Reviewer in 21st Century Literature PDF

Reviewer in 21st Literature designed to pleasure through beautiful, elevated, imaginative or profound thought Literature – derived from Latin word “littera” which means letters or handwriting Lyric Poetry – short...

Reviewer in 21st Literature designed to pleasure through beautiful, elevated, imaginative or profound thought Literature – derived from Latin word “littera” which means letters or handwriting Lyric Poetry – short subjective poem expressing in a song-like - any body written works that is manner; the author’s innermost written and produced in any country, thoughts and feelings; originally was language or age for a specific purpose such sung to the accompaniment of lyre. as information, education or entertainment to (song, sonnet ode, elegy) the reader, which can be fictional or non- Narrative Poetry – poetry which tells fictional in nature. a story. (ballad, metrical tale, - writing as an art form or any writing metrical romance, epic) deemed to have artistic or intellectual Dramatic Poetry – written value, often due to deploying language in specifically for the theater; can often ways that differ from ordinary usage be lyrical in nature, such as when a character in a play gives a dramatic - the medium of literature is monologue (tragedy, tragi-comedy, language; it refers to French phrase “belles- melodrama, comedy, farce, closet lettres” meaning beautiful writing drama) - any written or spoken language which possesses aesthetic quality Prose – uses ordinary form of language; imitates the spoken language; writings do ✓ It makes us well informed about not adhere to any particular formal various areas of knowledge that have structure accumulated through the years ✓ Reading is a worthwhile form of literature. We read for pleasure, Fairytales Biography and entertainment, and enlightenment. Autobiography ✓ It provides a source of inspiration Folktales Journals and Diaries ✓ It is a form of therapy Novels Memoirs Legends Reports Fables Narratives Short Stories Personal Letters ✓ It improves your command of language ✓ It teaches you about the life, cultures Poetry – composition written in verse; a and experiences of people in other literary work in metrical or rhythmic form or parts of the world. patterned language; written or spoken ✓ It gives you information about other parts of the world which you may never be able to visit in your lifetime ✓ It entertains you and provides useful occupation ✓ It makes you a wiser and more experienced person by forcing you to judge, sympathize with, or criticize the characters you read about. ✓ It helps you compare your own experiences with the experiences of other people. GWEN BULALACAO  ✓ It gives you information which may 4. Folk Songs (Awiting Bayan) – form be useful in other subjects of folk lyric which expresses the people’s hopes, aspirations, and Lawrence Lacambra Ypil – he is poet and lifestyles; repetitive and sonorous, nonfiction writer form Cebu, Philippines. didactic, and naive He is currently a lecturer at Yale - He describes the process of writing as revealing both historical place and himself. 1. Epigrams (Salawikain) – these have Imagery – more than to paint a picture; it been customarily used and served as stirs emotions and anchors memories laws or rules on good behavior by our ancestors. Visual Imagery – sense of sight 2. Idioms (Sawikain) – a phrase with Olfactory Imagery – sense of smell its own meaning that cannot be Gustatory Imagery – sense of taste deduced from the meanings of the Tactile Imagery – sense of touch words that make up the phrase Auditory Imagery – sense of hearing 3. Maxims (Sabi-sabi) – some are rhyming couplets with verses of 5, 6, Ancient Literature – shows our customs or 8 syllables and traditions in everyday life as trace in 4. Riddles (Bugtong) – these are made our folk stories, old plays, and short stories up of one or more measured lines with Baybayin – first system of writing that was rhyme and may consists of 4-12 used by our ancestors in the Philippines syllables; showcase the Filipino wit before the arrival of the Spaniards. - To entertain, to educate, to titillate, to curse, without expressly Whatever record our ancestors left cursing, to preserve the culture were either burned by the Spanish 5. Chants (Bulong) – used in friars in the belief that they were witchcraft or enchantments works of the devil. 6. Sayings (Kasabihan) – used in Oral Tradition – transmitted from one teasing or to comment on a persons’ generation to another by word of mouth actuations 7. Tanaga – quatrain with seven syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line. 8. Ambahan – traditional poetry of the 1. Legends – are a form of prose; the Hanunoo Mangyans of Oriental common theme of which is about the Mindoro origin of a thing, place, location, or 9. Myths – are traditional stories name. The events are imaginary, occurring in a timeless past. They devoid of truth, and unbelievable involve supernatural elements and 2. Folktales (Kuwentong Bayan) - are are beyond the frontiers of logic made up of stories about life, 10. Ancient Metrical Tales (Pansukat adventure, love, horror, and humor Kuwento) – type of narrative poem where one can derive lessons about that has an absolute acquired story life. that is usually in the form of verse or 3. Epics – long narrative poems on poem which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a Aliguyon – exploits of Aliguyon as he battles hero, are dealt with at length. his arch enemy Pambukhayon GWEN BULALACAO Biag ni Lam-Ang – tells the adventures of - the poem presents the volcano first Lam-Ang who exhibits extraordinary via allusion referring to a myth. Particularly powers to Pagtuga’s arrow that killed Magayon. Ibalon – story of three Bicol heroes: Mayon Volcano – is a renowned volcano Baltog, Handiong, Bantiong not only in the Philippines but also around the world Hinilawod – oldest and longest epic poem in Panay; exploits 3 demogod brothers: - one of the most active volcanoes in Labaw Donggon, Humadapnon, and the Philippines and erupts regularly Dumalapdap Uyayi – Lullaby Images – the use of figurative language to Kumintang – war song represent objects, events, actions, or ideas in Kundiman – melancholic love song a way that is physically appealing Harana – serenade - are not always visual. They can present their sensory impressions using Tagay – drinking song any of the five senses. It can be descriptive Mambayu – kalinga rice-pounding song and figurative Subli – dance-ritual song of Meter – the basing rhythmic structure of a courtship/marriage line in poetry Tagulaylay – song of the dead Allusion – refers to another textual work, leaving the reader to figure out the Datu Makusog – father of Daragang connection between the current work and Magayon the work being reffered to Daragang Magayon – the princess with - an indirect of passing reference to exceptionally beauty something Ulap – partner of Daragang Magayon Expansion – refers to the possibility of images to go beyond what they normally Patugo/Pagtuga – patugo’s love for mean, to extend, or grow in meaning Daragang Magayon is a selfish type of love. Figurative Language – these are words or phrases used to go beyond their literal Kristian Sendon Cordero – widely meaning and convey a different set of described as the “enfant terrible” of Bikol meanings to the reader writing. - He has multiple Palanca awards in poetry, fiction, and the essay; he is well- Cordero’s poem showcases a quality anthologized poet; he is an educator being that poet John Keats said was an assistant professor at the Ateneo de essential to people who want to write Naga University and read poetry. He called it “negative - He is a native of Bicol who writes capability” with a certain level of familiarity with the Negative Capability – the capability to volcano be face to face with uncertainty and not need to grapple with what the Cordero’s Poem – a very rich one carrying uncertainty could mean, but be a very distinct view of Mayon Volcano comfortable just facing the situation. GWEN BULALACAO  Commandments of the Catholic Church, the Seven Mortal Sins, How to Confess, and the Catechism The first recorded visit by Europeans Nuestra Señora del Rosario – second is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan. book printed and was written by Fr, Blancas He sighted Samar Island on March de San Jose in 1602; it was printed at the 16, 1521 and landed the next day on UST Printing Press with the help of Juan de Homonhon Island, now part of Guian, Vera, a Chinese mestizo Eastern Samar - contains the biographies of saints, Spanish colonization of the novenas, and questions and answer on Philippines started in 1565 during the religion time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor general in the Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Philippines Hombre – first book printed in typography The lifestyles of the Filipinos changed. The Pasion – book about life and sufferings of Jesus Christ; there were 4 versions of this book 1. Pilapil Version – by Mariano Pilapil 1. Baybayin was replaced by the of Bulacan, 1814 Roman alphabet 2. De Belen Version – by Gaspar 2. The teaching of Christian Doctrine Aquino de Belen of Batangas in became the basis of religious 1704 practices 3. De la Merced Version – by Aniceto 3. The Spanish language which became de la Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan the literary language during this time in 1856 lent many of its words to our language 4. De Guia Version – by Luis de Guia in 4. European legends and traditions 1750 brought here became assimilated in Urbana at Feliza – book by Modesto de our songs, corridos, and moro- Castro, the so called Father of classic moros prose in Tagalog. These are letters 5. Ancient literature was collected and between two sisters Urbana and Feliza and translated to Tagalog and other have greatly influenced the behavior of dialects people 6. Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano, and Urbana – sagisag ng Urbanidad o Visayan kabutihang asal Feliza – galing sa Kastilang “feliz” (maligaya) at ang sinasagisag ay ang kaligayahang natatamo dahil sa Ang Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian pagpapakabuti at pagka-masunurin Doctrine) – first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography. It was Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary) written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. – a collection of songs praising the Virgin Domingo Nieva. Mary. Fr. Mariano Sevilla, a Filipino priest, wrote this in 1865 and it was popular - It contained Pater Noster (Our especially during the May time “Flores de Father), Ave Maria (Hail Mary), Regina Mayo” festival Coeli (Hail Holy Queen), the Ten Commandments of God, the GWEN BULALACAO Ang Barlaan at Josaphat – biblical story 2. Lagaylay – this is a special occasion and translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. for the Pilareños of Sorsogon during Antonio de Borja. It is believed to be the Maytime to get together. first Tagalog novel published in the 3. The Cenaculo – a dramatic Philippines even if it is only a translation. performance to commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ - written in octosyllabic verse; Arte y Reglas de la Lengu a Tagala (Art full length versions take about 3 and rules of the Tagalog language) – nights of staging written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose and translated to Tagalog by Tomas Pinpin in a. Hablada – the lines are 1610 spoken in a more deliberate manner showing the rhythmic Compendio de la Lengua Tagala measure of each verse and the (Understanding the Tagalog Language) – rhyming in each stanza written by Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin in b. Cantada – chanted like the 1703 Pasion Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog 4. Panunuluyan – presented before Voabulary) – first Tagalog dictionary written 12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is a by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura in 1613 drama presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga an inn wherein to deliver the baby (Pampanga Vocabulary) – first book in Jesus Pampanga written by Fr. Diego in 1732 5. The Salubong (or Panubong) – an Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan Easter play that dramatizes the Vocabulary) – best language book in meeting of the Risen Christ and his Visayan by Mateo Sanchez in 1711 mother. 6. Carillo (Shadow Play) – form of Arte de la Lengua Ilokano (The Art of the dramatic entertainment performed Ilocano Language) – first Ilocano grammar on a moonless night during a town book by Francisco Lopez fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art of the - dialogues are drawn from a Bicol Language) – first book in the Bicol Corrido or Awit; it is called by various Language and written by Fr. Marcos Lisbon names in different places in 1754 - Carillo in Manila, Rizal, Folk Songs – became widespread in the Batangas, and Laguna. Titres in Philippines. The examples are Leron-Leron Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Bataan, Sinta (Tagalog), Pamulinawen (Ilokano), Capiz, and Negros. Gagalo or Dandansoy (Visayan), Sarong Banggi Kikimut in Pampanga and Tarlac. (Bicol), and Atin Cu Pung Singsing Aliala in La Union (Pampanga) 7. Zarzuela – considered the father of the drama; it is a musical comedy or melodrama that dealt with man’s 1. Tibag – “tibag” means to excavate. passions and emotions or some This ritual was brought here by the social or political problem. Spaniard to remind the people about 8. Sainete – short musical comedy the search of St. Helena for the popular during the 18th century. Cross on which Jesus died They were exaggerated comedies GWEN BULALACAO  shown between acts of long plays ; themes were taken from everyday life scenarios 9. Moro-Moro – presented also on a special stage like Cenaculo. It is performed during town fiestas to entertain people and to remind them of their Christian religion. 10. Karagatan – a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious nature celebrated during the death of a person. A ritual is performed based on a legend about a princess who dropped her ring into the middle of the sea 11. Duplo – replaced Karagatan. A poetic joust in speaking and reasoning. It is usually played during wakes of the dead 12. Balagtasan – poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a particular topic or issue. Replaced the Duplo and is held to honor Francisco Balagtas Baltazar 13. Dung-aw – chant in free verse by bereaved person or his representative beside the corpse of the dead. No definite of meter or rhyming scheme is used. It is personalized and usually deals with the life, sufferings, and sacrifices of the dead 14. Awit and the Corrido – some use these two interchangeably because distinction is not clear. GWEN BULALACAO