Forestry Extension Methods PDF

FAO Forestry FORESTRY PAPER extension 80 methods by D. Sim and H.A. Hilmi %t1.P&L 01 ROM r 7r4. e1r, I I la I.1...

FAO Forestry FORESTRY PAPER extension 80 methods by D. Sim and H.A. Hilmi %t1.P&L 01 ROM r 7r4. e1r, I I la I.1 1111tCt FOOD FOOD AND AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1987 1987 r The designations The employed and designa tions employed and the the presentation presentation of of material m ate rial in this publication publication do donot notimply implythe theexpression exp ression ofof any opinion whatsoever whatsoever on on the part ofof the the Food Food andand Agriculture Ag Organization of the riculture Organization United Nations the United Natiors concerning co ncerning the the legal legal status of of any any country, country. territory, territory, city cIty o r area o or orr of its its authorities. authorities, or concerning concerning thethe delimitation delimitation of its frontiers fron tiers or boundaries. bounda ries. M-36 M,36 ISBN 92-5-102602-5 All rights reserved. All reserved. NoNo part of o f this this publication publication may maybe bereproduced, reproduced ,stored storedininaaretrieval retr ievalsystem, system, or or anyy form or by any transmitted in an any means, means,electronic, electronic, mechanical, mechanical, photoco photocopying pying or otherwise, without o therwise, witho ut the prior permission the permission of thethe copyright copyright owner. owner. Applications App lications for forsuch suchpermission, permissio n, with with aastatement statement of the purpose and extent of extent of the the reproduction, reproduction , should shpuld bebe addressed addressed toto the the Director, Director, Publications Publications Division, Food Division, Food and and Agriculture Ag riculture Organization of of the the United United Nations, Nations, Via Via delle delle Terme Terme di Caracalla, Caracalla, 00100 00100 Rome. Rome, Italy. © FAO FAO 1987 1987  FOREWORD This publication is This publication is the second second in in aa series series of of three dealing with three dealing with forestry extension in itsits current current context. context. The initial publication, publication, Forestry Extension Organisation, Organisation, FAO Forestry Forestry Paper Paper 66,66, FAO FAO Rome Rome 1986, 1986, dealt dealt with with the the establishment and organisation of of forestry forestry extension extension activities. activities. This volumevolume covers design and covers the design and implementation implementation of of forestry forestry extension extension activities activities inin the the field. Throughout these publications, Throughout these publications, extension extension is regarded in its is regarded its widest sense as any process of integrating indigenous and derived derived knowledge, knowledge, attitudes attitudes and skills to and skills to determine determine what is is needed, needed, how how itit can can be be done, done, what what local local co-operation and resources can be be mobilised mobilised and and what what additional additional assistance assistance may be be necessary necessary to to overcome overcome particular particular obstacles. obstacles. It implies It implies action by the people to solve solve local local problems, problems, notnot action action for for them, them, though though itit does not preclude does not preclude assistance assistance where where local local resources resources areare inadequate inadequate toto meet meet otherwise realistic and necessary targets. targets. It It places places particular particular emphasis emphasis onon determining appropriate targets determining appropriate targets for for extension work by the the people people themselves themselves who must be who must be involved in achieving these, in achieving these, andand in the identification in the identification andand mobilisation ofof local local resources. resources. It It was was based initially on aa report report submitted submitted byby Vicente Magno (Forestry (Forestry Extension Methods, V.C. V.C. Magno Magno Lesotho: Lesotho: GCP/LES/026/SWE-Forestry GCP/LES/026/SWE-Forestry Training Training and and Development, 1982), 1982), following following aa programme programme of training of of training staff in of staff in forestry forestry extension methods in Lesotho. This present present publication, publication, however, however, incorporates much new material and and ideas ideas developed developed since since that that time time and and draws draws on recent experience experience ofof FAO FAO staff staff inin these these fields. fields. It sets sets out out to to provide provide aa minimum of minimum of basic basic theoretical theoretical information information of of the topic topic of extension extension andand suggestions on suggestions activities which on activities which should should be be adapted adapted to to meet meet the the situation situation within which within which aa reader reader isis working. working. It It is is written for persons directly engaged engaged in carrying out extension activities in in the the field. field. It It will be followed followed by aa publication on Forestry publication Forestry Extension Extension Curricula Curricula which suggests suggests the the scope scope and and nature of training training desirable desirable for for staff staff undertaking undertaking such such activities. activities. M.A. Flore Director-General Director-General Department Forestry Department - iii -  CONTENTS Page 1. 1. INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY EXTENSION. 11 1.1 Definition of forestry extension in this context. 11 1.2 Purpose of forestry extension extension......................... 22 1.3 Function of of forestry extension 22 1.4 Steps in developing aa forestry extension programme 33 1.5 Procedures for change... 44 1.6 Need for............... for properly trained staff 55 1.7 EXtension Extension research research.................................. 77 1.8 Factors limiting forestry forestry extension 7 7 1.9 Benefits of of forestry extension programmes 88 2. 2. FORESTRY PRACTICES PRACTICES FOR EXTENSION.. 10 10 2.1 2.1 Agroforestry systems................................ 10 10 2.1.1 Distribution of crops by area... 10 10 2.1.2 Silvipasture ; 12 12 2.1.3 Strip plantations 12 12 2.1.4 2.1.4 Tree farming. 13 13 2.2 Taungya.. 14 14 2.3 Communi ty woodlots..... Community 14 14 2.4 Management of of natural vegetation............. vegetation.. 15 15 2.5 Erosion control or improvement of water supplies supplies 16 16 2.6 2.6 Amenity planting. 17 17 2.7 2.7 forest based Small scale forest based enterprises enterprises.. 17 17 3. 3. OF FORESTRY GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FORESTRY EXTENSION EXTENSION.. 18 18 3.1 3.1 process of forestry extension.. The process 18 18 3.2 3.2 Some basic principles of forestry extension.. 20 20 3.3 The nature of forestry extension.......... 22 22 3.4 3.4 spread of The spread of extension extension activities activities... 23 23 3.5 3.5 Methods of of extension..... 24 24 3.6 3.6 Some features features and strategy of forestry forestry extension extension. 24 24 4. 4. PRINCIPLES OF EXTENSION EDUCATION... 26 26 4.1 4.1........................... General approach.................................... 26 26 4.2 Extension teaching........................... teaching................................... 26 26 4.3 4.3 Some features..................... features of learning.................. 27 27 4.4 4.4 learning relevant Some important principles of learning relevant to to extension..... ~ "0 0" 27 27 4.5 4.5 Moti vatian for Motivation change 409*0 for change..... 0O00.000000O0............................... 30 30 4.6 4.6 learning situations Some characteristics of learning situations...... 30 4.7 4.7 Two-way flow Two-way................................. flow.................................... 31 31 - v -  Page 5. 5. CO~ICATION COMMUNICATION................ 32 32 5.1 Communication in forestry extension............. 32 32 5.2 The The communication process.................... 33 33 5.2.1 TIle connnunicator......................... The communicator 34 34 5.2.2 Tile The message............ 35 35 5.2.3 5.2.3 The channels channels of communication 35 35 5.2.4 5.2.4 The receiver or the the audience audience....... 38 38 5. 3 5.3 The The adoption process proces s...................................... 40 40 5.4 5.4 Motivation of rural rural people people ,................. 41 41 5.4.1 5.4.1 Perception and satisfaction Perception and satisfaction of of needs needs 42 42 5.4.2 Motivating factors Motivating factors......................... 43 43 5.5 The The diffusion process............................... 44 44 5.6 Categories Categories of of adopters............................... adopters 44 44 5.6.1 The innovators innovators............................. 45 45 5.6.2 The early adopters................................. 45 45 5.6.3 5.6.3 The The early majority......................... majority................. 45 45 5.6.4 The late majority...... majority 46 46 5.6.5 The la te adopters.......................... late 46 46 6. 6. AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS............................................... 48 48 6.1 6.1 Non-pro jected aids.................................. Non-projected 48 48 6.1.1 Advantages of non-projected aids. 48 48 6.1.2 6.1.2 Examples of of non-projected aids aids....... 49 49 6.2 6.2 Pro jected visual aids. Projected 53 53 6.2.1 6.2.1 Classification of of projected projected visual visual aids 53 53 6.2.2 6.2.2 Some advantages and and disadvantages disadvantages of of pro jected aids projected aids. 54 54 6.2.3 of projected Examples of projected visual visual aids aids. 54 54 6.3 recorders...................................... Tape recorders 60 6.4 Video recorders recorders.......................................................... 61 61 6.5 Puppets............ 00000........ 00000040000............................................. 62 62 6.6 and plays Music and plays..................................... 63 63 6.7 uni ts........................................ Mobile units 63 6.7.1 Normal facilities of aa mobile unit 63 63 6.7.2 of mobile Purposes of mobile units units 63 63 6.7.3 of mobile Advantages and disadvantages of mobile units units 64 6.8 Display visuals Display visuals..................................... 65 65 6.9 Extension literature............................................. 67 67 7. 7. WORKING WITH WORKING WITH PEOPLE PEOPLE..................... 69 69 7.1 7.1 required Personal characteristics required 69 69 7.2 Pllblic speaking...... Public speaking 000000000000000000000000...... 0..................................... 70 7.3 Working with Working with local local leaders leaders............................................. 74 74 7.3.1 Formal leaders................................................. 74 74 7.3.2 leaders........ Informal leaders 0000000000000000000 74 74 7.3.3 local leaders Training local leaders..................... 75 75 8. 8. INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP EXTENSION EXTENSION METHODS 77 8.1 8.1.0..001.00 000000000060000000. Individual methods................................. 77 8.2 co................. oceoeopepoposop0000ao. Home visits........................................ 78 78 8.2.1 Some features of of home home visits- visits· 78 78 8.2.2 Checklist for planning aa home home visit visit 79 79 -v - vii - -  Page 8.3 8.3 Office calls and enquiries enquiries.............. 80 80 8.4 Personal letters........................................................................ 81 81 8.4.1 Some Some features features of official official letters letters..... 81 81 8.5 8.5 Telephone calls.......................................................................... 82 82 8.5.1 Some Some features features of telephone telephone calls calls 82 82 8.6 Informal Informal contacts...................................................................... 83 83 8.7 8.7 Group methods.............................................................................. 84 84 8.7.1 Features of group methods................. 84 8.8 8.8 Group meetings........................................ ~.................................. 85 85 8.8.1 Purposes of of group group meetings meetings....o........................................... 85 85 8.8.2 Types of group meetings 85 85 8.8.3 8.8.3 Checklist Checklist and guidelines for for improving improving the the effectiveness of meetings 85 8.9 Training and and visit system system...................................................... 88 8.9.1 Organisation of the T&V system 88 8.10 Demonstrations............................................................................ 89 89 8.10.1 Result demonstrations................. 89 89 8.10.2 8.10.2 Method demonstrations 93 93 8.11...,.................................. Field days.................................................................................... 95 95 8.11.1 8.11.1 Purposes of field field days days 95 95 8.11.2 Some Some considerations considerations in in planning field field days. days 95 95 8.12 Field trips and tours tours 96 96 8.12.1 Purposes of field trips and tours tours 96 96 8.12.2 Advantages of field field trips and tours 96 96 8.12.3 Guidelines in in arranging arranging field field trips trips and and tours tours 96 96 8.12.4 Factors in planning Factors in planning field field trips trips and and tours tours 97 97 8.13 Panel Panel discussions................................... 97 97 8.14 Extension schools................................ 98 98 8.15 Farmers' training Farmers' training centres centres........................... 98 98 9. 9. EXTENSION METHODS MASS EXTENSION METHODS 100 100 9.1 of mass Functions of mass methods methods................................... 100 100 9.1.1 Features of mass media............. 100 100 9.2 9.2 Circular letters.................................... 100 100 9.2.1 of circular Features of circular letters letters 101 101 9.2.2 Checklist and guidelines for for using circular circular letters.................................... letters 101 101 9.3 9.3............................... Newspaper stories................................... 102 102 9.3.1 Use of newspaper stories 102 102 9.3.2 newspaper stories Planning newspaper stories. 103 103 9.3.3 stories Principles of writing newspaper stories 103 103 9.3.4 Follow-up............... 00000.0"0008e 103 103 9.4.......... o............ Posters............................................. 104 104 9.4.1 of posters Functions of posters 104 104 9.4.2................ Design of posters 104 104 9.4.3 for poster Suggestions for poster design design 104 104 9.4.4 Some considerations on the use the use of of posters posters.. 105 105 9.5 Wall newspapers 105 105 9.5.1 9.5.1 Some considerations on the the use use of of wall wall newspapers........ newspapers 0000000000000006000000004................................. 105 105 9.6 Pamphlets and leaflets 106 106 9.6.1 9.6.1 of pamphlets Functions of pamphlets and and leaflets leaflets 106 106 9.6.2 Advantages of Advantages of using using pamphlets pamphlets and and leaflets leaflets. 107 107 9.6.3 for producing Guidelines for producing pamphlets pamphlets and and leaflets................................... 107 107 -- vii --  Page 9.7 Fact sheets......"0000000000000000000000000OoD000Oo Fact sheets......................................... 108 9.8 Exhibits and and displays displays.............................................................. 108 9.8.1 9.8.1 and displays Functions of exhibits and displays....... 108 9.8.2 9.8.2 Guidelines Guidelines in in preparing and using using exhibits exhibits and displays and displays. 108 9.8.3 Some Some other suggestions on exhibits exhibits and and displays................................... 109 109 9.8.4 Organising and presenting presenting the the exhibit exhibit or or display........................................ ea0000000O00,29040........... 109 9.9............................................... Radio 00000410a000O0ea0O000poaaooGop0000ppolooaeaaoo. 110 9.9.1 Purposes programmes............... Purposes of radio programmes............ 110 9.9.2 programmes Features of radio programmes.......... 110 9.9.3 Guidelines and Guidelines and checklist for recording a radio broadcast............................ 111 9.9.4 Some technical points...................... 112 112 9.9.5 Some considerations and and suggestions suggestions..... 113 9.10 Television............................................................. Oaaa0OODOOOOOD000OO*. 113 113 9.10.1 Use of of TV TV in in extension extensionOa........ OaaO00000000 113 9.10.2 preparing TV Guidelines in preparing TV material material..... 114 114 10. EXTENSION CAMPAIGNS....... EXTENSION CAMPAIGNS. GOOOOOOOOO000O000OOOZO000O0ocoso 115 10.1 10.1 Reasons Reasons for using the campaign approach............. 115 10.2 principles extension campaigns Principles of extension campaigns.............................. 115 10.3 Guidelines for planning extension campaigns campaigns.......... 116 10.3.1 10.3.1 Analysis of the current situation situation.......... 116 10.3.2 objectves...................... Determining objectves................... 117 10.3.3 10.3.3 Planning phase.......................... 118 10.3.4 Timing the campaign................................................ 119 119 10.3.5 Preparing the the material material.......................................... 119 119 10.3.6 Training phase...................................................... 120 10.3.7 Production phase................................................. 120 10.3.8 10.3.8 Implementation phase....... 00000000,20600000 120 10.4 Monitoring and evaluation Monitoring and evaluation........................ 121 11. EXTENSION PROGRAMME EXTENSION PROGRAMME MONITORING, MONITORING, EVALUATION EVALUATION AND AND FEEDBACK.... FEEDBACK 123 11.1 11.1 General principles........... General principles......................................................... 123 11.2 11.2 programme formulation Evaluation of programme formulation and and planning planning.... 125 11.3 11.3 of progrmme Evaluation of progrmme implementation implementation............... 126 126 11.4 11.4 Post-programme evaluation Post-programme evaluation................................................... 130 130 11.5 11.5 Organisation Organisation ofof evaluation evaluation activities activities............... 134 11.5.1 11.5.1 Programme formulation formulation and and planning planning......... 134 134 11.5.2 11.5.2 implementation...,............... Programme implementation 134 11.5.3 11.5.3 Post-programme evaluation evaluation.............. 135 135 11.6 11.6 Feedback......... Feedback........................................... 00.4booaa........... 0000c00000000000 136 12. ORGANISING AA TRAINING ORGANISING TRAINING PROGRAMME PROGRAMME.............,............... 137 137 12.1 12.1 Staff education and training education and training programmes programmes............. 137 12.2 training programmes Public information and training programmes.......... 138 12.3 Nature of Nature of training training activities activities....................... 138 12.4 Selection ofof training methods....................... 140 12.4.1 12.4.1 The The lecture method OODO0O0OOO000o00000000poo. 140 12.4.2 12.4.2 Group Group discussion methods 142 - viii -  Page 12.5 12.5 Steps Steps in organising aa training training programme programme. 144 12.5.1 12.5.1 Determining training needs.. 144 144 12.5.2 12.5.2 Determining the objectives objectives of training 145 145 12.5.3 Determining the training content content.. 145 145 12.5.4 12.5.4 Developing Developing aa final final programme and and teaching plan.................................................................. 145 145 12.5.5 12.5.5 Scheduling training activities. 146 146 12.5.6 Organising for work......... work............... 146 146 12.5.7 Implementing the programme........ 146 146 12.5.8 Evaluation and follow-up follow-up... 146 146 12.6 12.6 Management of a training training programme programme. 147 147 12.6.1 12.6.1 Planning, steering and Planning, steering and management committee committee 147 147 12.6.2 Accomodation, Accomodation, food and social committee 148 148 12.6.3 12.6.3 Registration, Registration, evaluation and information commi t tee.................................................................... committee 148 148 12.6.4 Travel arrangements, arrangements, transport and tours coIDlIli committeettee.................................................................... 148 148 12.6.5 Library committee committee..... 148 12.6.6 Documentation and proceedings committee 149 149 12.6.7 12.6.7 Finance committee........... 149 149 12.7 12.7 Estimating training costs... 149 149 12.8 -Checklist Checklist for for organising and conducting a training programme..... 151 151 12.8.1 Purposes of training training 151 151 12.8.2 Selection of participants........... 151 151 12.8.3 the training Content of the training programme. 152 152 12.8.4 instructors.. Choice of instructors 152 152 12.8.5 methods........................... Training methods 152 152 12.8.6 Detailed arrangements. 152 152 12.8.7 for evaluation during Provision for during and and after after....................... training...................................................................... 153 153 12.8.8 evaluation... Post-training evaluation 153 153 12.8.9 12.8.9 Feed back........................................................................ Feedback 153 Figure 3.1 3.1 Stuctural units Compton's Stuctural units and and functional functional nlB.trix matrix............................................. 21 21 5.1 5.1 Communication Process The Communication Process.. 33 33 5.2 5.2 Stages in the adoption process process 40 40 5.3 5.3 Maslow ' s Hierarchy Maslow's Hierarchy of of needs needs.. 41 5.4 5.4 Distribution of farmers farmers amongst the the five five categories based on the time time of of adoption adoption 43 43 10.1 Stages in the development of of extension extension campaigns.................................................................... 122 122 - ix - 1. L. INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY EXTENSION FORESTRY This is is not aa text text onon forestry. forestry. It It assumes, assumes, on the part pa rt of of the the reader, reader, of forestry some knowledge of forestry inin his his or or her her local local area area and and describes describes aa number number of of extension methods extension methods which which can applied to bring can be applied bring the the benefits benefits ofof appropriate appr opriate forestry practices toto aa wider wider section section of of the the community. community. It It is is not logical logical to to consider forestry consider forestry extension extension apart apart from from the the general general pattern pattern ofof agricultural agricultural extension oror rural development in an area. Agricul t ural changes in Agricultural developing countries, over developing countries, the past over the past decades, decades, have have tended tended toto favour f avour large large scale mechanised commercial production mechanised commercial production which which has required less has required less manpower manpower and has accelerated the has accelerated movement of the movement of population population to to urban centre s often urban centres often ill- i 11- prepared to receive them them or or offer them suitable offer them suitable employment. This was paralleled by by the the preoccupation preoccupation of of many many forestry forestry authorities authorities with with large-scale large- scale quick gr owing industrial quick growing industrial tree tree species species plantations plantations inin the 1960 ' s and the 1960's and early early 1970's. There is aa growing There is growing recognition, recognition, however, however, of of the the need need toto give gi ve proper proper attention attention toto the the remaining remaining rural rural population, population , who who are are predominantly predominantly peasant peas ant farmers, and to farmers, to use use appropriate appropriate skills skills in in agriculture, agriculture, forestry forestry and and related r elated activities improve their activities to improve their general general welfare welfare and and the the quality quality of of their their lives. l ives. Too often in Too in the the past past aa narrow narrow viewview has has been taken of of this process. pr ocess. been regarded Extension has been regarded asas aa means means ofof passing passing down down to to farmers farme rs techniques t e chniques which, it was believed, would be was believed, be beneficial beneficial to to them without without taking taking into into account sufficiently sufficiently thethe particular particular social social oror environmental environmental conditions conditions of of the the area. InIn particular, particular, tootoo often, often , the the indigenous indigenous skills, skills, social social structure st r ucture and and local knowledge detailed local knowledge of of the people have been ignored people have ignored in trying tryi ng to trans fer new transfer new skills skills oror techniques techniques to to them. them. Fortunately, Fortunately, extension extension isis now now being being regarded regarded asas aa much wider wider task task ofof integrating indigenous integrating indigenous and skills or and new skills or techniques, techniques, derived derived from from study s t udy or or research, into research, into an overall framework im overall framework of of discussion discussion and and co-operation co-operation between between the people the people and and the the extension extension organiSation. organisation. This concept concept has has led l ed ttoo the development development by by Compton Compton (Fig. (Fig. 3.1) 3. 1) of of his his matrix matrix of of relationships between relationships between indigenous andand institutionally organised knowledge knowledge systems and farming farmi ng systems research, research, as a basis for for the the introduction introduction ofof effective effective extension extension intointo area. Thi an area. Thiss concept concept can -equally equally well be be applied applied toto extension extension in in forestry forestry which should, should, inin any any case, case , be closely related be closely related toto agricultural agricultural extension extension activities inin any any area. area. 1. 1 1.1 De f inition of Definition of forestry forestry extension extension in in this this context context In re cent years In recent years a number ofof different different terms terms have have been been used used to to describe describe the the basic activities of forestry forestry extension. extension. This diversity of terms terms has has not not ne ce ssa rily clarified necessarily c larified the the issues. issues. The important point, The important point, however however,, is not the is not the particular term used used but but the acceptance by those those concerned concerned of an attitude att itude of approach to to thethe matter. matter. Extension should be Extension should be regarded as as a process of of integrating indigenous and derived knowledge, attitudes and skills to to determine determine whatwhat isis needed, needed , how how it i t can can be be done, done, what what local local co-operation co-operation and and res ources can resources can be mobilised and what additional be mobilised additional assistance assistance is available and is available and may be necessary neces s ary to to overcome particular particular obstacles. In publication, the term In this publication, t e rm forestry forestry extension extension isis used used to t o cover cover any any situation in in which which local local people people areare directly directly and and willingly willingly involved involved in in for e stry activities forestry activities from from which they they will will derive derive some some recognisable recognisable benefit benefit withi n aa reasonable period of within of time. time. necessary this Where necessary may include this may include activ ities by activities industries or by industries or public public organisations organisations other other than than the the forestry f ores try - 1 - authority, authority, toto promote forestry by individuals individuals or by groups of people within a limited area. limited area. It presupposes, however, It presupposes, however, thatthat the the participation participation arises arises from some perceived some perceived needs needs or or opportunities opportunities which the the people people have have recognised recognised asas being sufficiently important to devote being sufficiently part of devote part of their time, time, energy energy and and resources to accomplish. to accomplish. The emphasis is not on is not on the accomplishment of the accomplishment specific national or or commercial commercial goals goals but but onon the the recognition recognition by by the the people of of the part the part forestry forestry can playplay in in conjunction conjunction with other other rural rural activities activities in the environment, maintaining the environment, tmproving improving living living standards standards and meeting meeting specific needs for forest needs for forest products. products. Where the term "community" Where the "community" is is used it should should be be interpreted interpreted in its widest possible possible sense sense as thethe population population of a village, village, or an an area, area, oror aa section section of of a population, population, or group of people or any group people having having some some common interest, as as appropriate appropriate to to the the context. context. should not be Extension should be regarded regarded simply simply as as an an efficient efficient delivery delivery system system to "get things done" but as a catalyst to promote the establishment of to "get things done" but as a catalyst to promote the establishment of an an indigenous system for for accomplishing accomplishing widely widely accepted accepted aims aims which, which, in in time, time, will will also able to also be able to define define and and secure secure the the delivery delivery of of any any external external assistance assistance required. required. 1.2 1.2 Purpose of forestry extension The purpose of The main purpose of forestry forestry extension extension is to people to to help people to examine examine problems problems which which are are affecting affecting their their lives lives an