STAS111 Ancient Period Science & Technology PDF

STAS111 Coverage: ANCIENT PERIOD 1. Science and Technology in Ancient, Europe Medieval and Renaissance Period - 750,000 years ago fire is used by 2. 19th and 20...

STAS111 Coverage: ANCIENT PERIOD 1. Science and Technology in Ancient, Europe Medieval and Renaissance Period - 750,000 years ago fire is used by 2. 19th and 20th century homo erectus 3. Pre-Spanish and Spanish Europe 4. American Era - 45,000 Stone-headed spears 5. Post-commonwealth Era Spain and Saharan Africa - 20,000 years ago SCIENCE - The wooden bow and arrow - the intellectual and practical activity - People in Southern Europe use sewing encompassing the systematic study of needles made from bone the structure and behavior of the Eastern Mediterranean physical and natural world through - 2000 years ago observation and experiment. - The Minoans build palaces on Crete. - The Minoan civilization flourished in TECHNOLOGY the Middle Bronze Age on the island - is science or knowledge put into of Crete located in the eastern practical use to solve problems or Mediterranean from c. invent useful tools. - 2000 BCE until 1500 BCE Greece - 1000 years ago - Accumulation of knowledge and passing it - Ironworking from generation to generation has begun Italy when the modern humans evolved from their - 1000 years ago hominid (APES) ancestors. - The Etruscan civilization is the - They used stones as tools, and then learned modern name given to a powerful and how to shape stones to make more efficient wealthy civilization of ancient Italy tools. As the tools improved, so people were - craftsmen make false teeth from gold able to use them to fashion weapons and other artifacts from bone, antler, and wood. AMERICANS - They also learned how to capture fire from North America natural sources such as wild fires, and later - 8,500 years ago to make fire for themselves by using the heat - Stone arrowheads generated by friction or sparks from stones, Folsom people or by concentrating the sun’s heat. - 8,000 years ago - The Folsom people living on eastern side of the Rocky mountains sophisticated tools. South America - 6000 years ago - Pottery is made 1|Page  STAS111 North America China - 2,500 years ago - 2950 years ago - People in the Arctic makes flint tools - A lunar calendar is developed in South America China - 1750 years ago Pakistan - Peruvians build a long canal to irrigate - 2500 years ago their crops - Clay pipes are used as drains Peru (Peruvians) China - 1200 years ago - 2500 years ago - Fishermen in Peru makes rafts and - Chinese doctors begin using boats from REEDS acupuncture - Reeds - a tall, slender-leaved plant of China the grass family that grows in water or - 2296 years ago on marshy ground - Chinese astronomers record the Mexico (Central America) sighting of a comet - 1200 years ago China - Olmec (were the earliest known - 1361 years ago major civilization in Mexico following - Chinese astronomers record a solar a progressive development in eclipse Soconusco) sculptors carve figurines China and giant human heads. - 1000 years ago - The Chinese begin writing on bamboo or paper made from bark ASIA AND OCEANA India - 1000 years ago Japan - The Hindu calendar of 360 days in - 11,000 years ago introduced in India - The earliest-known clay pots are made China Iran - 850 years ago - 5200 years ago - The Chinese use natural gas for - People in Iran make wine lighting Thailand - 4000 years ago - Bronze is first made AFRICANS AND THE MIDDLE EAST China and Mesopotamia - 3500 years ago Homo erectus - The plow is invented - 1,000,000 years ago - uses stone tools China - 1,000,000 years ago - begin chipping - 3000 years ago flakes off stones to sharpen for tools - Boats in China are equipped with - 1,000,000 years ago – uses antlers to anchors create tools for cutting and drilling 2|Page  STAS111 Africa Mesopotamia - 15,000 years ago - 2300 years ago - bone harpoons (barbed spears) are - The earliest known maps are produced used for fishing in Mesopotamia Palestine Mesopotamia - 10,000 years ago - 2000 years ago - build houses from sun-dried bricks - Babylonian mathematicians introduce Mesopotamia (Iraq) a positional number system - 7500 years ago Syria and Babylon - Clay tokens are used for record - 2000 years ago keeping in Mesopotamia - Medicine becomes an important Anatolia (Modern Turkey) science - 600 years ago Mesopotamian (Pythagoras) - The world’s first known city was built - 1800 years ago by the people of Catal Huyuk - Mesopotamian mathematicians Ancient Egyptians discover the “Pythagorean Theorem” - 4236 years ago Babylonian Astronomers - devised a 365-day calendar - 1750 years ago Mesopotamia (Iraq) - Babylonian astronomers compile lists - 3500 years ago of planets and stars - The wheel is invented in Mesopotamia Egyptians Egyptians - 1550 years ago - 3100 years ago - using about 700 drugs and - begin using hieroglyphics medications Sumerians Egyptians - 3000 years ago - 1200 years ago - introduced a 360-day calendar - The Egyptians dig a canal to join the Egyptians Nile River to the Red Sea - 3000 years ago Phoenicians - dam the Garawi River - 1000 years ago Egyptians - The Phoenicians - was an ancient - 2630 years ago civilization composed of independent - begin building pyramids city-states located along the coast of Mesopotamia the Mediterranean Sea stretching - 2600 years ago through what is now Syria, Lebanon - Mesopotamians makes glass and northern Israel Mesopotamia - develop an alphabet - 2300 years ago Mesopotamia - Babylonian astronomers study comets - 900 years ago - Farmers use an irrigation system to water crops 3|Page  STAS111 MEDIEVAL PERIOD - Finally, the crowning of Charlemagne was important for Europe as a whole. - also known as “Dark Ages” It represented the creation of the Holy - were considered to be one of the Roman Empire. creative periods in the history of humans and said to be the start of the The Invention of Vertical Windmills, first industrial revolution. Spectacles, Mechanical Clocks - The term “Dark Ages” came up - This was the time for discovering great because there few written records new inventions in the field of Science remained from the said era. and Technology. - There was very little evidence that will - There are greater advancement in support that there was a progress in the technology and adaptation of Eastern society during the periods 500 to 1400. technologies in the West including the The Plague or the Black Death invention of vertical windmills, - Almost half of the population died. spectacles, mechanical clocks, greatly - Rats (Bubonic Plague) improved water mills, building techniques like the Gothic style and Doctors Robe three-field crop rotation. - They do “Lancing” Printing Press - One of the greatest inventions during CHARLEMAGNE the middle ages was the “Printing - tried to establish a scholastic tradition. Press” of Johannes Gutenberg in 15th - In the years immediately after the fall century AD. of Rome, there was a period of - It was Gutenberg who made printing readjustment, where medieval society mechanized. was more concerned with keeping peace and empire building than nurturing centers of learning. RENAISSANCE PERIOD - Charles the Great, numbered Charles I, - The term used to refer as the period of was King of the Franks (were a rebirth as age of preparation for the 17th collection of Germanic peoples) from century scientific development and 768, King of the Lombards from 774, achievements. and Holy Roman Emperor from 800. - Renaissance one greatest achievement in - He united much of western and central Western Europe was the technology of Europe during the early Middle Ages. printing books and other documents - It gave him the status of an emperor, because it helped to rapidly spread making him the only emperor in knowledge and information as well as the Europe west of the Byzantine emperor preservation of culture. Renaissance in Constantinople. connects the period of middle Ages to - This made Charlemagne seem like the modern history. most important ruler in Europe. - It is closely connected with Italy, where it began in 14th century, although some 4|Page  STAS111 European countries also went into same - The Industrial Revolution was a time of cultural changes and phenomena. scientific and technological - Many historians prefer to think of the advancement. Renaissance as primarily an intellectual - The revolution spanned the period and cultural movement rather than a during late 18th century to early 19th historical period. century. - Wilde said in his interview with - One of the major setback of Industrial livescience.com that interpreting the Revolution was skilled workers were Renaissance as a time period, though set aside because operation of new convenient for historians, "masks the long machines were used. roots of the Renaissance." - The companies also hired women and children increasingly which costs lower than of the skilled workers. Galileo Galilei - Manual/physical labor was changed - was also a major Renaissance scientist into machine-operated devices, even persecuted for his scientific tradesperson replaced the craftsperson experiments. and the applied scientist replaced the - Galileo improved the telescope, amateur inventor. discovered new celestial bodies and Three important technologies found support for a heliocentric solar - can be identified that formed the system. foundations of the first industrial - He conducted motion experiments on revolution namely: iron production, pendulums and falling objects that steam engine and textiles. paved the way for Newton's discoveries about gravity. Robert Fulton - The Catholic Church forced him to - his steamboat that used one of James spend the last nine years of his life Watt’s engines. under house arrest. Thomas Edison Industrial Revolution - who invented the light bulb. - People rely on their hands in doing Alexander Graham Bell labor works even before the machines - who patented the telephone. have emerged after a century that made the outputs of production increased George Stephenson significantly. - who developed the first steam powered - The phenomenal process in the transfer locomotive of doing work by human hands and feet to the use of machines was called “The Industrial Revolution”. - It began in Great Britain and spread across Europe, America and even Asia from 1760 to 1840. 5|Page  STAS111 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY - Placed in market on July 1, 1874. - Looked like a sewing machine, with a Alessandro Volta foot-pedal carriage. - 1800 - Invented the first electric battery - Established the “QWERTY” layout - “Voltaic Pile”. for letter keys. - Proved that electricity could be generated chemically. Michael Faraday - The SI unit of electric potential is - Discovered the operating principle named in his honor as the “volt”. used in creating dynamo (an electrical Voltaic Pile generator) during the years 1831-1832. - First “wet cell battery”. - It is called the Faraday’s Law - Constructed of alternating discs of zinc Dmitri Mendeleev and copper with pieces of cardboard - Formulated the Periodic Table soaked in brine between the metals. - which arranged all the known elements - Produced electrical current. according to their atomic weight in - Could not deliver an electrical current 1869. for a long time. John Walker René Laennec - The first friction matches was - 1816 invented by him in 1826. - Invented the stethoscope - Pioneered its use in diagnosing George Stephenson various chest conditions. - “Steam locomotive” were first Laennec Stethoscope developed in the Great Britain during - Stethos(chest) the 1814 and built by him. - Skopein(to view or see) - It is a type of a railway locomotive - Method of using the stethoscope that produces pulling power through a “auscultation” from “auscultare” steam engine. (listen) - Made of long, rolled paper tube. Louis Pasteur - Used to funnel the sound from the - 1864 patient’s chest to his ear. - develops pasteurization: a way of preserving food by heating it to kill off bacteria. Christopher Latham Sholes & Carlos S. Glidden Alexander Graham Bell - 1867-1878 - is best known for his invention of the - Invented the first successful typewriter telephone. - “Sholes and Glidden Typewriter” - Which he received his first patent in - Along with Samuel W. 1876. Sholes and Glidden Typewriter - “Remington No. 1” - On 1867, a crude prototype was made. 6|Page  STAS111 Jesse Reno Martin Cooper - 1892 - April 3, 973 - Patented his moving stairs or inclined - “Father of the cellular phone” elevator. - Motorola researcher and executive. - Develops first handheld cellphone Louis Braille (mobile phone) - The writing system for the blind known - The first call was to his rival at Bell as Braille was invented by French Labs Research. student Louis Braille in 1824. First handheld cell phone - Weighed 1.1 kg Samuel Colt - 226.6x127x44mm - In 1836 manufacturer Samuel Colt - 30 minutes of talk time received a patent for a revolver - Took around 10 hours to charge. mechanism that enabled a gun to be - In 1983 , the first commercial mobile fired multiple times without reloading. phone was released called “Motorola DynaTAC8000x” - 30 minutes talk time, 6 hours standby, 20TH CENTURY REMARKABLE could store 30 phone numbers. INVENTIONS - Cost $3995 Former Soviet Union John Dalton - October 4, 1957 - published his atomic theory in 1908. - Launched Sputnik I and Sputnik II. Sputnik I Wilbur and Orville Wright - Means ‘fellow traveler’ - “Wright Brothers” - First man-made satellite - 1903 - Beginning of space age. - Invented the first successful airplane. - Size of a basketball and weighed 180 - “The Wright Flyer” pounds. Wright Flyer - Travelled 18,000 mph, 500 miles - First successful heavier-than-air flying above Earth’s surface. machine. - Battery died on Oct 27, 1957. - Product of four-year research and - Remained in orbit until Jan 4, 1958 development beginning in 1889. when it burned up in Earth’s - Assembled in North Carolina. atmosphere. - The first attempt failed on December Sputnik II 14. - Launched on November 3, 1957. - Flown four times on December 17. - Carrying the first living thing (dog) into space. - “Laika” - Laikawas place in a separate sealed cabin. - Six times as heavy as the first. 7|Page  STAS111 John Larson 1947 - 1921 - Mobile phone was invented - A medical student - but cell phones were not sold until - invented the modern polygraph 1983. instrument also known as lie detector test. Philo Taylor Farnsworth - 1927 Alexander-Mészáro - The first electronic television was - 1921 invented a 27 years old. - Artificial life begins - the first robot built Peter Carl Goldmark - Worked on a colour-television system Willis Carrier that was first demonstrated in 1940. - Invented the first electrical air conditioner in 1902. Thomas Edison PRE-SPANISH AND SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD OF SCIENCE AND - Aug 27, 1910 TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES - The New York Times reported that Thomas Edison exhibited his new Pre-Spanish Period kinetoscopeto a small audience in New - Philippines have few written information Jersey. with regards to the society, culture, and - It was reported as the first technology on the past before the Spanish demonstration of his moving picture has arrived. invention synchronized with sound. - 50,000 years ago the archaeological findings indicate that the Homo sapiens Albert Einstein from the Asia is the first to come over the land and cross narrow channel to live in - 1905 Palawan and batangas. They are first - published the Theory of Relativity. anchestors. Chester Carlson Ornaments - The xerographic process, which was - Natives wore ornament made of gold and invented by Chester Carlson in 1938 precious stones. Both genders wore armlet, and developed and commercialized by legs let, bracelets, gold rings and earring. the Xerox Corporation, is widely used Putting tattoos in their body was practiced to produce high-quality text and especially in males because it signifies graphic images on paper. bravery in war. They also inserted gold between their teeth as an ornament. 1942 - Wala pang Spanish nun panahon nyan - when the first digital computer was made. 8|Page  STAS111 Mindanao and Visayas MANUNGGUL JAR - May palamuti sila sa sa katawa, which is the tattoo or sign of bravery. - Ginagalang noon pag may tattoo. Medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs. - mga abong nong yumao. - Kasi base sa paniniwala nila, yung boat sa ibabaw ng jar ang magdadala sayo sa kabilang buhay or afterlife. AMULETS (ANTING-ANTING) ANITOS, DIWATAS, AND BABAYLAN During 3,000B.C. They learned to produce adzes ornament of seashells and pottery that prosper for 2,000 years until competition arrived with the Chinese porcelains. Eventually they’ve learned how to use metal as their tool sand the so called Iron Age lasted until the 3rd century - naniniwala pa tayo ditto sapagkat wala B.C. to 11th century A.D. and during this pa noon ang Christianity. time, Filipinos were involved in ore mining - Babyan – mga manggagamot. such as copper, gold, bronze and iron. 9|Page  STAS111 BAHAY KUBO SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD - The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and technology in the archipelago. They introduced the formal education and founded scientific institution. - Agriculture and industrial development were relatively neglected due to the prospects of big profits given by trading when Galleon Trade was - Gawa sa kawayan at Nipa-Hut introduced in the Philippines. The opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Alphabet, number system, a weighing and Spanish Colony and some Filipinos measuring system and a calendar. were able to study in Europe who were probably influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals. - Dumating mga Philippine- America para maghanap ng spices, mga ingredients na ginagamit sa pagluto. Tinatawa nila ang Pilipinas bilang “Spice Island” - Alibata, Baybayin – first alphabet. - During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish schools were Engineering - Filipinos have also engaged established where religion, reading, themselves into weaving, shipbuilding, mining writing, arithmetic and music was and farming that leads them in creating one of taught. Sanitation and more advanced the finest products of engineering which is the methods of agriculture was taught to Banaue Rice Terraces. the natives. University na tinayo ng mga Espanyol: - UST, San Juan De Letran, Colegio De Immaculada Concepcion 10 | P a g e  STAS111 Galleon Trade (barko) AMERICAN AND POST- - made a big impact in the economic COMMONWEALTH ERA growth of the Philippines. Spaniards gave priority to the Galleon Trade due American Rule (1898-1946) to its potential to make huge profits. - Progression of science and technology That is why agriculture and industrial in the Philippines development were not given focus and - Nasakop tayo ng mga Amerikano pero were neglected during this time. When hindi tayo nakipag-gyera. Suez Canalwas built, visiting each - Nagkaroon ng conflict between spain other countries for Europeans and and United State Filipinos was made possible and was - Ibineta ng espanya ang pilipinas sa probably influenced by the rapid Amerika development of scientific ideals - Natuwa ang mga Pilipino noon kasi brought by the Age of Enlightenment. uunlad daw ang Pilipinas. The opening on November 17, 1869 of the July, 1, 1901 Suez Canal in Egypt, one of the most - The Philippine Commission - important artificial sea-level waterways in the established the Bureau of Government world, paved the way for the Philippines' direct Laboratories commercial relations with Spain instead of via - The Bureau - replaced the Laboratorio Mexico.As travel time from the Philippines to Municipal, which was established Spain and vice versa was shortened to 30 days under the Spanish colonial era. from more than two months. - dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects. - noong dumating ang mga Amerikano ay binago nila ito at ginawang Bureu of Government Laboratories. - Very common na sakit noon ay ang kagat ng lamok, Malaria. 11 | P a g e  STAS111 Bureau of Government Laboratories Fe del Mundo Oct 26, 1905 - the founder the first pediatric hospital - was replaced by the Bureau of Science in the Philippines. Her pioneering work Dec 8, 1933 in pediatrics in the Philippines while in - The National Research Council of the active medical practice spanned eight Philippines was established. decades. - The Bureau of Science became the Eduardo Quisimbing primary research center of the - was a Filipino biologist, a leading Philippines until World War II. authority of plants in the Philippines. Gavino Trono Bureau of Science - A Filipino b ologist dubbed as the 1946 "Father of Kappaphycus farming", was - was replaced by the Institute of Science conferred the rank of national scentist 1950 of the Philippines for contributions to - Report of the US Economic Survey in the study of tropical marine phycology. the Philippines: - Kappaphycus – seaweeds, mayaman sa - lack of basic information iodine at gamot sa goiter. - lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific American Period research. Science was inclided to: - and low salaries of scientists Agriculture Algapito Flores food processing - inventor of the fluorescent lamp yawa medicine - ayaw ng Pilipino kaya pumunta sa pharmacy ibang bansa at doon ito binenta. Free trade policy - not much focus was given on the Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1958) development of industria1 technology - Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which established the Post-Commonwealth Era National Science Development Board. - devoted to preparation for economic and political independence and perfection of democratic institutions. National Scientists who have contributed in But even before the tragic events of different fields of Science World War 11, the transition did not Angel Alcala run smoothly. - a National scientist, noted for his work - Manuel Quezon – sa pagmumuno nya in marine and aqua biology which ay tuloy pa rin ang pagtulong ng mga largely contributed on the progression Amerikano. of science and technology in the Philippines. - Siya ang naka-identify ng mga isdang pwedeng kainin 12 | P a g e  STAS111 Greatest Contribution Architecture Education - introduced new types of concrete Free Education houses, bungalows, chalets, and - Americans introduced the idea, even earthquake proof buildings. sent teachers to help establish schools Clothing where the Filipino children could have - Filipinos adapted the American fashion a free education. statement using hats, long sleeved - "Thomasites" named after the boat that coats and long long sleeved polos they came on, called Thomas. inside it with matching neck ties for Spaniards - religion; capture Filipino's men. hearts and minds Entertainment Americans - education; neglect and set aside - American lifestyle and pop culture our own culture and identity. includes a wide range of forms: folk songs, dance tunes, ballads, Broadway songs, rock' n' roll, disco, jazz, and rap. Communication - devices like the telegraph, telephone, radios, and movies were introduced by the Americans. Arts - introduced new types of concrete houses, bungalows, chalets, and earthquake proof buildings. Health - Filipinos learned the value of cleanliness, proper hygiene and healthy practices. Hospitals, clinics, and health centers were established including Daniel Burnham public hospitals for lepers. - with Manila's Filipino Hispanic roots, Livelihood he developed the Urban planning of - Philippine Economy improved and Manila through the City Beautiful there is an increase in agricultural Movement production and development of new industries. Economy - can be attributed to free trade relations that the Americans imposed upon the country. Philippine products were also allowed to enter American markets free of duty within quota limits. 13 | P a g e  STAS111 Food "While there may be a possibility that America - American influences added yet another was honest in its desire to assist us achieve that dimension to the Filipino food culture - which is the perceived ideal, as history teaches speed and convenience. Filipinos us. Some of the worst mistakes were made with became consumers of American the best intentions." products - prepackaged foods, canned goods and fast foods. Transportation Submarines - were used during the American period. Ito yun pinakamahaba kong nagawa na It is used in trading, war, and reviewer. Ambilis bilis mag discuss ni sir tas transportation to other countries super dami pala to HAHHAA anyway, yun through the water. last lesson na diniscuss ni sir d ko na Carretela sinummary yan, puro copy paste, tinamad ako - Also known as Kalesa, is a horse- sensya na, plus kumuha ako sa notes ni Sarah, drawn two-wheeled cart used yun mga may tagalog (>3