close to the margin of subsistence. Moreover, a sustainable system is one that cannot only withstand sudden changes in its growing environment but also sudden changes in market prices. Hence, crop diversity is another important consideration in the design of AF systems.  WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR AN IDEAL AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM? 3. Adoptability – for the AF to be adopted (accepted), it should be compatible to the customs, traditions, & beliefs of the farmers. In the introduction of new or improved agroforestry technologies, socio-cultural norms & taboos must be considered or else the system is bound to be rejected by farmers. It should consider that the farmer should have both the technical skills & financial capabilities to adopt the technology.  HOW IS AGROFORESTRY CLASSIFIED? A. Structural basis – refers to the composition of the component, including the spatial admixture of the woody component, vertical stratification of the component & the and temporal arrangement of the different components. 1. Based on the nature of the components. i. agrisilvicultural: agricultural crops + woody perennials ii. silvopastural: woody perennials + animals iii. agrosilvopastural: agricultural crops + animals+ woody perennials Nowadays, not only aforementioned classification/system exist. A combination of the following can also be observed: a. Entomoforestry – apiculture b. Aquaforestry – fishery c. Agrosilvoaquaculture  HOW IS AGROFORESTRY CLASSIFIED? 2. Arrangement of the Components Arrangement of the components refers to the plant components of the system involving the dimensions of space (Spatial) and time (temporal) Spatial arrangement refer to the way the plant components of the system are arranged on the surface of an agroforestry farm. Based on this criterion, and AF system could either have a regular or irregular distribution. Regular when the forest trees are grown/planted by or in association with the farm crops or rather scattered regularly among it. Irregular, when trees are planted along side or around farm crops with which it is associated. Temporal arrangement include AF systems where trees & crops are alternately grown over time in a give space & could either be temporary or permanent. It is temporary, when trees are planted along side or around farm crops with which it is associated. Temporal arrangements include AF systems where trees & crops are alternately grown over time in a give space & could either be temporary or permanent. It is temporary, when the agrociltural component dies not last the length of the forest rotation & permanents, when maintained during one or more rotation. The temporal arrangement of the crop components can also be describe as: coincident (e.g. coffee under shade trees); concomitant (e.g. taungya), intermittent (e.g. annual crops under coconut, seasonal grazing of pasture under trees); interpolated (e.g. home gardens); overlapping (e.g. black pepper & rubber); and separate (e.g. improved follow species in shifting cultivation).  HOW IS AGROFORESTRY CLASSIFIED? B. Functional basis – refers to the major role of the system, mainly of tree component. The woody perennial/forest component could either be productive (such as production of food, fuelwood, fodder), protective such as windbreak, shelterbelt, soil conservation) or both. C. Socio-economic basis – under this scheme, socio-economic criteria such as scales of production, level of technology, inputs & management are used as in classifying AF system. 1. Commercial – used where the production of the output, usually a single commodity, for sale is the major aim of the system (e.g. commercial grazing & ranching under large-scale timber & pulp plantations; taungya. 2. Intermediate – those that are intermediate between commercial & subsistence scales of production & management. They can be distinguished from those of the commercial & subsistence system based on the land holding size & level of economic prosperity of the farmer. 3. Subsistence – are those where the use of the land is directed toward satisfying the basic needs, & managed mostly by the owner/occupant & his family (e.g. shifting cultivation).  WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES? A. Indigenous Technologies – refers to those technologies being practices mainly by the cultural communities. Existence of these technologies cannot be discounted for these are time-tested systems which are able to sustain production while preserving the integrity of the environment. Three general indigenous systems: a.1. Rice terraces forest coupled forestry is being practiced in the Northern Phils. By the Ifugao Tribe. The agricultural components is of course the rice planted in the terraces. The forest component is maintained in the surrounding watershed to provide irrigation water. Terracing – the step slopes is a structure method of soil and water conservation and management. The main idea in terracing is to cut the length of slopes so as to disrupt water run- off velocity.  WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES? a.2. Fallow system or swidden cultivation is considered as the oldest form of agroforestry. It normally involves the clearing, burning, and direct planting of agricultural crops without plowing the area. After 2-3 years of cultivation the area is allowed to revert back to forest in order to rehabilitate the soil. a.3. Naalad system or the modified fallow system in Naalad. Cebu proved to be an effective farming practice of the uplands. To hasten rejuvenation of the soil, farmers directly issued the fallow area with ipil-ipil. This shortens the fallow period from the usual 10-20 years if farmers rely on natural vegetation to regenerate to only six years. At the end of the follow period, the trees are cut & the branches are piles along the contour to form a fascine-like structure called “balabag” or babag”. The function of this structure is obviously for soil erosion control. a.4. Multistory system – is characterized by the presence of stratified canopy. In the Phils. the most predominant form is the coconut-based multistory.  WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES? B. Sloping Agricultural Land Technology - Alley cropping hedgerow intercropping or popularly known as SALT is one of the technologies being advocated by the DENR through units Social Forestry Program. The ideal species for hedgerow should posses the following characteristics: a. easily established b. fast growing c. good sprouting ability d. preferably nitrogen-fixing legume e. deep-rooted f. able to grow in closely-spaced conditions g. provide useful products  WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES? C. Other Agroforestry Systems c.1. Taungya – permits agricultural crop production with woody perennials until canopy closure of the latter. Thus it is after the establishment of the plantation rather than the development of the upland settlements. c.2. PICOP Agroforestry scheme provides a ready market for the pulpwood of falcata. c.3. Silvopastural system is exemplified in Nasipit Lumber Co. (NALCO) in Mindanao with cattle grazing underneath Albizzia moluccana. Silvopastural system also exists in a modified alley cropping system otherwise known as SALT whereby pruning of hedgerow are used as feeds for ruminants in a cut-carry system.  WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES? D. Guidelines that would make AF sustainable, culturally acceptable, technically feasible, ecological stable and economically viable (Lasco, 1992; Ramirez, 1994): d.1. productive and protective – chosen farming practices should promote soil moisture conservation and nutrient mineral cycling within the system while simultaneously maximizing the economic capacity of a given land unit. d.2. Choice of species d.3. crop compatibility d.4. Input requirements d.5. Sustainability of the systems