Reviewer Midterm PDF

Understanding the Self ┃Ms. Gemaris Jadaone, Instructor PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE Socrates believed the unexamined life is not worth living and Knowing Philosophy is the love of wisdom, a way of...

Understanding the Self ┃Ms. Gemaris Jadaone, Instructor PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE Socrates believed the unexamined life is not worth living and Knowing Philosophy is the love of wisdom, a way of oneself is essential for good life. thinking about the world; from the Greek Known for the Socratic Method of word “philo” means loving and “sophia” questioning (Elenchus) used mostly study of. by teachers. Pythagoras- the first to use the term He believed in the dualistic nature philosophy. of the self. The soul as considered as the “self” The 7 Philosophical Concepts Good life could be attained by 1. Objectivism- perspective that knowing the truth. maintains that knowledge reflects Knowledge and Ignorance the universe and that reality (the world) is made up of distinct 2. Plato entities. A student of Socrates who believes also 2. Realism- knowledge is the result of in the dualistic nature of the self. He a connection between the mind and believed that the soul exists before the world. birth. 3. Empiricism- knowledge is Important Notes: acquired via sense perception and experience. Divided the soul/self into three 4. Rationalism- knowledge primarily (tripartite soul): comes from reason. 1. Rational Soul- The divine essence 5. Idealism- defines reality as mental, that enables us to think deeply. implying that there is no separation 2. Appetitive Soul- Basic biological between the mind and the universe. needs (e.g. hunger) 6. Relativism- connections between 3. Spirited Soul- Basic emotions and experience and physical events. passions (e.g. love) 7. Pragmatism- knowledge is He used the Allegory of the Chariot obtained by interactions between in interpreting the three … groups of people and the objects in Charioteer ------- Rational Soul their surroundings. White Horse ---- Spirited Soul Black Horse ----- Appetitive Soul Philosophical Perspectives from… The goal of Rational soul is to 1. Socrates balance the two other soul. When He died staying firmly with his achieved, a balance personality is philosophy. According to him, true possible. philosophers do not fear death. His Theory of Forms: the physical death is caused of drinking a poisonous world we perceive through our hemlock which he voluntary did rather senses is not the real world but than be exiled. His death challenges merely a reflection of a higher Western Philosophies. Father of reality Western Philosophy. 3. Aristotle Important Notes: A student of Plato and the teacher of Alexander the Great. He believed that  Understanding the Self ┃Ms. Gemaris Jadaone, Instructor the soul is the essence of all living 6. David Hume things. The Father of Political Science. He argued that the self is a bundle of perception or experiences. What we Important Notes: consider the self is merely a collection Divided the soul into three: of sensory experiences and memories. 1. Vegetative Soul: ability for growth Important Notes: 2. Sentient Soul: sensual desires, feelings, and emotions. There is no “self”, no permanent 3. Rational Soul: intellect, reasoning self. and decision-making. Known for philosophical empiricism- causes and effects are 4. St. Augustine discoverable not by reason, but by He combined Christian Theology with experience. Philosophical inquiry. Man is created Impression: products of the direct with the image of God. Our self seeks experience with the world. to be united with God through faith. Idea: copies of impressions thus they are not lively as impression do. Important Notes: City of Man (Earthly City)- 7. John Locke Imperfect, vulnerable to committing Father of Liberalism. He posited that sins, earthly peace to enjoy earthly mind is blank slate at birth or “Tabula goods. rasa”. Our memory plays a key role in City of God (Heavenly City)- our definition of the self. Perfect and heavenly, living life in Consciousness makes possible our faith and righteousness, living belief in a consistent identity. according to God’s will. Important Notes: My heart is restless until it rests in you. Empiricism: I sense, therefore I am. 5. Rene Descartes He developed the Cartesian 8. Immanuel Kant Philosophy which pertains to emphasis According to him, we organize data on doubt, reason, and the mind. Father gathered by the senses to build an idea of Modern Philosophy. of who we are. Man is a free agent, capable of making decisions. Important Notes: Important Notes: “Cogito, ergo sum” meaning I think, therefore I am. Apparatus of the Mind: the mind Self into two (2) distinct. Cogito has innate faculties that structure which means the thing that thinks our perceptions and experiences. the mind and Extenza the physical Self is transcendental body. I doubt, therefore I exist 9. Gilbert Ryle Rationalism: reason is the source of He argues that the self is not an inner knowledge. entity but rather a collection of behaviours. Self is defined through  Understanding the Self ┃Ms. Gemaris Jadaone, Instructor actions. Argued that the mind does not Socialization is a complex process of exist and therefore can’t be the seat of interaction through which the individual self. learns the habits, skills, beliefs and standard of judgement that are necessary for his Important Note: effective participation in social groups and I act, therefore I am. communities. Auguste Comte: The Father of Sociology. 10. Maurice Merleau-Ponty Known for his work perception and Sociological perspectives from… embodiment. Unity of mind, body and 1. Charles Horton Cooley (The Looking emotion. Self is how we perceived our Glass Self) self. Physical body is part of our self; We create our self-concept or self- perceptions of the mind and the actions image based on how we think others see of the body are interconnected. Self- us. subjectivism. Steps in Looking Glass Self: 11. Paul Churchland You imagine how you appear to the Rather than dualism Churchland holds other person. to materialism, the belief that nothing You imagine the judgement of the but matter exists. Understanding self other person. through the brain. Mind and Body are You feel some sense of pride, separated. The physical brain and not happiness, guilt and shame. the imaginary mind, gives us our sense of self. Important Notes: 12. St. Thomas Aquinas He introduces the concept of Argued that the man is an embodied primary group- the small group of soul. According to him, reason itself is members who share intimate enough to understand God existence. relationships and mutual A living thing can only have one cooperation with one another. form/soul. Labelling bias- occurs when we are labelled, and others’ views and expectations of us are affected by ---------------------------------------------------- that labelling. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 2. George Herbert Mead Sociology pertains to the social behaviour, He asserted that the self is developed society, patterns of social relationships, through social experiences and social interaction, and culture that activities. surrounds everyday life. Important Notes: Self is a product of social interactions; Social experiences are consisting of Human behaviour is influenced by group of exchange of symbols. people. Oneself formed through Preparatory Stage (about age two interactions with other people, groups or or less)- Children copy, or imitate, social institutions. the behaviors of others around them.  Understanding the Self ┃Ms. Gemaris Jadaone, Instructor Play Stage (about age two through Self-Promotion- aim to be six): Children start role-playing and respected by showing you are taking on the role of significant competent. people in their lives. Game Stage (about age seven and 4. Leon Festinger up): Children learn their role in He is best known for developing the relation to others and how to take on Cognitive Dissonance Theory and for the role of everyone else in a game. his work on Social Comparison Two sides of Self: ME and I Theory. Me- the social self, reflecting on social roles. Social Comparison: I- the subjective sense of self, the Upward Social Comparison- a person “novel reply” to generalized other compares himself with others who are or the “me”. better than him. Downward Social Comparison- a 3. Erving Goffman (Dramaturgical person compares himself with less Theory) capable than him. His work is focused on understanding Passive Downward: compare human interaction, particularly how to less capable than him to make individuals present themselves in himself feel better. everyday life. Active Downward: compare to less capable than him but causes Important Notes: harm or demeans others. Dramaturgy- how individuals take on roles and act them out to present 5. Kenneth Gergen (Saturated Self) a favourable impression to their The saturated self is characterized by audience. constant connection to others, a self that Impression Management- absorbs a multitude of voices. controlling how others view them. Self as a Social Construct: Multiphrenia- self consisting Front Stage- people play different of multiple selves due to the roles throughout their daily lives splitting of the self into multiple and display different kinds of options. behaviour. Backstage- free of expectations and 6. Henri Tajfel (Social Identity) norms that dictate front stage Social Identity is the person’s sense of behaviour. who he is according to his association The five self-presentation: with other social groups. Group Ingratiation- aim to be liked by membership is an essential source of other by being friendly. pride and self-esteem. Intimidation- using fear through aggressive behaviour. In-group- esteemed social Exemplification- create shame by group commanding members’ showing superiority. loyalty. Supplication- to be pitied by Out-group- one feels showing hopelessness. competitions or oppositions.  Understanding the Self ┃Ms. Gemaris Jadaone, Instructor The father of American Anthropology, 7. Karl Marx (Conflict Theory) he believed that all people have Society is a dynamic entity constantly capacity for human development. changing because of class conflict. 2. Edward Burnett Tylor Wright Mills is the founder of modern Founder of Cultural Anthropology. conflict theory. Social groups are The Father of the discipline of created because of conflict between Anthropology. them. 3. Ruth Benedict 8. Geert Hofstede (individualism vs Best known for the “culture and collectivism) personality”. According to him, culture Highlights the role of culture in shaping is the by-product of many different perception, behaviour and personality. elements such as beliefs, traditions, etc. “I” identity- practiced in 4. George Peter Murdock Western Culture. Individual Known for cultural universal that rights are important. pertains to the collective patterns that “We” identity- practiced in are collectively shared by people. Eastern Culture. Support for Culture is characterized by language, each other is there. tradition, norms, beliefs and practices. Agents of Socialization: Edward Tylor define culture as complex whole that are acquired by man. 1. Family 2. Religion In the concept of self, culture is the way of 3. Work life and it serves as the social control where 4. School people behave according to the societal 5. Media norms. 6. Peers Key Terms: ---------------------------------------------------- 1. Cultural Particular: not all cultural ANTHROPOLOGICAL universals are done the same way. PERSPECTIVE 2. Social Control: imposed for culture to exist and function. Anthropology is a study of humanity’s past 3. Subculture: group of people within a and present. It is the study of human culture that have some kind of unique development, culture, and change beliefs or behaviours, but still share throughout the world. things in common. Derived from Greek words “Anthropos” 4. Counterculture: group of people that meaning man or human and “logos” deliberately take on beliefs and meaning study. behaviours that are the opposite. 5. Holism: concept that systems should be Key Personalities understood as whole entities rather than 1. Franz Boas merely a collection of parts. 6. Enculturation: process by which we learn our own culture.  Understanding the Self ┃Ms. Gemaris Jadaone, Instructor 7. Acculturation: learning another Taboos: banning of action or culture, second-learning culture. behaviour resulting to extreme 8. Identity: refers to “who the person is” disgust or expulsion. (e.g. or the qualities and traits that define cannibalism in the Philippines) him/her. Characteristic of Culture: 9. Egocentric: self is seen as a distinct individual 1. Learned: culture is socially learned or 10. Socio-centric: view that there is no unconsciously learned through intrinsic self that can possess qualities. observation, socialization, and 11. Values: ideal behaviour that set adaptation. standard of what is acceptable. 2. Shaped: culture is not homogenous in 12. Cultural Identity: the sense of all individual members. Generate belonging to a certain group. collective meanings, understanding and Ethnicity- based on shared practices. ancestry, language, traditions, 3. Symbolic: culture is learned through and cultural practices. symbols. Nationality- based on 4. Integrated: cultures are interconnected citizenship to each other, if one part of the culture Religion- religious beliefs that changes, other parts are affected. shapes moral compass. 5. Adaptive: culture changes based on the Language- allowing people to needs and events in the environment. communicate, share knowledge, 6. Dynamic: culture changes overtime. and express cultural values. Cultural Diffusion: new Social Customs- shared cultural element is adapted and customs, traditions, and rituals. modified by people in their own Including food, music, art, and terms. celebrations. Cultural Lag: parts of culture does not change at the same Types of Culture: time; material culture changes Material: physical objects, resources, and first than nonmaterial ones. spaces that define a culture. Cultural Levelling: cultures becomes increasingly similar to Non-material: nonphysical ideas about one another. culture such as beliefs, values, and norms. Social Norms: the habitual or lived attitude Four (4) subfields of Anthropology: and practices in a community. 1. Archaeology: understand the past Folkways: casual interactions; through pre-historic and historical standard of behaviour that is material. socially approved. (e.g. padrino 2. Biological: examines human and non- system) human primate evolution, ecology, Mores: determines what is moral behaviour and biocultural variation. and ethical. Could lead to social 3. Linguistic: studies many languages in disapproval or exclusion. (e.g. live- the context of cultures that developed in) them. Laws: formal body of rules  Understanding the Self ┃Ms. Gemaris Jadaone, Instructor 4. Cultural: examines social patterns PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE within and across cultures. Psychology is the science of behavior. It Evaluation of Culture originates from two Greek words psyche (soul) and logos (study). 1. Ethnocentrism: own culture is superior than other cultures. Could lead Key Personalities: to solidarity and loyalty (positive) or 1. Sigmund Freud: self is the outcome of stereotyping, war, conflict, and not the interaction between the three being tolerant with other culture structures of the mind: id, ego, (negative) superego. 2. Cultural Relativism: judging the Id- “pleasure principle” behaviours and customs of a culture Seek immediate gratification of based on its standards. impulse. 3. Xenocentrism: prefers other culture The evil voice than one’s own. Ego- “reality principle” Rational and thoughtful Reflect the decision, behaviour, Challenges in Culture and action of a person. 1. Cultural Degradation: transforms Superego- “morality principle” people’s belief because of a more Aligned with moral frequent and general practice. (e.g. standards. changing views on beauty standards) The God-like voice. 2. Cultural Genocide: attempted Freud’s Psychosexual Development destruction of other’s culture. 3. Cultural Assimilation: absorbing Oral stage: pleasure seeking is through dominant culture. an infant’s mouth. Forced Assimilation- Anal stage: pleasure seeking is located compelling the minority to in the bowels and bladder. adapt dominant culture, Phallic stage: attraction to opposite Voluntary Assimilation- parent; boys are more attracted to mother provoked by social pressure (Oedipus complex) while girls are from dominant culture. attracted to their father (Electra complex). Latent stage: development of social Western and Eastern Perspective skills and find comfort in family and peers. Western Perspective: Western culture is Genital stage: strong interest in what we would call an individualistic opposite sex. culture since their focus is on the person. Freud’s Défense Mechanism: Eastern Perspective: Eastern philosophy often emphasizes interconnectedness, Defense mechanisms are unconscious harmony with nature, and the balance techniques used by the ego to avoid between opposites. confronting aggressive and sexual urges, as well as to defend itself when anxiety ---------------------------------------------------- becomes intolerable  Understanding the Self ┃Ms. Gemaris Jadaone, Instructor 1. Repression- unacceptable impulses are Erikson suggested that people undergo pushed back to subconscious. life stages and that we experience crisis 2. Rationalization- justifying or challenges each step. unacceptable behaviour 3. Projection- unwanted feelings are Eight (8) stages of Psychosocial attributed to someone else. Development Theory 4. Denial- a traumatic event is not accepted as reality. Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy 5. Regression- an earlier developmental from birth to 18 months) period is sought to cope with stress. Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and 6. Displacement- unwanted feelings are Doubt (Toddler years from 18 shifted to acceptable ones. months to three years) 7. Sublimation- unacceptable impulse is Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool replaced by a more acceptable impulse. years from three to five) 8. Reaction Formation- unacceptable Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority motive changed due to the exact (Middle school years from six to 11) opposite. Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion (Teen years from 12 to 18) Three (3) levels of the Mind Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Conscious Mind: all thoughts, adult years from 18 to 40) memories, or feelings we Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation experience. (Middle age from 40 to 65) Preconscious Mind: information Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Older that can be retrieved from the adulthood from 65 to death) memory. Unconscious Mind: repository for 4. Carl Jung all desires, impulses or thoughts. Jung emphasized the influence of archetypes in shaping one’s personality. 2. Carl Rogers (real self vs. ideal self) Roger suggested that actualizing Four (4) major Jung Archetypes tendency is the driving force behind Persona- the social mask or role human behaviour. He proposed the self- that we present to the world based concept. on societal expectations, hiding our Real Self- true self (self-image) true self. Ideal Self- what we want to become Shadow- the unconscious part of Self Esteem- positive and negative the psyche that contains repressed feelings about own self. desires, weaknesses and instincts. Anima/Animus According to Roger, congruency will be Anima- feminine quality that could achieved if the real self is close to the ideal be found in a man. self, while incongruence will occur if the Animus- masculine qualities in ideal self is far from who we really are women. currently. The Self- The central archetype 3. Erik Erikson that represents the integration of the conscious and unconscious mind,  Understanding the Self ┃Ms. Gemaris Jadaone, Instructor symbolizing wholeness and self- 4. Self-reflectiveness: reflecting with actualization. our thoughts and behaviours and make needed modifications. 5. William James 9. John B. Watson (Behaviourism) “I” self- thinking and feeling self. Reflect the soul of a person (mind/pure This perspective focuses on observable ego) behaviours and the ways they are “Me” self- empirical self. One’s learned or conditioned. experiences. Material Self: things or group of 10. Max Wertheimer people by which one identified own He is the founder of Gestalt self. Psychology. A theoretical Social Self: version of ourselves framework in psychology that that emerges in interaction with emphasizes the way we perceive others. and organize sensory information Spiritual Self: inner self, into meaningful wholes. encompassing a person’s core values, beliefs, conscience, and Proximity: tendency to sense of purpose. perceive objects that are close to each other as being grouped 6. David Lester (multiple vs unified self) together. Multiple self- suggests that individuals Similarity: perceiving objects do not have a single, unified as one group due to their similar identity. qualities. Unified self- suggests that beneath the Closure: tendency to perceive different roles and contexts, there is incomplete or fragmented a single, coherent, and consistent shapes as complete, cohesive self that remains stable across time objects. and situations. Continuity: tendency to perceive continuous, smooth, 7. Donald Winnicott (true self vs. false and uninterrupted lines or self) patterns rather than The function of the false self is to disconnected or abrupt changes. hide and protect the true self. People tend to display a false self to impress others. 8. Albert Bandura Four Agentic Perspective 1. Intentionally: behaving with purpose. 2. Forethought: anticipating outcomes. ************* 3. Self-reactiveness: motivated to regulate actions. Good Luck, students and God Bless!!